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Topic: Fundamental particle

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	Elementary Particles - MSN Encarta
		In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller particles.
		The behavior of a particle or group of particles, such as an atom or a house, determines whether it is a fermion or boson.
		Particle physicists are still trying to understand the role of the second and third generations in nature.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562335/Elementary_Particles.html (1947 words)

	Subatomic particle - New World Encyclopedia
		With the development of quantum theory, chemistry began to be explained in terms of the arrangement and behavior of electrons in the mostly empty volumes of atoms and molecules.
		The existence of this particle was demonstrated in 1897, by J.
		Among the particles in the standard model, the existence of the Higgs boson remains to be verified.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Subatomic_particle (2887 words)

	Elementary particle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not made up of smaller particles.
		In the modern theory of particle physics, the Standard Model, the quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons are elementary particles.
		Particles associated with fundamental forces are bosons, having integer spin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fundamental_particle (1577 words)

	Particles, Fundamental - Fermions, Fundamental forces, Particle accelerators, Particle detectors, Antimatter
		Fundamental particles are the elementary entities from which all matter is made.
		The particle accelerators used to do this are devices that force the charged particles to jump over longer and longer space gaps per unit of time, until the particles are moving at speeds approaching the speed of light.
		Particle accelerators have been turned into giant colliders in which beams of particles moving at speeds approaching the speed of light collide with each other, producing other kinds of particles.
	www.chemistryexplained.com /Ny-Pi/Particles-Fundamental.html (1363 words)

	FHEP Tutorial: The fundamental particles
		Particles like the proton and neutron (called baryons) are made up of three quarks; another example is the sigma-plus, made up of two up quarks and one strange quark, a kind of "strange" counterpart to the proton.
		The "strange" particles like the sigma were so-called because they have a special set of properties not shared by other particles: they are typically produced in pairs, and while many will decay quickly into other strange particles, they eventually decay into non-strange particles with a distinctive life-time, between 1/10 of a nanosecond and 100 nanoseconds.
		The particle was found in due course, with the expected mass, proving, if not that quarks existed, then at least that the patterns of mesons and baryons which the quark model "explained" were real enough to be used to predict particles as-yet undiscovered.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /hienergy/fundamentals.html (1756 words)

	Exchange Particles
		Gluons are the exchange particles for the color force between quarks, analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles.
		The W and Z particles are the massive exchange particles which are involved in the nuclear weak interaction, the weak force between electrons and neutrinos.
		The W and Z particles are called intermediate vector bosons and are the exchange particles for the weak interaction.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/expar.html (1159 words)

	Theory: Fundamental Particles (SLAC VVC)
		Dust particles or baseballs, under ordinary conditions, are stable objects that move as a whole and obey simple laws of motion.
		Today, quarks and leptons, and their antiparticles, are candidates for being the fundamental building blocks from which all else is made.
		In addition, there are gluons, photons, and W and Z bosons, the force carrier particles that are responsible for strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions respectively.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /VVC/theory/fundamental.html (526 words)

	Taking the Particle out of Particle Physics
		Particle physics is the most fundamental area of science in that its goal is to reduce the wonderful diversity and complexity of our universe to a few simple mathematical laws.
		On the other hand, there exist other particles which are massless, especially the graviton, photon, and gluons, and this suggested that these string theories be used instead to describe these fundamental particles, including the quarks and gluons from which the hadrons are made.
		Although quantization of the particle is straightforward, consistency of the quantization of the string introduces a particularly unusual feature: The dimension of spacetime is determined to be 26 for the simplest string, and 10 or 2 for those with extra degrees of freedom.
	insti.physics.sunysb.edu /~siegel/quo.html (1777 words)

	Glossary : SLAC Virtual Visitor Center
		Gluons are carrier particles for strong interactions (color force fields), photons are carrier particles of electromagnetic interactions, and the W and Z bosons are carrier particles for weak interactions.
		The particles in the jet are chiefly hadrons.
		For fundamental particles spin is an intrinsic and inherently quantum property, it cannot be understood in terms of motions internal to the object.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/glossary.html (5608 words)

	The Fundamental Quantum Particles and four spatial dimensions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Therefore, the relative masses of the fundamental quantum particles will be dependent on the temperature or energy content of the environment where they are created because as Chapter ten indicates the relative temperature of a volume of space determines relative spatial "separation" between the "surfaces" of those volumes of three-dimensional space.
		The corresponding particle types across the three families have similar electrical properties because as shown in Chapter nineteen the electrical properties of a fundamental quantum particle are related to the orientation of the "W" axis of the fourth spatial dimension with the axis of three-dimensional space.
		Therefore, each corresponding particle across the three families will have similar electrical properties because the orientation of the "W" axis of the fourth spatial dimension with respect to the axis of three-dimensional space is the same for the corresponding particles in all of the families.
	home.comcast.net /~jeffocal/chapter20.htm (1044 words)

	The Particle Zoo, Part Two
		Fundamental particles have been defined as sub-atomic particles that have no internal structure, in other words they are particles that are not made up of smaller particles.
		From the definition of a fundamental particle, or sub-particle rather, one might expect to find only one essential massless particle that represents the building-block of all the other larger particles and sub-particles that do have mass.
		There is the recognition that these are not the fundamental particles, which in turn means that the definition as conceptualized is itself a theoretical misapprehension.
	www.earthmatrix.com /particle_zoo.html (1618 words)

	More on Elementary Particle
		One of the outstanding problems of particle physics is to find the most elementary particles - or the so-called fundamental particles - which make up all the other particles found in Nature, and are not themselves made up of smaller particles.
		There are likely other elementary particles not described by the Standard Model, such as the graviton, the particle that would carry the gravitational force or the sparticles, supersymmetric partners of the ordinary particles.
		According to string theorists, each kind of fundamental particle corresponds to a different resonant vibrational pattern of a fundamental string (strings are constantly vibrating in standing wave patterns, similar to the way that quantized orbits of electrons in the Bohr model vibrate in standing wave patterns).
	www.artilifes.com /elementary-particle.htm (1074 words)

	Particle theory
		Particle theory is a field studying fundamental particles in the universe and their interactions.
		Particle theory is the field studying the most fundamental particles in the universe and their interactions theoretically.
		In the very early universe, the fundamental laws applicable to the universe are the equations and elementary particles considered in particle theory.
	phya.snu.ac.kr /~jekim/particle.html (1249 words)

	[No title]
		The study of subatomic particles is the subject matter of particle physics (sometimes called high-energy physics because of the high levels of energy often required to observe the effects of individual particles), part of physics.
		Since matter particles may be fundamental particles or composite particles, whereas all known force-carrying particles are considered to be fundamental, it will be convenient to speak of fundamental matter particles.
		The carrier particle for the electromagnetic force, that which arises in the interaction between particles with non-zero electrical charge, is the photon.
	www36.pair.com /waldzell/Library/Inventory/Phys/SubatomicParticle.html (1244 words)

	ipedia.com: Particle physics Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.
		All the particles observed to date have been catalogued in a quantum field theory called the Standard Model, which is often regarded as particle physics' best achievement to date.
		This term was deprecated after the formulation of the Standard Model during the 1970s in which the large number of particles was explained as combinations of a (relatively) small number of fundamental particles.
	www.ipedia.com /particle_physics.html (1508 words)

	ATLAS - Glossary
		The produced particles may be any combination allowed by conservation of energy and momentum and of all the charge types and other rules.
		The particles associated with all the fundamental interactions (forces) are bosons.
		Particle theories predict the probabilities of various possible events occurring when many similar collisions or decays are studied.
	atlas.ch /glossary/glossary.html (2739 words)

	Physics, Order of the Forces, Fundamental Particle, Unifying Theory, Selected Excerpts
		All known particles have an underlying sub-structure composed of smaller composite rudimentary particle units, which are, in turn, composed of individual fundamental particles.
		The Rudimentary Particles described in the Geatron Model are what is currently referred to as Dark Matter and will account for the proposed missing mass of the universe, while A,B, C, and primarily the D particles comprise what is referred to as Dark Energy.
		Mass is a composition of particles of energy, as rudimentary units, which are composed of A, B, and C fundamental particles, and these comprise all larger composite particles of matter.
	www.2xtreme.net /boris/predictions.htm (2050 words)

	God Particle Discovered
		The second fundamental force is a combination of three forces previously thought to be independent of one another: magnetism, the electric force and the weak subnuclear interaction.
		The electromagnetic force is generated when charged particles exchange photons (spin one particles of "light"), the weak subnuclear interactions are generated by exchanging heavy vector bosons known as W's and Z, while the strong force is produced by eight gluons.
		The fundamental constituents quarks and leptons –; along with the two fundamental particle interactions the electroweak interaction and the strong nuclear force constitute The Standard Model of particle physics.
	jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/higgs.html (1443 words)

	God Particle Discovered
		The second fundamental force is a combination of three forces previously thought to be independent of one another: magnetism, the electric force and the weak subnuclear interaction.
		The electromagnetic force is generated when charged particles exchange photons (spin one particles of "light"), the weak subnuclear interactions are generated by exchanging heavy vector bosons known as W's and Z, while the strong force is produced by eight gluons.
		The fundamental constituents quarks and leptons –; along with the two fundamental particle interactions the electroweak interaction and the strong nuclear force constitute The Standard Model of particle physics.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/higgs.html (1443 words)

	Fundamental Particles and Forces
		When it was recognized in the 1930's that the nucleus of the atom consisted of protons and neutrons, physicists hypothesized a strong force in the nucleus that acts to bind protons and neutrons together in spite of the great electromagnetic repulsion between the positively charged protons.
		Any particle, fundamental or composite, with integral spin is called a boson, and any particle with half-integral spin is called a fermion.
		In addition to the particles shown, there are the corresponding antiparticles, which have the same mass and spin but opposite charge, color, and flavor.
	www.integralscience.org /particles.html (973 words)

	The Standard Model - Particle Physics UK
		Particle physicists believe that matter is built of twelve types of fundamental particle – the building blocks of the universe.
		The rest of the twelve fundamental particles are more commonly found in high energy environments, for example in particle accelerator collisions, or right at the start of the universe just after the Big Bang.
		We think the effect of gravity on fundamental particles is really tiny. So we don't really consider it for the moment in particle physics.
	www.particlephysics.ac.uk /explore/the-standard-model.html (471 words)

	A Glossary of High-Energy Physics Terms (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The produced particles may be any combination allowed by conservation of energy and momentum and of all the charge types and other rules.
		The particles associated with all the fundamental interactions (forces) are bosons.
		Particle theories predict the probabilities of various possible events occurring when many similar collisions or decays are studied.
	physics.bu.edu /ATLAS/glossary/glossary_terms.html (2653 words)

	Fundamental Particle Physics, The Geatron Nuclear Model, MegForce.com: Physics, Order of the Forces, Fundamental ...
		The obvious conclusion, develop a nuclear model that correctly identifies the actual fundamental particles, where this new information will lead to the identification of the fundamental forces, along with their system of organization, from which all the systems of the universe will be explained.
		Simplification is accomplished, in part, by the identification of a single intriguing fundamental particle that satisfies all data derived from experiment and observation, relegating the eighty-nine (89) unsubstantiated fundamental particles of the current nuclear models to a serious reevaluation.
		Therefore, this third particle that must exist is required to be a vibrating particle with possibly a net ‘0’ electric charge; however, as the evidence indicates, it must also exhibit some form of attraction through the electric charge or through some other force and must also exhibit a frequency of vibration within some system.
	www.2xtreme.net /~boris/geatronmodel.htm (9302 words)

	Fundamental Particles and Interactions
		As color-charged particles (quarks and gluons) are separated, the color force between them approaches a constant value and the energy in the color-force field increases.
		The energy unit of particle physics is the electron volt (eV), the energy gained by one electron in crossing a potential difference of one volt.
		For every particle type there is a corresponding antiparticle type, denoted by a bar over the particle symbol.
	na47sun05.cern.ch /target/fundamentalparticles.html (554 words)

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