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Topic: Funerary text

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	Egyptvoyager.com: Pyramids Text - Saqqara
		The main part of this enormous collection of texts is inscribed in the pyramids of the kings of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties: Unas, the last King of the Fifth Dynasty, his successor Teti, who was the first king of the Sixth Dynasty and his successors Pepi I, Merenre and Pepi II.
		The entrance is on the pavement, at the foot of the Northern facade of the pyramids.
		What all these texts have in common is an emphasis on the eternal existence of the king and the location of the sky as the realm of the Afterlife, which is dominated by the sun-god Re.
	www.egyptvoyager.com /pyramids_text.htm (1264 words)

	Amduat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Amduat (literally "That Which Is In the Afterworld") is an important Ancient Egyptian funerary text of the New Kingdom.
		Like many funerary texts, it was written on the inside of the tomb for reference by the deceased.
		Unlike other funerary texts, however, it was reserved only for pharaohs or very favored nobility.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Amduat (232 words)

	Coffin Text - Crystalinks
		The Coffin Text, which basically superseded the Pyramid Text as magical funerary spells at the end of the Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we may begin to find examples as early as the late Old Kingdom.
		While the coffin text were available as a tool for the afterlife to all Egyptians, the spells were primarily employed by the local governors and their families of Middle Egypt.
		In the coffin text, we now find that all of the deceased must be subjected to the "Judgement of the Dead", based on the actions during his or life, rather than on a person by person indictment.
	www.crystalinks.com /coffintext.html (1984 words)

	Litany of Re
		The text was used in the entrance of most tombs from the time of Seti I, though we first know of it form the burial chamber of Thutmose III and his vizier Useramun.
		The connection with the course of the sun is why the text accompanying the union between Re and Osiris is included in the illustration of the Book of the Dead spell 109, where the sun is called a "newborn calf" in the tomb of Arinefer (TT290).
		On the ceiling the text that follows invokes the United One and equates the dead with his ba and corpse.
	www.crystalinks.com /litanyofra.html (2818 words)

	Egypt: Funerary and Burial (other than Mummification)
		The Coffin Text, which basically superseded the Pyramid Text as magical funerary spells at the end of the Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we may begin to find examples as early as the late Old Kingdom.
		In fact, these texts are designated as an "amduat", which here for the very first time the term is used to describe a netherworld text in general rather than the specific text to which it is normally applied.
		Artifacts, often in a conical shape made of fired clay bearing stamped funerary text on their circular face, are generally referred to as funerary cones.
	www.touregypt.net /magazine/funerary.htm (2548 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT : Religious literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Secular texts were usually written on papyrus, but most have persished together nwith the liberaries, offices and homes of the officials in which they were kept (except if they were deliberately buried).
		These texts also contain a new type of funerary text, the "Books of the Netherworld", or texts providing a description of the various places in the "Duat" or netherworld, along with the words the soul needed to know to pass safely through them.
		This text primarily served the purposes of provisioning and protecting the deceased.
	www.sofiatopia.org /maat/sacred_texts.htm (1417 words)

	NCAW Spring 06 \| Nancy Scott reviews Italian Memorial Sculpture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		His text is especially engaging on the literary parallels, notably the phenomenon of Youngism, which encouraged solitary rambles and purposefully melancholy thoughts.
		The estimable essay, "Italian Funerary Sculpture after Canova" by Fred Licht, whose writings on sculpture have delineated the field of study for over thirty-five years, casts a contemplative regard across the role and purpose of monuments since the age of the Enlightenment, as made manifest particularly in funerary sculpture.
		At the same time, her text in its entirety treats all the artists it discusses in non-hierarchical fashion, foregrounding the monuments of technical 'pattern-followers' alongside those of the greatest sculptors of the day.
	www.19thc-artworldwide.org /spring_06/reviews/scot.html (3827 words)

	Hugh Nibley's, "What is the Book of Breathings?"
		The text states that it is meant "to produce a flame under the head of the Ba" of the deceased, ibid., p.
		Thus the information conveyed in funerary texts is by no means confined to the funeral situation; these particular documents happen to be preserved for us because they were carefully buried away in tombs, but they faithfully report what went on in the temples as well.
		Even the Coffin Texts were not all funerary; many contain formulas reserved for the living or of value to both the living and the dead, as their titles proclaim.
	www2.ida.net /graphics/shirtail/hugh.htm (8356 words)

	/tr_egypt.asp?id=54 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Davies initially assumed that the inscription was a religious text because it was near the burial shaft where the spirit of the dead rose to begin its spiritual life.
		However, as conservators continued to clean the inscription it was clear that it was not a routine funerary text but a biographical text chronicling events from the life of the tomb's owner Sobeknakht.
		The text recounts his role in the crisis, from his command to strengthen the defences of Elkab to his mustering of a force to combat the Nubians to his successful counter-attack southwards which destroyed an enemy force through the aid of Elkab's vulture-goddess Nekhbet.
	www.treasuregategallery.com /tr_egypt.asp?id=54 (1029 words)

	Eternal Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Tomb Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This type of text consists of hundreds of "spells," which speak of the death, burial, and protection of the king and his resurrection in the hereafter.
		At the beginning of the Middle Kingdom and perhaps earlier, funerary objects were decorated with new personal spells, known as "coffin texts" because they were very often inscribed on coffins, such as that of the vizier Dagi.
		The coffin texts also contained a new type of funerary text called "Netherworld Guides," which provided the deceased with descriptions of various places in the Underworld, along with words that would help the soul of the deceased to pass through them safely.
	www.eternalegypt.org /EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&module_id=253&language_id=1&story_id=38 (392 words)

	Death - the last taboo: Preservation - Egyptian
		Some amulets were worn in daily life, but there were also special funerary amulets which often featured important gods and goddesses.
		Funerary amulets and spell scripts were often placed in the wrappings of mummies to help on the journey to the afterlife.
		Ushabti figures were made in the image of the deceased and acted as servants in the afterlife.
	www.deathonline.net /disposal/preservation/egyptian.cfm (721 words)

	III TEXTS AND PHILOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		As an example of the text, which is the same in all scenes, but in different states of preservation, the author discusses the text of the fourth gate and draws a comparison with the other Theban tombs (TT 23, 32, 178, 189 and 296).
		The combination of text and figures in the Amduat aims at ensuring the stability of the underworld as part of the cosmos inside which the deceased hopes to survive in the company of the gods.
		Thanks to the excellent state of preservation of the texts of the pyramid of Unas, it is possible to carry out an exhaustive study of the carving alterations and text modifications which took place as the walls of the funerary chambers were being decorated.
	www.leidenuniv.nl /nino/aeb96/aeb96_3.html (18061 words)

	Egyptology and the Book of Abraham
		A study of the papyri shows that P.JS 1 was originally a vignette belonging to an Egyptian funerary text known as the First Book of Breathings, dating to the first century B.C., portions of which are also among the papyri recovered by the LDS church.
		This text was buried with the deceased and was intended to serve as a sort of "passport and guide" to achieving a blessed state in the hereafter.
		In interpreting the figures in the hypocephalus, Egyptologists rely on the fact that "the image of the hypocephalus presents the rising from the Duat, the rebirth of the deceased with the sun, the scenes are rich illustrations of Ch.
	www.lds-mormon.com /thompson_book_of_abraham.shtml (4605 words)

	Sacred Texts: Ancient Egypt
		The Pyramid Texts Samuel A. Mercer, translator [1952].
		This is the oldest sacred text in the world that we know of, dating back to 3100 B.C.E. The Pyramid Texts are funerary inscriptions from the early pyramids.
		This was the first translation of the Pyramid Texts into English, and this etext is the first time it has appeared on the Internet.
	sacred-texts.com /egy (429 words)

	Ancient Egypt: the Mythology - Funerary Texts
		The Pyramid Texts are the earliest Egyptian funerary texts.
		The earliest surviving Pyramid Texts are found on the Fifth Dynasty pyramid of King Unas (image at left is of his burial chamber) at Saqqara.
		At death, the Pyramid Texts stated that the pharaoh was to become the sun or the new Osiris.
	www.egyptianmyths.net /funerarytexts.htm (1045 words)

	article
		The text takes the form of an address to the living by Sobeknakht: "Listen you, who are alive upon earth.
		It bears a funerary text "for the spirit of the Governor, Hereditary Prince of Nekheb, Sobeknakht".
		Now it is clear that it was looted from Sobeknakht's tomb, or an associated workshop, by the Kushite forces and taken back to Kerma, where it was buried in the precincts of the tomb of the Kushite king who had led or inspired the invasion.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/article10.html (731 words)

	Egyptology and the Book of Abraham
		A study of the papyri shows that P.JS 1 was originally a vignette belonging to an Egyptian funerary text known as the First Book of Breathings, dating to the first century B.C., portions of which are also among the papyri recovered by the LDS church.
		This text was buried with the deceased and was intended to serve as a sort of "passport and guide" to achieving a blessed state in the hereafter.
		In interpreting the figures in the hypocephalus, Egyptologists rely on the fact that "the image of the hypocephalus presents the rising from the Duat, the rebirth of the deceased with the sun, the scenes are rich illustrations of Ch.
	www.buchabraham.mormonismus-online.de /thompson-egyptology.htm (4584 words)

	FR Doc 05-6467 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The associated funerary object was removed from McCurtain County, OK. This notice is published as part of the National Park Service's administrative responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 U.S.C. 3003 (d)(3).
		A detailed assessment of the associated funerary object was made by Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology professional staff in consultation with representatives of the [[Page 16842]] Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakonie), Oklahoma.
		The human remains associated with the funerary object are in the custody of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University and were described in a notice of inventory completion published in the Federal Register on August 16, 2000 (FR Doc.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/01jan20051800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2005/05-6467.htm (603 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		Funerary cones, representing the ends of chapel roof support beams, were traditionally inserted in rows (their flat ends facing outward) above the mudbrick entrances of the superstructures of non-royal tombs in Thebes.
		The text commences with an offering formula 'A boon which the King gives to Osiris that he might grant offerings' including bread, beer, oxen and fowl.
		The text mentions five of the principal gods in the Heliopolitan Creation Myth, Re-atum (Re was the sun god, Atum, 'He who created himself,' was the first god), Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys [the four children of Geb (the earth god) and Nut (the sky god)].
	www.howardnowes.com /Eg.html (2960 words)

	Etruscan News Online-Test Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In the summer of 2001 (8/14/01), during a visit to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, I examined three Etruscan inscriptions painted on cinerary urns of a cylindrical type common at Chiusi.
		The family to which the deceased belonged is well represented in funerary inscriptions at Clusium.
		Outside of Clusium the name is found on a vase from the Ager Saenensis (vi ¡ cna, ET AS 2.7) and on a funerary inscription from Arretium (vi ¡ cenei [with anaptyxis], ET Ar 1.73) as a cognomen.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~jamesp/enews/ROM.htm (760 words)

	SolarbarkHorusbullcalfsycamoretr
		The sun was frequently portrayed as being ferried by a solar bark or boat across the heavenly Nile.
		In the Old Kingdom Pyramid texts the deceased Pharaoh declares that "he _is_ A GOLDEN CALF_" and begs to be allowed to ride the solar bark for all eternity with the sun-god Re or Ra.
		This date is well-after the Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts identifying the deased Pharaoh with a Golden Calf and the sun-bull-calf of dawn.
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/SolarbarkHorusbullcalfsycamoretr.html (565 words)

	The Quest for Immortality
		Written in hieroglyphs and depicting hundreds of images of deities, demons, and the blessed dead, the Amduat is divided into the twelve hours of night.
		The text relates the events during the sun’s nocturnal journey from dusk to dawn, from death to resurrection.
		A deceased pharaoh was believed to descend into the netherworld, where he would board the solar boat and unite with the sun god Re.
	www.daytonartinstitute.org /exhibits/egypt/ex_tomb.htm (428 words)

	Worlds of Roman Women
		The transition from adapted texts to original language is a difficult one for all beginning language students, but even more so with Latin students.
		...this text is introduces students to non-canonical authors and works which, because of their difficulty or obscurity, are usually reserved for advanced study.
		The texts we considered for this volume showed us anew that women of all ranks were very active in various areas of Roman life.
	www.pullins.com /Books/01303WorldsofRomanWomen.htm (1199 words)

	See the KV 55 Mummy & Tutankhamen
		In view of the obvious funerary connotations possessed by these seals, the most likely significance of identical type "N" seal impressions in KV 55 and KV 62 is that activities took place concurrently in both tombs during the preparation of Tutankhamen's burial.
		The presence of Tiye's funerary equipment in KV 55 might merely indicate that some of her grave goods were also targeted for recycling, and not that the tomb had been selected as the spot for her official reburial.
		Perhaps the fragments of royal funerary equipment found by Schaden in WV 25 originally belonged to Smenkhkare, and represent objects that were left behind, for reasons unknown, by those who conducted Ay's postulated Amarna grave goods recycling campaign.
	members.tripod.com /anubis4_2000/mummypages1/18C.htm (4655 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT : The Discourse of a Man with his Ba
		In the Pyramid Texts, exclusively used to adorn the tombs of the kings, the divinity of Pharaoh is clearly attested.
		His important role in the funerary rituals is testified by the ceremony of "Opening the Mouth" found in the Pyramid Texts, intended to "balance the mouth", enabling the deceased to speak etc. in the afterlife.
		The text is part of the Papyrus Prisse of the Bibliothèque Nationale and (after a blank stretch) it is followed by the Maxims of Ptahhotep.
	www.sofiatopia.org /maat/ba.htm (12762 words)

	FR Doc 04-145
		The human remains and associated funerary objects were removed from New York and Pennsylvania.
		The 50 associated funerary objects are sherds from a single vessel.
		Officials of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology also have determined that, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001 (3)(A), the 2,402 associated funerary objects described above are reasonably believed to have been placed with or near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of the death rite or ceremony.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2004/04-145.htm (484 words)

	NGA - The Quest for Immortality: Tomb of Thutmose III
		Decorating the walls of this facsimile of the burial chamber of Thutmose III (1479-1425 BC) is the Amduat, the royal funerary text that describes the dangerous journey the deceased king must make in order to be reborn.
		United with the sun god, he travels in the boat of the sun through the 12 hours of night, from dusk to dawn.
		The hours do not always follow in order, but are positioned as directed in the text, in relation to the movements of the sun.
	www.nga.gov /exhibitions/2002/egypt/tomb_vr_3.htm (449 words)

	Exhibitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A highlight of The Quest for Immortality: Treasures of Ancient Egypt is a life-sized facsimile of the burial chamber of the New Kingdom pharaoh Thutmose III, who ruled Egypt in the 15th century B.C. The original chamber is part of the pharaoh’s tomb complex in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings.
		The chamber measures approximately 50 x 29 x 10 feet (15.2 x 8.8 x 3 meters), and its walls are fully covered with the first known complete copy of the Amduat, an illustrated funerary text intended as a guidebook to the afterlife, primarily for pharaohs.
		Amduat means “what is in the netherworld,” and it was believed that by describing the afterlife it would aid the king, for to possess knowledge of something was to have power over it.
	www.kimbellart.org /exhibitions/exh_file.cfm?id=99 (417 words)

	Egypt: Funerary Cones (Funerary Stamps)
		While funerary cones are mostly associated with the West Bank at Thebes (modern Luxor), they have also been found at Naga ed-Deir and el-Deir north of Esna.
		They have been discovered in various sections of the Theban West Bank, and are particularly notable in the tombs at Sheik Abd-el-Qurna, dating to the eighteenth dynasty, but are notably mostly absent at Deir el-Medina, where only one example has been discovered.
		One of the facets of Egyptology that funerary cones indicate is that their are many more tombs to be discovered.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/funerarycones.htm (847 words)

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