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	Molten salt reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fused fluorides are generally chosen over other salts because of the usefulness of the elements without isotope separation, better neutron economy and moderating efficiency, lower vapor pressure and better chemical stability.
		Due to the high "redox window" available for fused fluoride salts, allowing for the chemical potential of the fused salt system to be manipulated, the following types of salts are the most promising.
		For the fuel carrying salts, generally 1% or 2% by mole fraction of UF is added, however thorium and plutonium fluorides could be used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Molten_salt_reactor (1837 words)

	Magnesium - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Bunsen, in 1852, electrolysed fused magnesium chloride in a porcelain crucible.
		The stronger the solution administered, the greater is the quantity of water that passes into the bowel, a fact to be borne in mind when the salt is administered for the purpose of draining superfluous fluid from the system, as in dropsy.
		Hence it is of the utmost importance to avoid the use of salts of this metal whenever it is necessary - as in diabetic coma - to increase the alkalinity of the blood rapidly.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Magnesium (2643 words)

	Method of producing NF.sub.3 - Patent 4804447
		The method according to the invention for producing NF.sub.3 by fused salt electrolysis using salts of ammonia with hydrofluoric acid is characterized in that an electrolyte mixture which contains salts of ammonia with hydrofluoric acid and salts of hydrazine with hydrofluoric acid is subjected to fused salt electrolysis.
		The fused salt electrolyte mixtures used in the method according to the invention advantageously contain the hydrazine in the form of compounds corresponding to the general formula N.sub.2 H.sub.4.xHF wherein x equals from 1 to 2.
		In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the salt of ammonia is present in the form of NH.sub.4 F.HF, and the salt of hydrazine in the form of N.sub.2 H.sub.4.2HF.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4804447.html (1917 words)

	Formation of a protective outer layer on magnesium alloys containing aluminum - Patent 4659629
		A suitable fused salt mixture comprises urea and at least one of ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrite.
		Under anodizing conditions, the magnesium based alloy is made the anode of an electrolytic cell containing the molten salt eutectic mixture electrolyte and a potential is applied between said anode and a cathod which does not contribute ions to the electrolyte, such as a cathode of iron or stainless steel.
		The prior art has indicated that the presence or absence of water in a fused bath eutectic mixture such as the ammonium nitrate-urea mixture found useful in the electrolytic bath has a critical effect in the anodization of titanium but is not critical in the anodization of aluminum and molybdenum.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4659629.html (2413 words)

	Acids
		salt is an ionic compound composed of positive ions and negative ions.
		Two of the common salts are sodium chloride (table salt) and calcium chloride (salt put on the road in winter).
		Fused salts and aqueous solutions of salts conduct an electric current.
	www.tpub.com /doechem1/chem121.htm (686 words)

	Technical Information: Quartz Scientific, Inc.
		Fused quartz and silica are attacked by phosphoric acid at temperatures in the range of 150 degrees C or higher, and by hydrofluoric acid at all temperatures.
		Fused quartz and silica have an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion which imparts a high resistance to thermal shock.
		Fused quartz and silica have excellent electrical strength that remains highly stable with temperature variation.
	www.qsiquartz.com /techinfo.htm (310 words)

	FaradNet Capacitor Glossary
		Molten salts are a special class of electrolytes in which the ions and the solvent are the same species.
		In an electrolytic capacitor the electrolyte constitutes the second electrode, or plate, separated from the anode, or positive plate by the barrier layer of oxide formed on the anode surface.
		Salts, however, are a subclass of all ionizing compounds because they exist as discrete ions in the solid state.
	www.faradnet.com /glossary/e_gloss.htm (924 words)

	Session 3a. Basic Data
		The available molten salts, suitable for chemical processes, are numerous ; our study will be focused on molten halogenides because of their stability, their great solvation properties with respect to metal chlorides and their large available electrochemical window.
		The fused electrolyte was generally a mixture of alkali halides and the role of the ionic radius of the alkali cation was studied together with the strong ligand effect of fluoride ions.
		Thus, the purpose of this study is to estimate the thermodynamic stabilities of trivalent lanthanides and actinides in the salt and metal phase by using the experimentally measured extraction equilibriuims.
	www.nea.fr /html/science/pyro/abst-3a.html (2013 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		The pure metal is obtained by the electrolysis of fused barium salts or, industrially, by the reduction of barium oxide with aluminum.
		Barium is often used in barium-nickel alloys for spark-plug electrodes and in vacuum tubes as a drying and oxygen-removing agent.
		Because barium sulfate is virtually insoluble in water and acids, it can be used to coat the alimentary tract to increase the contrast for X-ray photography without being absorbed by the body and poisoning the subject.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:barium (305 words)

	Kotschy András
		The topic of the thesis is the synthesis of bicyclic and tricyclic bridgehead nitrogen containing azolium salts, their ring opening with nucleophiles, and the "inverse electron demand" Diels-Alder reactions of the dienes formed in the ring opening reactions.
		We found that in the reaction of the prepared salts with tetrabutyl-ammonium hydroxide the site of the attack of the nucleophile - and the course of the reaction - depended both on the anellation pattern and on the position and structure of the substituents on the triazol ring.
		Ring opening of fused pyridinium salts: new procedures were developed for the selective ring opening of the 5+6 condensed azolopyridinium salts and the 6+6 condensed pyridoazinium salts with secondary amines.
	www.kfki.hu /(html3,plain)/chemonet/mkf/phd1/kotschy.html (691 words)

	Latimer and Rodebush on the Hydrogen Bond
		In the fused state the arrangement of the atoms of sodium chloride is probably not greatly different from that in the crystal.
		direction upon the application of an electric field, and conduction in the fused salt consists presumably of the movement of atoms of one kind of electric charge through the nearly uniform field produced by a mesh of atoms having the opposite electric charge.
		As the concentration approaches the composition of the molecular compound we approach the condition of a fused salt, where an ion is surrounded by ions of opposite sign and can move freely in any direction.
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Hydrogen-Bond-1920/Hydrogen-Bond-1920.html (5787 words)

	Nonaqueous electrolyte and nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery patent invention
		Such ionic compounds which maintain a liquid state at room temperature or below are referred to in particular as "room-temperature fused salts" or "ionic liquids." To minimize electrostatic interactions between the cations and anions which make up the ionic liquid, either or both are molecular ions of a substantial size.
		However, because the salt itself does not have a very broad potential window, it is readily subject to reductive decomposition during charging and discharging of the battery and thus lacks a performance adequate for practical use.
		As a result they have found that quaternary ammonium salts and quaternary phosphonium salts bearing at least one alkoxyalkyl group as a substituent have the properties of ionic liquids.
	www.freshpatents.com /Nonaqueous-electrolyte-and-nonaqueous-electrolyte-secondary-battery-dt20060216ptan20060035137.php?type=description (11252 words)

	edito_66 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Intercalation from molten salts may first have occurred when aluminium was first extracted from alumina, dissolved in cryolite, by Hall and Heroult in the 1880’s.
		This might be expected as the salt is allowed to solidify and is then washed away which would probably separate any nanotubes from the electrode.
		Electrolytic conversion of graphite to carbon nanotubes in fused salts.
	iusti.polytech.univ-mrs.fr /MOLTEN_SALTS/IUSTI_EDITION/66/edito_66.html (2595 words)

	Salts
		Certain soluble salts (principally sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) that have the
		salts are sodium chloride (table salt) and calcium chloride (salt put on the road in winter).
		Unlike acids and bases, salts vary greatly in all their properties except their ionic characteristics.
	www.tpub.com /content/doe/h1015v1/css/h1015v1_70.htm (312 words)

	Kason Technical Library
		Precise separation of salt particles into specific size categories must be accomplished at relatively high speeds, and relatively high volume and with a high degree of on stream reliability.
		When Canadian Salt put its thermal process on stream for the production of fused salt, a three deck, 48 inch Kason screen separator was ordered for classification of salt crystals.
		Further classification occurs when the salt from the third deck is used as in-put for the three deck, 48 inch separator.
	www.kason.com /TechnicalLibrary/index.php?sType=1&ArticleID=248 (428 words)

	New Page 1
		On the Reaction of N-Alkyl Nitrilium Salts with Acetylenes: A new Synthesis of 2-Azoniaallene Salts.
		Reactions Of Nitriluim And Cyanamidium Salts With Sulfides And Thiols.
		19) New Synthesis of 2-Azoniaallene and Triazenium Salts from the Reaction of Nitrilium and Cyanamidium Salts with N-Substituted Imines.
	www.aabu.edu.jo /sien/chem/Rajab_reaserch.htm (601 words)

	Foundations to Chemistry - adapted from "Chemistry, Matter and the Universe"
		They are found as soluble chloride salts in sea water, and in minerals such as sulfates, carbonates, phosphates, and silicates.
		Magnesium and calcium usually are obtained by electrolysis of fused salts such as molten
		, although these +2 salts also can be reduced by metallic Na or K: Here the chloride ions play a passive role in the reaction, which involves only a transfer of electrons from sodium to magnesium ion.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /vrchemistry/periodic_table/page19.htm (157 words)

	Minerals Engineering International Online - Publications: Book Reviews
		Phillips still insists that fused salt electrolysis belongs to hydrometallurgy.
		By definitions hydrometallurgy is the metallurgy using aqueous solutions - - in fused salts, even traces water must be absent.
		I wish he takes some time to look up my volume 4 of Principles of Extractive Metallurgy devoted to Electrometallurgy and see how elecrowinning, electrorefining, and fused salts are discussed in relation to hydro- and pyrometallurgy.
	www.min-eng.com /book_comms.html (546 words)

	Derek J
		After graduating in 1961, with first-class honours, he undertook research on the properties of fused salts in the Nuffield Research Group, Imperial College.
		His research interests were concerned with fused salts and the thermodynamics of steelmaking reactions, mass transfer and the chemistry of materials.
		In 1968, he returned to the U.K. to work in the research department of the Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd as a group leader responsible for projects concerned with fused salt electrolysis, the treatment of dilute solutions, processing of zinc dusts and residues and the refining of aluminium containing alloys.
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /djf/derek.htm (471 words)

	Aluminum Production -- the Hall - Héroult Process -- Electrolysis of Aluminum Fluoride
		It may be stated that means may be used to lower the specific gravity of the bath by the addition to it of other salts lighter than the double fluoride of calcium and aluminium, so that the pure aluminium will sink in the combination and thus be protected from oxidation.
		I have discovered that this can be done by fusing the bauxite or impure oxid of aluminium together with a metallic fluorid or with two or more such fluorids in less proportion than the oxid to be treated.
		In this process the elimination of the silica is accomplished by combination of the silicon with the fluorin of the flused fluorid; forming silicon fluorid, which escapes into the atmosphere as a gas...
	www.fluoride-history.de /p-aluminum.htm (3029 words)

	Electrochemical Studies of Hot Corrosion of Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		For the accelerated oxidation attack of materials by thin fused salt films, called hot corrosion, the use of electrochemical reference electrodes has proven valuable in establishing a quantitative measure of the acid/base properties of the salts.
		Fused salt solutions of one cation with multiple anions require a different type of reference electrode compared to a solution of one anion with multiple cations.
		In the particularly important sulfate-vanadate melts, the consideration of multicomponent equilibria leads to a prediction of the dependence of the oxide solubility on salt composition.
	ce.eng.usf.edu /research_labs/corrosion/pg12.html (172 words)

	Nirmala's Kitchen: Rare and Exotic Salt Blends Now Available
		Nirmala has traveled to salt ponds and spice plantations throughout the world to bring you the finest salts fused with the native flavors of their region.
		Harvested from the Murray River and fed by water coming from the snowy Australian Alps, these delicate pink salt flakes are fused with native bush tomatoes the Aborigines have been using for thousands of years.
		The precious salt blends contain no added preservatives and are packed in hand-carved bamboo containers with a bamboo spoon from the island of Sulawesi.
	www.foodprocessing.com /vendors/products/2005/113.html (463 words)

	Dieter M. Gruen
		In order to investigate the range and stability of the oxidation states of actinide and other transition elements in fused salt solutions, he pioneered the field of absorption spectroscopy in high-temperature liquids.
		A novel solution chemistry was discovered that led, for example, to an understanding, on the basis of ligand field theory, of complex ions and coordination complexes in these highly ionic liquids.
		The approach introduced by Gruen was fruitful not only in helping to provide a fundamental understanding of fused salt chemistry, but also in its implications for the eventual development of a homogeneous thermal breeder reactor based on fused salt solutions containing the relatively plentiful element thorium.
	www.msd.anl.gov /groups/sc/personnel/gruen (1194 words)

	Hall's original work
		Despite the higher temperature of this furnace, he was unable to melt some of the fluoride salts he tried.
		Hall and Jewett understood that the salts had to be of metals that were more electropositive than aluminum.
		Probably he was aware that mixtures of salts could have lower melting points than the constituent salts.
	ibchem.com /IB/ibnotes/full/ope_htm/hall_expt.htm (3016 words)

	Natural soap, bath salts, organic soap at ilovemiceelf.com
		ilovemiceelf.com proudly sells all natural hand made soap, aromatherapy bath and spa products, mineral bath salts, natural massage oils, fused dichroic glass, and other things with which you may pamper yourself.
		We believe the hand made organic soap and aromatherapy bath salts you'll find here are different.
		Drawing a warm bath, relaxing in our mineral bath salts, and cleansing with a bar of our handmade glycerin soap is a great way to begin an in-depth relaxation session.
	www.ilovemiceelf.com (299 words)

	Donald R. Sadoway Resume
		Specific topics in applied research are the following: environmentally sound electrochemical extraction and recycling of metals, lithium solid-polymer-electrolyte batteries for portable power, high-amperage energy storage devices for stationary applications, advanced materials for use as electrodes in fused-salt electrolysis cells and batteries, electrochemical synthesis of compound semiconductors, and electrochemical synthesis of diamond coatings.
		The related fundamental research is the physical chemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts (including molten oxides), cryogenic electrolytes, and solid polymer electrolytes.
		D.R. Sadoway, "Advances and Innovations in the Extraction of Aluminum and Magnesium," Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology 5, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology, Dresden, Germany, August 1997, ed.
	web.mit.edu /dsadoway/www/resume.html (3574 words)

	"Alloy plating problem cracked" Nickel magazine June 98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The ingenious and novel method was devised by Praxair Surface Technologies Ltd. of the U.K. for electroplating complex chromium-aluminum-yttrium alloy coatings.
		These are produced by controlled co-deposition of a chromium-aluminum-yttrium powder suspended in an aqueous nickel salt bath.
		There are very few conventional aqueous nickel alloy plating processes that are commercially viable, and success has not come any easier with non-aqueous solutions or fused salts.
	www.nidi.org /nickel/0698/2-0698n.shtml (333 words)

	Robert Rapp, MSE faculty, The Ohio State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		After four decades of research in the thermodynamic and kinetic studies of high temperature corrosion and protection, diffusion coatings, scaling mechanisms, point defects in compounds, solid-state electrochemistry, evaporation phenomena, chemistry and electrochemistry of fused salts, reactions in the solid state, and interfacial reactions, Professor Rapp's recent research has returned to process/extractive metallurgy.
		Compilation of measured solubilities for several oxides in fused pure Na at 1200K.
		CVD deposition, electrowinning, oxidation/reduction, evaporation/condensation, diffusion coatings, etc., and minimizing high-temperature corrosion processes by gases and fused salts.
	www.mse.eng.ohio-state.edu /fac_staff/faculty/rapp (541 words)

	Lloyd Hall - myths
		A bit of fact-checking would have revealed that seasonings and meat curing salts are ancient, that Julius Maggi popularized protein hydrolysates as flavor enhancers in 1886, and that lecithin, first isolated in 1846, was used both as an emulsifier and an antioxidant before Lloyd Hall had any patents in food chemistry.
		Composed of microscopic nitrate/nitrite salts encased inside tiny grains of sodium chloride, the powder perfectly fits descriptions of the anonymous curing salt that Hall supposedly "invented" while at Griffith.
		The presence of all curing ingredients in each particle ensured that the ingredients were uniformly distributed throughout the mix, and that the nitrate/nitrite would always be accompanied by sodium chloride when penetrating the meat.
	www33.brinkster.com /iiiii/inventions/lloydhall.asp (1157 words)

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