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Topic: Furan River

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	Furan Summary
		Furan, also known as furane and furfuran, is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, produced when wood, especially pine-wood, is distilled.
		Furan is a clear, colorless, very volatile and highly flammable liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature.
		Furan is aromatic because one of the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom is delocalized into the ring, creating a 4n+2 aromatic system (see Hückel's rule) similar to benzene.
	www.bookrags.com /Furan (1222 words)

	Furan CAS No. 110-00-9 First Listed in the Eighth Report on Carcinogens U.S. Department of Health and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A current hypothesis for the mechanism of furan-induced carcinogenesis is metabolic activation of furan by cytochrome P-450 to a reactive and cytotoxic intermediate that stimulates cell replication, increasing the likelihood of tumor induction (Chen et al., 1995; Kedderis et al., 1993).
		Furan is used in the formation of lacquers and as a solvent for resins.
		Furan was detected in 1 of 63 industrial effluents at a concentration of < 10 µg/L (Perry et al., 1979; cited by IARC V. It was also found at a concentration of 7 ± 4 ppb (dug/L) in aqueous condensate samples from low temperature gasification of rosebud coal (Pellizari et al., 1982).
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Furan-9th-ROC.htm (1086 words)

	ATSDR - Health Consultation - Shiawassee River Superfund Site, Howell, Livingston County, Michigan
		Contamination was subsequently found in the soils of CFC property, in floodplain soils and river sediment of the South Branch, in sediments of nearby wetlands, and in fish taken from the river (ERG 1980, MDNR 1977).
		Residences were noted along the river channel at Bowen Road and Chase Lake Road (both of which are within the original 8-mile study area, see Figure 2), and signs of human recreation within the floodplain were seen in many instances, some of which involved children.
		Sampling was limited to the first river mile downstream from the former CFC facility and the "hotspots" identified in both sediment and soil in the final FS report.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/shiawasseeriver/shi_p1.html (8922 words)

	Hudson River Estuary Management Action Plan Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Enhance the capability of the Hudson River Fisheries Unit to monitor shad, striped bass and sturgeon populations, especially the vulnerability of American shad stocks and the decline of Atlantic sturgeon, and to assess the fish populations' response to harvest control measures.
		Although this portion of the river is tidal, it is largely freshwater and its fisheries are managed by the DEC Division of Fish and Wildlife.
		A program of river access development is recommended to add launching ramps to reaches of the river not presently served with public facilities, to restore deteriorated facilities to a functional condition, and to expand the infrastructure of sites and facilities suitable for multiple public access uses, especially where safe access across the railroad is available.
	unix2.nysed.gov /edocs/encon/hud_plan.htm (18517 words)

	USGS CIRC 1161 subpage: major issues and findings in the willamette basin--Dioxins and Furans
		Dioxins and furans are organic chemicals that are of environmental interest because of their acute toxicity to some animal species.
		Dioxins and furans are not single chemicals, but rather families of related compounds that differ in the number and position of their chlorine atoms.
		In the main stem Willamette River, dioxin and furan concentrations in bed sediment increased as the predominant adjacent land use changed from agricultural to industrial.
	pubs.usgs.gov /circ/circ1161/nawqa91.9.html (1356 words)

	Dioxins PCBs Furans and Mercury
		All three compounds (dioxins, furans and PCBs) are often referred to collectively as "dioxin." They are scored for their dioxin-like potency, and described in terms of their "Toxic Equivalency Factor" (TEF) relative to dioxin.
		By 1956, or earlier, Monsanto knew that their PCB products could be contaminated with dioxins (TCDD) and dibenzofurans (furans) from the time they were shipped from the factory—a piece of information the company sat on until the late 1960s, when independent researchers discovered this hazard.
		Also, they were usually purified of dioxin or furan contaminants (Monsanto did this deliberately in the 1970s --- see the History section.) This means the researchers were testing a PCB mix very different from the highly toxic mixture that actually accumulates in fish.
	www.foxriverwatch.com /dioxins_pcb_pcbs_1.html (1808 words)

	Columbia River: Contaminants in the Food Chain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Columbia River is an important resource for fish and wildlife, and a number of National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) were established along the river to protect migratory birds, species listed under the Endangered Species Act, and habitat necessary for the survival of these species.
		BMFs derived based on data from Columbia River fish and bald eagle eggs were fairly consistent among river Segments 1 to 3 in the lower river, and the combined BMFs for the three segments were 113 for total PCBs, 75 for DDE, 2.8 for mercury, 16 for TCDD, and 2 for TCDF.
		Currently, it is unknown if bed sediment in the Columbia River plays an important role in transfer of contaminants to biota, and additional information is needed to characterize this role and to develop better management strategies for bed sediment disturbance.
	www.fws.gov /oregonfwo/Contaminants/EnvContam_Field/FoodChain.asp (728 words)

	USGS - Lake Roosevelt-Upper Columbia River - Project Summaries
		In a 1992 study, the USGS reported that dioxins and furans were present in suspended sediment collected from the Columbia River, but only a few of the 17 targeted isomers were detected.
		Aside from dioxins and furans, few of the many other organic compounds associated with wood-pulp waste, urban runoff, and industrial activities were detected in the bed sediments of Lake Roosevelt and its major tributaries.
		Objectives - The overall objective of the study is to characterize the extent and significance of toxic chemical contamination in the lake sediments and water.
	wa.water.usgs.gov /projects/roosevelt/summary.htm (3871 words)

	ATSDR - PHA - Poles, Incorporation Wood Treatment Facility, Oldtown, Bonner County, Idaho
		Pentachlorophenol, dioxin, furan, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination was found in surface and subsurface soil onsite.
		The population of Priest River in 2000 was 1754 (Census 2000).
		The site-specific background arsenic levels were 9.7 mg/kg in surface soil and 9.1 mg/kg in the upper and 7.8 mg/kg in the lower portions of the subsurface soil, and 5.3 mg/kg in the river sediment.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /hac/pha/polespha/pol_p1.html (9159 words)

	Reconnaissance Survey of Dioxins and Furans in Dillenbaugh Creek and the Chehalis River near the American Crossarm Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		PCDD/PCDFs in fish tissue from both Dillenbaugh Creek and the Chehalis River were of concern for human health protection, based on the National Toxics Rule fish tissue criterion and the 2000 EPA screening values for recreational and subsistence fishers.
		Downstream transport of PCDD/PCDF-laden sediments into the Chehalis River from Dillenbaugh Creek did not appear to be significant.
		PCDD/PCDF levels in fish tissue from both Dillenbaugh Creek and the Chehalis River may be a concern for the protection of human health, based on the National Toxics Rule fish tissue criterion and EPA screening values for recreational and subsistence fishers.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /biblio/0203043.html (436 words)

	Licences and Costs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Dioxins and furans are stored in the fat cells of fish tissue, as well as fish organs such as the liver and spleen.
		Smoky River and its tributaries downstream from the bridge on Hwy 40 near Grande Cache.
		Detailed information about mercury levels in fish from Alberta lakes and rivers may be obtained from your nearest Fish and Wildlife regional office.
	albertaoutdoorsmen.org /fishingregs/prov_wide_regs.html (1046 words)

	VON ROLL AMERICA INC, EAST LIVERPOOL OH
		The regulated substances are present in five processes; namely: i) the organic waste tank farm; ii) the drum storage area; iii) the pump-out/blend tanks; iv) the drum conveying area; and v) the direct feed to the kiln.
		Worst-Case Release Scenario: The worst-case release scenario (WCS) for toxic substances was based on the catastrophic rupture of the single largest vessel in the organic tank farm, in which 100,000 lbs of furan in a waste mixture was considered to be spilled in a diked area.
		Furan was assumed to be evaporating after the spill.
	www.ohiocitizen.org /campaigns/wti/E34125T1112.html (1615 words)

	Dioxin/Furan Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		M23 uses HRGC-HRMS for the detection and quantitation of dioxins and furans.
		RapidScreen uses HRGC-HRMS for the detection and screening of dioxins and furans.
		Questions regarding which list is the appropriate choice should be directed to the local regulatory agency receiving the data.
	www.enoriverlabs.com /Dioxin_Furan_Methods.htm (489 words)

	BTF Technical Assessment Mission - Kragujevac - Zastava Car Factory
		The factory is located on the banks of the Lepenica river, a small tributary of the Velika Morava, which in turn flows into the Danube some 60 km downstream of Belgrade.
		The main problems reported were the leaking of several tonnes of PCBs into the Morava River, and contamination of groundwater by PCBs and heavy metals.
		The visit of the environmentally relevant areas of the car factory showed, that the environmental effects due to the bombardments are restricted to two transformer sites at the ”Paint Works” and the ”Power Plant” as well as a ”Waste Storage”, where damaged transformers and barrels with contaminated sand were found.
	www.grid.unep.ch /btf/missions/sites/kragujevac.html (615 words)

	Columbia River Basin Fish Contaminant Survey 1996-1998 EPA 910-R-02-006 12aug02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The basin-wide average concentration of the sum of chlorinated dioxins and furans ranged from 0.0001 ppb in the walleye, largescale sucker, coho, and steelhead fillets, fall chinook salmon (whole body, fillet, egg) and steelhead eggs to 0.03 ppb in whole body white sturgeon.
		White sturgeon were collected from the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, artificial ponds on the Hanford Reservation, and from the upper Snake River and analyzed for radionuclides.
		The levels of radionculides in fish tissue from Hanford Reach of the Columbia River and the ponds on the Hanford Reservation were similar to levels in fish from the Snake River.
	www.mindfully.org /Water/Columbia-River-Fish-ContaminantEPA12aug02.htm (4477 words)

	Interim Report on Monitoring Contaminant Trends in Lake Roosevelt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Columbia River suspended particulate matter (particulates) was collected near the international border over a three-day period and analyzed for TCDD, TCDF, and metals.
		The reduction in TCDF loads appear to be consistent with recent mill modifications at Celgar designed to reduce dioxin and furan discharge to the Columbia River.
		Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in sucker livers were significantly higher in the Columbia River at Northport compared to fish from Lake Wenatchee, an uncontaminated reference lake.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /biblio/93e53.html (613 words)

	Dioxins and Furans - Sources, Fingerprints, Patterns, and Homologue Profiles
		Especially higher levels of octa- and hepta-chlorinated furans were generated in the pyrolysis experiments, whereas lower chlorinated furans were produced predominantly by combustion.
		Fish in the Kanawha River have 90-100% of total teq from tcdd, and fish in the Ohio 20 miles below the Kanawha still have 80-90% total teq from tcdd, in contrast to 34% for the upper Ohio.
		PCDD/F - Abbreviation for Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans
	naticklabs.org /dioxin.html (3260 words)

	Skin Absorption and Damage from PCBs
		PCB contaminants (furans and quaterphenyls) may contribute to skin effects
		PCB treated animals showed no dermal symptoms, but furan treated animals did [PCBs are generally contaminated with furans]
		furans are acnegenic and are contaminants in many PCB formulations
	www.foxriverwatch.com /dermal_skin_pcb_pcbs_1d.html (579 words)

	Other Bhopals: Expert report on EPA dioxin reassessment suggests improvements: the view from Dow's home town newspaper ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The furan makes up about 50 percent of the mix of dioxins and furans in river sediment, and a smaller percentage, about 5 percent, of what is in Midland-area soils.
		Previously, the furan had been considered half as toxic as the most potent from of dioxin, TCDD, but now is considered less than one-third as toxic, and has been assigned a "toxic equivalency factor" in relation to TCDD of 0.3.
		A soil sample containing 1,000 ppt of the dioxin/furan mix, for example, depending on the portion that is the penta furan, might now be recalculated to 800.
	www.bhopal.net /otherbhopals/archives/2006/07/expert_report_o.html (843 words)

	Superfund Basic Research Program NIEHS - Department of Community and Preventive Medicine - Mount Sinai School of ...
		The goal of Dr. Bopp's project is to investigate the sources and distribution of organochlorine contaminants such as PCBs in the natural waters of the Hudson watershed.
		In addition, it is anticipated that sections from the Hackensack River core can be matched with sections of previous cores from the same site to study contaminant transformations in situ.
		Our work with Dr. James Webber, a leading expert in the analysis of asbestos fibres at the NYS Department of Health resulted in a manuscript that was submitted to Environmental Science and Technology.
	www.mssm.edu /cpm/superfund/projects/project1.shtml (662 words)

	Great Lakes Area of Concerns (AoCs): Saginaw River and Bay \| Great Lakes \| US EPA
		The Phase II activities include the dewatering and sediment removal, which began in 2004 and is expected to be completed in 2007.
		The Pine River sediment cleanup, including post-evaluation by the MDEQ and the U.S. EPA, are funded through the Clean Michigan Initiative and Superfund, respectively.
		Topics covered included the Saginaw River PCB cleanup, the Pine River St. Louis Reservoir cleanup, dioxin issues on the Tittabawassee River, and fish consumption advisories in the Saginaw River and Bay.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/aoc/sagrivr.html (2365 words)

	How much dioxin has been found in Tittabawasse flood plain
		The study was conducted on 22 Saginaw County properties in the Tittabawassee River 100 year floodplain between June and December of 2003.
		1) The Shiawassee River is not a significant contributor of Dioxin/Furans to Saginaw.
		2) The Saginaw River Floodplain is not as contaminated as the Tittabawassee River Floodplain.
	www.trwnews.net /howmuch.htm (2577 words)

	The Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments, and Water
		A second pattern associated with sources up river from the pulp and paper mill was characterized by a dominant peak for 1234678-HpCDD, and smaller peaks for OCDF and 1234789-HpCDF.
		This assessment indicated that 35 to 40 percent of the down river dioxin contamination could be attributed to the pulp and paper mill and the remainder was due to up river source(s).
		However, because the pulp and paper mill dioxin had a relative toxicity that is more than five times greater than the up river source(s), it represents 75 to 79 percent of the dioxin TEQ risk in the lower river basin.
	www.umasssoils.com /abstracts2004/Thursday/envforensics.htm (2108 words)

	Welcome
		Hopefully, some of the information that will be available on this website will of value to other communities facing similar issues.
		This furan accounts for approximately 50% of the TEQ being found in the Tittabawassee River and for approximately 5% of the TEQ being found in Midland community soils.
		What has not been reported is that the WHO has increased the TEF's for 13 out of the 17 most toxic dioxins and furans from 1987 to 1998 while only decreasing the TEF for 2 furans since 1987.
	www.dioxinspin.com (474 words)

	DEQ - Midland/Tittabawassee River Dioxin Information Page
		Ecological impacts due to PCDD/PCDF contamination along Tittabawassee River - Discusses to what extent existing dioxin environmental data can be used to identify impacts to ecological resources in the Tittabawassee River study area, as distinct from the risks identified in the Ecological Risk Assessment.
		Dioxin/Furan sediment and soil guidelines - Identifies certain non-U.S. guidelines or standards for dioxins and furans in freshwater sediments or terrestrial soils.
		The memorandum also addresses two further issues: the identification of ecosystem components for which contamination data are sparse or non-existent, and additional steps that could be taken to further clarify the implications of the existing data set.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/0,1607,7-135-3308_21234_9847-43808--,00.html (593 words)

	dioxin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The river connects to the Saginaw River and then flows out to the
		to the effects of dioxin and furan exposure on
		The combined rivers flow north through Saginaw to Bay City, into the Saginaw
	hometown.aol.com /__121b_es98hfLWyff10AriY6JaJwARV4fEafE1 (688 words)

	Home
		A great many of the happenings in Midland warrant differing viewpoints and a bit of humor.
		DioxinSpin.com will continued to be published to offer analysis and comment on the various scientific issues associated with dioxin contamination of Midland and the river and potential risk to human health.
		dioxin contamination present in the city and adjacent river.
	www.mdn-rejected.com (458 words)

	Michigan Environmental Council
		Immediate actions to protect children from being exposed to dioxin in parks and residential areas along the Tittabawassee River to its confluence with the Saginaw River.
		Immediate State authorization for a more detailed investigation into the extent of dioxin/furan contamination in the floodplain of the Tittabawassee River, and determination as to the source or sources.
		During the period from December 2000 to June 2001 the ERD collected soil samples from five locations in the Tittabawasee River floodplain between Center Road in Saginaw Township, Saginaw County, and the Saginaw River confluence.
	www.mecprotects.org /pr1_31_02.html (1164 words)

	AnnualConvention05resolution28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		WHEREAS, the Tittabawassee River and flood plain have been identifies as significant reservoirs of toxicants which is a major ecological issue, deserving of the full attention of MUCC in accordance with MUCC policy, and
		THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the long term goal of the final solution must be the restoration and subsequent protection of the public trust in the river and floodplain as a major, inseparable natural resource, and
		that this public trust includes full public access to the river and to public lands in the floodplain, and
	www.mucc.org /AnnualConvention05resolution28.htm (353 words)

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