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Topic: Furan

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Benzofuran

Thiophene

Simple aromatic ring

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Furanose

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Pyridine

Biphenyl

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Diethyl ether peroxide

Organic compound

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	Furan (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 63, 1995) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan was tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration in one study in mice and in one study in rats.
		Furan is rapidly and extensively absorbed by rats after oral administration; part of the absorbed dose becomes covalently bound to protein, mainly in the liver.
		Furan was not mutagenic to insects or bacteria.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol63/furan.html (280 words)

	FDA/CFSAN - Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Furan in Food
		Because furan levels have been measured in only a few foods to date, it is difficult for FDA scientists to accurately calculate levels of furan exposure in food and to estimate a risk to consumers.
		Furan is listed in the Department of Health and Human Services list of carcinogens, and considered as possibly carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based on studies in laboratory animals at high exposures.
		Furan is volatile, and a portion may evaporate when foods are heated in an open container, such as a pot.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/furanqa.html (1044 words)

	NTT - FURAN ANALYSIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan is a heterocyclic aromatic system consisting of four carbons and one oxygen in a five membered ring with each of the carbons having a hydrogen attached, hence the molecular formula is C
		The five most prevalent derivatives of furan that arise from the degradation of the cellulose and that are soluble in the oil to an appreciable degree are the following: 2-Furaldehyde ; Furfuryl alcohol ; 2-Acetylfuran ; 5-Methyl-2-furaldehyde ; and 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde.
		The five furanic materials normally analyzed in this procedure are aromatic compounds that arise from the degradation of the cellulosic materials within a transformer either by normal aging or from being involved with an incipient fault.
	www.nttworldwide.com /furan.htm (497 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 (2000)
		Furan is widely used industrially, primarily as a solvent for resins, in the formation of lacquers, a binder in foundry applications, and a chemical intermediate for organic syntheses.
		Exposure of male rats to furan at 30 mg/kg for 13 w and observation for the remainder of 2 y yielded an overall incidence of cholangiocarcinoma at 100% (NTP 1993).
		Furan has been reported in several types of foods at relatively high concentrations; however, the quantification of furan in the food was not sufficiently complete to assist the risk assessment.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309067952/html/307.html (6298 words)

	Ceramic Tile Intstitute of America - Field Report #72
		Furan grouting systems are resistant to food products, processing materials, and residues as they exist, or the changed chemical state which they become such as alcohols, fermented sugars, and organic acids.
		Furans are also resistant to a wide range of cleaning agents, soaps, and other alkalis, as well as animal fats, oils, greases, and solvents used in the maintenance of processing equipment.
		Even though furan grouts are designed to withstand a wide range of industrial abuses in corrosive environments it needs to be noted that there are some chemicals such as nitric acid and chlorine compounds that furans are not resistant to.
	www.ctioa.org /reports/fr72.html (2600 words)

	Furan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Furan, also known as furane and furfuran, is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, produced when wood, especially pine-wood, is distilled.
		Due to its aromaticity, furan's behavior is quite dissimilar to that of the more typical heterocyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran.
		A classic furan organic synthesis is the Feist-Benary synthesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Furan (270 words)

	An eagle eye on furan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan is a small, volatile organic compound (a cyclic ether) which has been used as a solvent for resins and lacquers.
		Furan is produced by the thermal degradation of glucose, glyceraldehydes, D-erythrose, pentosans, hexoses, and polysaccharide, and in sugar/amino acid browning systems.
		Furan was found in almost all of 70 baby foods analysed, at levels of up to 100 micrograms per kilogram.
	www.csl.gov.uk /prodserv/ana/bulletin/newsarticle_d.cfm (704 words)

	The Photochemical Isomerization Reactions in Furan, Thiophene, and Pyrrole Derivatives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan reacts giving the cyclopropenyl derivative because its triplet state can give the biradical intermediate 7a, while the isomerization products can be obtained only by the excited singlet state via the corresponding Dewar furan.
		The irradiation of furan derivatives in propylamine led to the formation of the corresponding pyrrole.
		Briefly, the photochemistry of the furan is characterised by the presence of cyclopropenyl derivatives in the sensitised reactions, while, upon direct irradiation, also isomeric furans were observed.
	www.netsci-journal.com /97v4/97015 (2854 words)

	Furan CAS No. 110-00-9 First Listed in the Eighth Report on Carcinogens U.S. Department of Health and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan, which is classified as a cyclic, dienic ether, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with an ethereal odor.
		Furan is used in the formation of lacquers and as a solvent for resins.
		Furan was detected in 1 of 63 industrial effluents at a concentration of < 10 µg/L (Perry et al., 1979; cited by IARC V. It was also found at a concentration of 7 ± 4 ppb (dug/L) in aqueous condensate samples from low temperature gasification of rosebud coal (Pellizari et al., 1982).
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Furan-9th-ROC.htm (1086 words)

	FR Doc 04-10588
		FDA is seeking data on the occurrence of furan in food, on sources of exposure to furan other than food, on mechanisms of formation of furan in food, and on the toxicology of furan, including mechanisms of toxicity.
		Furan tested negative for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella test (with and without S9 activation) in the NTP study (Ref. 7), but was weakly positive in one test strain (TA100) in another study (Ref. 15).
		Furan is positive in mammalian systems in vitro, such as in mouse lymphoma cells, and caused sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, with and without S9 activation (Ref. 7).
	www.fda.gov /OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/04-10588.htm (2606 words)

	Catalyst system for furan resins - Patent 4439348
		Furan polymers and furan resins are terms often used in referring to condensation products in which furfural or furfuryl alcohol comprises a starting monomer.
		In general the cure of such furan resins can be accomplished by addition of either mineral or organic acids, with the rate of cure primarily dependent upon temperature and the activity and concentration of the acid catalyst.
		However, it is also necessary that the catalytic system for the furan resin be shelf stable for extended storage times, and in addition, that this catalytic system not affect the inherent strength of the furan resin binder for that application.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4439348.html (1585 words)

	Ecosystem Information
		Similarly dioxin and furan contamination in sediments collected near these coastal pulp mills dropped from an average of 252 pg/g in 1990 to 36.8 pg/g in 2003.
		Note: to approximate total risk from the most toxic chemical forms of dioxins and furans (17 of which are assessed in the analysis), all are assessed by comparing their toxicity to that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), the most toxic of this group, using an internationally accepted procedure.
		This is reflected in the trend in dioxin and furan loadings from the mill's effluent measured since 1989.
	www.ecoinfo.org /env_ind/region/dioxinfuran/dioxin_e.cfm (1691 words)

	Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Summary Report of Contaminant Results in Fish Feed, Fish Meal and Fish Oil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In light of a number of recent international cases where concentrations of dioxins and furans were traced back to contaminated feed, the CFIA conducted a preliminary survey of dioxin and furan contamination.
		The terms "dioxins" or "dioxins and furans" are used to refer to a group of substances (polychlorinated planar aromatic structures) which have similar physical and chemical properties and are highly persistent in the environment.
		PCBs differ from dioxins and furans in that they are manufactured for transformers, insulators, capacitors etc., while dioxins and furans are produced unintentionally, as unwanted by-products from various combustion and industrial processes and from natural events like forest fires and volcanic eruptions.
	www.inspection.gc.ca /english/anima/feebet/dioxe.shtml (944 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - FDA Action Plan for Furan in Food
		The presence of furan is a potential concern because, based on animal tests, furan is listed in the Department of Health and Human Services Report on Carcinogens and is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
		Although furan had previously been reported in foods, FDA has applied its highly sensitive method to a wider variety of food samples than previously reported in the literature.
		Regarding the question of whether consumers should alter their eating habits based on the current information, FDA has issued a dietary message advising consumers to continue to eat a balanced diet, choosing a variety of foods that are low in trans fat and saturated fat, and rich in high-fiber grains, fruits and vegetables.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/furanap.html (1075 words)

	Furan polymer concrete - Patent 4391946
		The objects of the subject invention are attained by the composition of the subject invention, which is a furan polymer concrete comprising monomeric furfuryl alcohol crosslinked with an appropriate monomer having a ring structure, and including a catalyst system in conjunction with a size graded aggregate.
		In addition a significantly lower binder level is required, since the furan polymer concrete of the subject invention generally requires only 7 to 13 percent binder based on the aggregate as compared to a 13 to 16 percent binder in the average polymer concrete.
		These tests indicate that the furan polymer concrete of the subject invention should be suitable for use in the environments that have been serviced for many years by furan mortars and glass reinforced furan equipment.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4391946.html (2740 words)

	IFST: Furan Information and News
		The presence of furan is a potential concern because, based on high-dose animal tests, furan is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans.
		EFSA calls for furan data from industry 13 September 2004 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has announced that it is setting up a panel of science experts to find out more about furan.
		FDA also published a Federal Register Notice in May 2004 requesting data on the occurrence of furan in food, on sources of exposure to furan other than food, on mechanisms of formation of furan in food, and on the toxicology of furan, including mechanisms of toxicity.
	www.ifst.org /furan.htm (1879 words)

	FDA to Determine Health Significance of Low Furan Levels in Foods
		Some animal data suggests that high levels of furan exposure might have a carcinogenic effect in humans, but its true effects in humans - especially at such very low levels -- are not known.
		FDA is soliciting information on the best available and most-up-to-date science on furan including human exposure, why furan forms in certain foods, and the effect of furan on humans at the low levels found in food.
		The new data and the method used to measure the furan levels, and questions and answers on the occurrence of furan in foods, are posted on FDA's Web site at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/pestadd.html#furan.
	www.fda.gov /bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01065.html (461 words)

	Understanding of furan formation in food improves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan, a colourless, volatile liquid used in some chemical manufacturing industries, causes cancer in animals in studies where animals are exposed to furan at high doses.
		"Furan and its derivatives sometimes form when amino acids or sugars are broken down by the heat of cooking," explains lead researcher Dr. Yaylayan.
		The FDA furan discovery in 2004 prompted the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to set up a panel of science experts charged with finding out more the chemical that they suspect forms in food during traditional heat treatment techniques, such as cooking, jarring, and canning.
	www.foodnavigator.com /news/news-NG.asp?n=57814-understanding-of-furan (636 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Exploratory Data on Furan in Food
		FDA also issued a Federal Register Notice (May 10, 2004), requesting data and information from the public on furan in food and furan toxicology, and brought the topic of furan to its Food Advisory Committee on June 8, 2004.
		Consumers should not view the furan levels in Tables 1, 2 and 3 as an indicator of furan exposure, or as the "risk" of eating certain foods.
		Third, the scope of data in Tables 1, 2 and 3 is too limited to properly consider potential sources of variation in measured furan levels, such as variability between different units or lots of food and the effect of consumer cooking practices on furan levels.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/furandat.html (1083 words)

	Calls for more data on harmful furan in foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan, a colourless, volatile liquid used in some chemical manufacturing industries, causes cancer in animals in studies where animals are exposed to high doses.
		They stressed that the furan levels reported in food are not an indicator of actual furan intake via food ‘nor should these be interpreted as suggesting possible risk associated with eating certain foods'.
		According to the report, furan can easily pass through biological membranes and is readily absorbed from the lungs or intestines.
	www.nutraingredients.com /news/news-NG.asp?n=57324-calls-for-more (595 words)

	Expression of an Intestine-Specific Transcription Factor (CDX1) in Intestinal Metaplasia and in Subsequently Developed ...
		Furan (99+%) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI.
		of cholangiocarcinoma induced in rat liver by furan.
		for hyperplastic biliary ducts/ductules induced by furan in rat
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/156/2/621 (3840 words)

	New York Daily News - Food - Nutrition: Sound & furan, signifying ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The compound in question is furan, a colorless liquid that forms naturally when foods are heated in cooking or during canning and jarring.
		FDA always knew there was some furan in some foods, but new test methods have made it possible to find very, very small amounts of furan, ranging from virtually nothing to a detectable-but-still-miniscule 100 parts per billion, about 100 times less than the amount of fluoride in our drinking water.
		It evaporates easily, so canned or jarred foods that have measurable furan levels right after they are opened may have less furan if the food is heated in an open pot or pan or if the cans/jars sit around open on the counter for a while.
	www.nydailynews.com /city_life/food/story/195871p-169240c.html (398 words)

	Furan in Foods. What is the issue?
		One of these substances is furan, a volatile chemical with a number of derivatives known to be present in cooked or thermally-processed foods.
		The presence of furan is a potential concern because of indications of liver toxicity in experimental animals.
		The FDA is posting its preliminary data on levels of furan in food commodities that show the presence of furan at low levels.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=9435 (417 words)

	Furan: FDA probes potential carcinogen in foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furan was found at varying higher levels in products including baby foods, spaghetti sauces, canned soups, creamed corn and baked beans.
		Keen to reassure industry and consumers the FDA said that the levels of furan - naturally occurring chemical found in a variety of substances, including foods and drinks - should not be viewed as an ‘indicator of furan exposure', or as the ‘risk' of eating certain foods.
		Second, estimates of furan exposure take into account not single food items, but the wide variety of foods found in a range of diets.
	www.foodnavigator.com /news/news-NG.asp?id=51976 (631 words)

	A Theoretical and X-Ray Study of the Reaction of Vinylene Carbonates with Furan and Cyclopentadiene
		For the qualitative correlation of reactivity of cyclopentadiene, furan and fulvene in reaction with DCVC and VC, frontier orbital energy gaps between the reactants is used.
		C bond is found in the furan reactions (2.152 Å) and the longest with CPD (2.267 Å).
		Dichlorovinylene carbonate (1) reacts with furan yielding a mixture of exo- isomer 6 and endo- isomer 7 in a 2:1 ratio
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /ectoc/echet98/pub/064/index.htm (3663 words)

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