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	Nuclear weapon design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fusion bombs are based on nuclear fusion where light nuclei such as deuterium and lithium combine together into heavier elements and release large amounts of energy.
		Fusion elements may also be present in the core of fission devices as well as they generate additional neutrons which increases the efficiency (known as "boosting") of the fission reaction.
		The simplest way to utilize fusion is to put a mixture of deuterium and tritium inside the hollow core of an implosion style plutonium pit (which usually requires an external neutron generator mounted outside of it rather than the initiator in the core as in the earliest weapons).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design (6187 words)

	Nuclear Weapons
		This led to the term "hydrogen bomb" to describe the deuterium-tritium fusion bomb.
		Analysis of the radioactive fallout from this bomb revealed it to be a fission-fusion-fission weapon, a "hydrogen bomb" with an outer sheath of natural uranium to increase the yield.
		The bomb was triggered to explode at a height of 550 meters (1800 ft), a height calculated to cause the widest area of damage.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/bomb.html (934 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By modern standards, the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 may perhaps be considered tactical weapons (with yields between 13 and 22 kilotons (54 to 92 TJ)), though they were not used in a tactical manner.
		Gravity bombs are designed to be dropped from planes, which requires that the weapon can withstand vibrations and changes in air temperature and pressure during the course of a flight.
		The aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fusion_bomb (2692 words)

	UNODC - Nuclear and Radiological Weapons: What's What?
		In a plutonium bomb, a subcritical mass of plutonium-239 is packed with a mantel of explosives that condense a heavy layer of inert tampering metal which passes the impulse on to the plutonium core which, in turn, becomes critical and enters a series of chain reactions, whereby a beryllium layer reflects the neutrons.
		The x-rays of the atom bomb act as triggers for the hydrogen bomb and focus on the inner so-called abolator mantel of the hydrogen bomb which heats up and evaporates.
		The rest of the inner elliptic core of the bomb is filled with polyur-ethane or polystyrene which turns into an ionized hot plasma that allows x-rays to pass to the uranium-238 mantle, which, in turn splits into a chain reaction.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/terrorism_weapons_mass_destruction_page006.html (1071 words)

	ENGINEERING EVENT
		Fusion bombs are more complex and similar in design to the neutron bomb in that they force hydrogen to fuse into helium, which gives of vastly more energy than fission.
		While the aforementioned fission-fusion-fission bomb and the neutron bomb are technically both fusion bombs that employ small fission bombs within, for the sake of clarity I will refer to the former as a hydrogen or standard fusion bomb without including the latter in that classification.
		While the claim that the bomb would kill all enemy soldiers and leave all buildings untouched is greatly exaggerated, the basic idea is correct; the radius of the blast would destroy or severely damage buildings in a radius of around 600 meters, with destruction quickly tapering off [4].
	www.pitt.edu /~cjb21/event.html (3168 words)

	2. Gone fission
		Fusion powers the sun and "hydrogen" bombs, which are called "thermonuclear" for the intense heat needed to overcome electrical repulsion between positively-charged hydrogen nuclei.
		Fusion, however, is extremely difficult to control; although billions have been spent to tame fusion for electricity, practical reactors are decades away.
		Although the fusion bomb (called the 'super') got some attention, leaders of the Manhattan Project decided to defer the difficult challenge of fusion until they had learned to make a fission weapon from uranium and plutonium.
	whyfiles.org /186ed_teller/3.html (1270 words)

	Section 1.0 Types of Nuclear Weapons -
		Fusion weapons are called "hydrogen bombs" (H-bombs) because isotopes of hydrogen are principal components of the nuclear reactions involved.
		The fusion reactions occur in a package of fusion fuel ("the secondary") that is physically separate from the fission trigger ("the primary"), thus creating a two-stage bomb (the fission primary counting as the first stage).
		Bombs that are billed as "clean" bombs (a relative term) obtain a large majority of their total yield from fusion.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/558072/posts (6580 words)

	Hydrogen Bomb / Fusion Weapons
		This powerful but complex weapon uses the fusion of heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium to release large numbers of neutrons when the fusile (sometimes termed "fusionable") material is compressed by the energy released by a fission device called a primary.
		Fusion (or ‘‘thermonuclear’ weapons derive a significant amount of their total energy from fusion reactions.
		Since fusion can only be achieved with stellar temperatures, hydrogen bombs were not possible until such a heat source (fission bombs) became available.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/h-bomb.htm (1403 words)

	Archimedes Plutonium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Now, using the supercomputer, and using this specific data from a fusion bomb with its parameters and imagine that all of the fusion events that occurred inside this bomb were of (1).
		And although muon catalyzed fusion is stronger and quicker, neutron catalyzed fusion such as the neutron rich environment of a fusion bomb needs not so high a temperature for fusion but a resonant frequency temperature of optimal number of fusion events.
		Fusion is the inverse of Fission and in a fission-fusion H-bomb before explosion it is a Bose-Einstein statistic and upon explosion reverses into a Fermi-Dirac Statistic.
	www.iw.net /~a_plutonium/File016.html (8386 words)

	Cool Reactor \| Scientific Cage ©
		Fusion reactions also called thermonuclear reactions, are reactions between the nuclei of certain isotopes of light elements.
		If the nuclei collide with sufficient energy (provided by heat in a bomb, or by a particle accelerator in the laboratory) then there is a significant chance that they will merge to form one or more new nuclei with the release of energy.
		The fusion reactions used in bombs and prospective powerplant designs are simple, and extremely fast - which is essential since the fuel must be fully consumed within microseconds.
	www.scientificcage.com /doc/cool_reactor_20000305.html (735 words)

	[No title]
		These correspond to the initial fission of the primary, the fusion of the secondary, and the fission of the casing or fusion tamper.
		Compression of the fusion fuel can get as high as 1000x solid density, at 100 million degrees C. Ulam is said to have come up with the solution to the energy transfer problem when he was looking at ways to improve the efficiency of the trigger.
		This is why in the traditional hydrogen bomb about half of the yield is fusion and half of the yield is fission -- the energy has to be balanced in order to hold the device together long enough to burn as much of the TD fuel as possible.
	www.cc.utah.edu /~at6107/tuc (2526 words)

	Nuclear Weapons
		Before the fission bomb was even completed there was discussion at Los Alamos about the possibility of another kind of bomb based on fusion.
		In the fusion bomb this high energy is produced by a fission bomb located at the core of the hydrogen fuel.
		Atomic bombs, of the type used in the attacks on Japan, weighed in the range from 10 to 100 kilograms, and had yields in the region of 15 to 20 kilotons.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/bomb.html (906 words)

	Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A fusion reaction is invariably started with a fission reaction, but unlike the fission reaction, the fusion (Hydrogen) bomb derives its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes in the formation of helium nuclei.
		In a Uranium bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the 'bullet' counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice-versa).
		The neutron flux of the bomb's payload is strong enough to short circuit the internal circuitry and cause an accidental or premature detonation.
	www.serendipity.li /more/atomic.html (4875 words)

	Basic Principles of Staged Radiation Implosion ("Teller-Ulam Design")
		The key to making large fusion bombs is finding a way for using the energy of an atomic bomb trigger to compress a mass of deuterium sufficiently for the D-D reactions to become practical, followed by heating of the mass to ignition temperatures after the proper density has been achieved.
		The bomb casing is roughly cylindrical, with the fission Primary (or "trigger") at one end.
		The pressure exerted by the plasma causes cylindrical (or spherical) implosion of the fusion capsule, consisting of the pusher/tamper, fuel, and the axial fissionable rod.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Library/Teller.html (1537 words)

	The Never-Tested Doomsday Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Enough neutrons are produced in the fusion reactions to produce further fission in the core and to initiate fission in the tamper.
		Since the fusion reaction produces mostly neutrons and very little that is radioactive, the concept of a 'clean' bomb has resulted: one having a small atomic trigger, a less fissionable tamper, and therefore less radioactive fallout.
		The theorized cobalt bomb is, on the contrary, a radioactively "dirty bomb having a cobalt tamper.
	www.rense.com /general40/dooms.htm (1324 words)

	IEER: Energy & Security No. 6 / Science for Democratic Action V6N4 and V7N1: Pure Fusion Weapons?
		For instance, the lethal area of a pure fusion weapon with an explosive force of one ton of TNT equivalent would be on the order of a hundred times larger than a conventional bomb with the same explosive force.
		Pure fusion weapons (as well as fusion energy) have been unattainable so far because it is very difficult to create the conditions that enable a large enough number of nuclear fusion reactions to occur and generate a net output of energy without using a fission trigger.
		Ignition of the fusion fuel should be used as the definition of a fusion nuclear explosion for purposes of CTBT compliance.
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-6/fusion.html (3686 words)

	FSO Editorials: "The Nuclear Threat That Doesn't Exist - or Does It? by Cohen & Douglass 03/11/2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The idea was to design a fission-fusion bomb in which the number of high-energy neutrons released, the dominant killing mechanism, was maximized while the physical damage-producing mechanism, the fission component, was minimized.
		The neutron bomb was, in effect, banned because it destroyed the sharp distinction between conventional and nuclear weapons by minimizing the fission blast and radiation by-products.
		While the physical explosion accompanying the detonation of a pure-fusion warhead is tiny, compared with the yield of a tactical neutron bomb, its lethal radius due to high-energy neutrons is not tiny.
	www.financialsense.com /editorials/douglass/2003/0311.htm (2444 words)

	AP INNOVATIONS
		The hydrogen bomb, first conceived in 1942, is a fusion bomb.
		It uses a fission bomb to initiate a fusion reaction involving deuterium and tritium, two isotopes of hydrogen.
		Unlike the fission bomb which had an upper limit to its size, the Hydrogen bomb could be made as powerful as was wanted.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~gkannark/1952_01.htm (282 words)

	GLOBE - How the Bomb Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The atomic bombs that were used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki derived their explosive power via a fission chain reaction.
		The fuel used for Little Boy, the bomb used on Hiroshima, was enriched uranium.
		In order to begin a fusion reaction in a thermonuclear weapon, the lithium deuteride solid must be compressed to 15-30 times its original uncompressed density at RTP (15lbs/foot^3).
	wso.williams.edu /~globe/buildbom.htm (509 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Bombs Work"
		Fusion bombs, also called thermonuclear bombs, have higher kiloton yields and greater efficiencies than fission bombs.
		Tritium is in short supply and has a short half-life, so the fuel in the bomb would have to be continuously replenished.
		To overcome the tritium problem, the bomb designers recognized that the neutrons from a fission reaction could produce tritium from lithium (lithium-6 plus a neutron yields tritium and helium-4; lithium-7 plus a neutron yields tritium, helium-4 and a neutron).
	www.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-bomb8.htm (213 words)

	Bring forth the fourth generation!
		The outside of the pellet is supposed to vaporize and compress the fuel.
		The Fusion Group at General Atomics Corp says the mission of the Inertial Confinement project is "to provide a thermonuclear capability in the laboratory for defense and ultimately civilian applications."
		The implosion of the outer shell causes compression, fusion, and expansion.
	whyfiles.org /167new_nukes/3.html (1480 words)

	India - News - US, Russia Building Super-bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		"Hydrogen bomb is set off by a fission trigger, whereas for a pure fusion bomb, there is no such trigger and no minimum critical mass is needed.
		Pure fusion weapons could be made with very low yields and would not produce fallout, blurring distinction between conventional and nuclear explosives.
		“Though the scientific feasibility of pure fusion weapons has yet to be proven, research on pure fusion explosions sends a dangerous signal about the intent of nuclear weapon powers,” they said.
	www3.estart.com /india/news/bomb1.html (259 words)

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