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Topic: Fusion power

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Controlled thermonuclear fusion

Nuclear reactor

Stellarator

Timeline of nuclear fusion

ITER

List of fusion experiments

Cold fusion

Fusion energy gain factor

Nuclear fusion

Aneutronic fusion

Inertial confinement fusion

Magnetic confinement fusion

Nuclear power

Tokamak

Order of reaction

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	Fusion power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fusion power is useful energy generated by nuclear fusion reactions.
		If all the power of a fusion reactor had to be transported by conduction through the surface enclosing the plasma, it would be very difficult to find materials and a construction that would survive, and it would probably entail a relatively poor efficiency.
		Fusion power is often described as a "clean", "renewable", or "sustainable" energy source.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fusion_power (4416 words)

	Nuclear fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is this reaction that is harnessed in fusion power.
		The net result is the fusion of four protons into one alpha particle, with the release of two positrons, two neutrinos, and energy, but several individual reactions are involved, depending on the mass of the star.
		The temperatures maximizing the fusion power compared to the Bremsstrahlung are in every case higher than the temperature that maximizes the power density and minimizes the required value of the fusion triple product.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_fusion (4132 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Nuclear Fusion Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fusion powers the sun and stars as hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, and matter is converted into energy.
		Fusion fuel - different isotopes of hydrogen - must be heated to extreme temperatures of some100 million degrees Celsius, and must be kept dense enough, and confined for long enough (at least one second) to trigger the energy release.
		While fusion power clearly has much to offer when the technology is eventually developed, the problems associated with it also need to be addressed if is to become a widely used future energy source.
	world-nuclear.org /info/inf66.htm (2611 words)

	noscope \| Fusion Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While cold fusion, if it was possible, would require only room temperature, the fusion that takes place in the core of our sun requires temperatures of 100 million degrees centigrade or more.
		The long story is that fusion research requires quite a huge amount of “basic research” meaning all sorts of things have to be researched and in place to achieve controlled nuclear fusion.
		While fusion power holds a great promise, there’s still quite a lot of research to be done to optimize the process enough to generate the amounts of electricity needed to compete with, say traditional nuclear fission power.
	www.noscope.com /journal/2004/07/fusion_power (1462 words)

	Focus on Fusion
		FUSION power offers the potential of an almost limitless source of energy for future generations but it also presents some formidable scientific and engineering challenges.
		Effective energy-producing fusions require that gas from a combination of isotopes of hydrogen - deuterium and tritium - is heated to very high temperatures (100 million degrees centigrade) and confined for at least one second.
		The imperative to demonstrate that fusion has the potential to be a safe and clean method of generating base load electricity led to the setting up of the European Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power (SEAFP) team in 1992.
	fusion.org.uk /focus (1096 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Nuclear fusion could power NASA spacecraft
		He predicts his fusion drive would be able to generate 300 times the thrust of any chemical rocket engine and use only a fraction of its fuel mass.
		At that temperature, the fusion reaction only generates neutrons, which are uncharged and therefore cannot be steered and fired through a magnetic jet nozzle.
		In a fusion drive, the fields at the end could easily be controlled to release the highly energetic alpha particles and propel the craft.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3294 (539 words)

	Heavy-Ion Fusion Tutorial
		For fusion to occur, the atoms of hydrogen must be heated to extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees C) so they have enough thermal energy to overcome this repulsion, and then they must be held together or confined long enough for fusion to occur.
		A properly designed fusion power plant would therefore be safe, and design studies indicate that electricity from such a plant would cost about the same as today.
		The fusion reaction in an MFE plant would either be continuous or occur in pulses of a few seconds each, while in an IFE power plant, typically five to ten fusion targets would be detonated per second.
	hif.lbl.gov /tutorial/tutorial.html (2553 words)

	Actel: Flash Devices: Fusion Programmable System Chip
		Fusion devices with AES-based security allow for secure, remote field updates of both system design and Flash memory content (over public networks such as the Internet), and ensure that valuable intellectual property remains out of the hands of system overbuilders, system cloners, and IP thieves.
		Fusion interfaces to the real world; up to 30 high-voltage-tolerant analog inputs enable direct connection to signals from –12 V to +12 V, eliminating the need for signal preconditioning.
		Fusion can be securely programmed late in the manufacturing process or after it is in the field.
	www.actel.com /products/fusion (1484 words)

	Fusion Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To harness fusion on Earth, different, more efficient fusion reactions than those at work in the Sun are chosen - those between the two heavy forms of Hydrogen : Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T).
		The excess energy from the fusion reaction (released because the products of the reaction are bound together in a more stable way than the reactants) is mostly contained in the free neutron.
		Fusion occurs at a sufficient rate only at very high energies (temperatures) - on earth, temperatures greater than 100 million Kelvin are required.
	www.jet.efda.org /pages/content/fusion1.html (432 words)

	Artemis Project: Lunar Helium-3 as an Energy Source, in a nutshell
		For the purposes of this discussion, let's assume that the He3 fusion plants have been proved out, and folks are frantically building them, just waiting for us to show up with with tanks full of helium-3.
		The names of the ingredients for nuclear fusion reactions -- deuterium, tritium, isotopes of helium -- sound complicated, but really these are only variations on substances found in everyday life.
		The units alone are awesome: a terrawatt-year is one trillion (10 to 12th power) watt-years.
	www.asi.org /adb/02/09/he3-intro.html (1134 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Europe puts France up for reactor
		But in a fusion reactor, energy is harnessed by forcing the nuclei of light atoms together - the same process that takes place at the core of the Sun and makes it shine.
		To use fusion reactions as an energy source, it is necessary to heat a gas to temperatures exceeding 100 million Celsius - many times hotter than the centre of the Sun.
		Its goal will be to produce 500 megawatts of fusion power for 500 seconds or longer during each individual fusion experiment and in doing so demonstrate essential technologies for a commercial reactor.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3239806.stm (591 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Fusion power 'within reach'
		Fusion power is "within reach", according to atomic scientists in the UK.
		Fusion is the form of nuclear energy that powers the stars.
		It is a leaner version of a prototype fusion reactor that has already solved many technical problems.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1573450.stm (720 words)

	Nuclear Fusion Power
		Nuclear fusion reactors, if they can be made to work, promise virtually unlimited power for the indefinite future.
		Efforts to control the fusion process and harness it to produce power have been underway in the United States and abroad for more than forty years.
		Nuclear fusion is the source of energy in the sun and stars where high temperatures and densities allow the positively-charged nuclei to get close enough to each other for the (attractive) nuclear force to overcome the (repulsive) electrical force and allow fusion to occur.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/wallchart/chapters/14/2.html (393 words)

	News Release - Rapid-fire thermonuclear explosion
		The problem has been that the power of a high-yield thermonuclear explosion would damage not only the pellet-target, which could be rapidly replaced, but also the last five feet of power lines connected to the target.
		This has been a stumbling block in envisioning Z as a source of real-world power, since a near-continuous stream of rapid-fire explosions is necessary to continuously create steam to turn turbines, says Derzon, who with principal collaborators Gary Rochau, Greg Rochau and Steve Slutz came up with the new concept.
		Nuclear fusion could be a way to produce energy not only on Earth but also in spacecraft or in space colonies, since its power source -- isotopes of hydrogen -- for the most part is readily available.
	www.sandia.gov /media/NewsRel/NR1999/thermo.htm (838 words)

	CNN.com - Bush to fund fusion energy machine - Jan. 30, 2003
		Fusion reactors would use unique types of hydrogen called deuterium and tritium, which can fuse to make helium, subatomic particles and energy.
		Fusion reactions have been produced in the lab, but large-scale fusion power has yet to be proven economically or technologically feasible.
		The Princeton lab is a Department of Energy unit that researches fusion but does not have the capability to produce energy on a large scale for commercial use.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/science/01/30/fusion.science (432 words)

	FUSION POWER, WHO NEEDS IT ? !
		Table IV is extracted from a recent report published in Nuclear fusion and compares the projected costs of electrical power generation between thermal, fission and fusion power systems.
		It is to be noted that fusion power costs are only marginally higher than that of fission and thermal power.
		The fusion DEMO generating electricity in an environmentally acceptable manner, should be built as rapidly as technically feasible, say by the year 2015.
	www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov /More_HTML/Artsimovich/PKKawPaper.html (3592 words)

	UCB Inertial Fusion Energy Tutorial
		For fusion power plants, the easiest fusion reaction to generate is that of
		In inertial confinement fusion, small B-B-size hollow spherical capsules, most likely made of plastic, are filled at high pressure with an equal mixture of deuterium and tritium, and then chilled to cryogenic temperatures, so that the D-T gas freezes as a thin, solid coating on the inside of the capsule wall.
		By radically reducing the inventory of radioactive material that could be released by accident or careless waste disposal, fusion power addresses the primary concerns for nuclear energy sources, while retaining the most important environmental benefit--the extremely sparing use of natural resources.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/icf/IFE.html (3235 words)

	Antimatter and Fusion for rocket propulsion
		It might also be the fuel that powers spaceships to the planets and perhaps the stars, even if it's just used as a sophisticated book of matches.
		A step back from antimatter is fusion, the power source of the future for the last five decades.
		To achieve sufficient power, the fusion reactor must be large, which translates to a high cost.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/prop12apr99_1.htm (2162 words)

	Amazon.com: Gillette Fusion Power Razor with Storage Case: Health & Personal Care (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In fact, in consumer tests, the Fusion Power was preferred overall to the M3 Power razor by 2-to-1, and scored higher on every performance, appearance and ergonomic measure as well.
		The Fusion Power also features an ergonomic, superbly engineered razor handle with an elastomer coating that provides a secure grip, better control, and a design that is both elegant and highly functional.
		Gillette Fusion Power is the first razor to bring advanced electronics to wet shaving and the first shaving system for men that combines revolutionary blade technologies on the front and on the back of a single shaving cartridge to deliver the best powered wet shave ever.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B000BUW8WM?v=glance (2671 words)

	Fusion Power - Fusion research at UKAEA Culham
		Website of the EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, at the Culham Science Centre, home of the UK fusion research programme funded jointly by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and by EURATOM.
		A simple guide to what Fusion Power is all about, why we need it, and how we hope to achieve it.
		Fusion and Industry assists and encourages UK companies to tender for contracts arising from fusion research and the ITER project, and supports technology transfer from fusion research.
	www.fusion.org.uk (265 words)

	Fusion: Stepping closer to reality \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fusion, in other words, is generating renewed excitement among scientists in the field.
		Fusion works by combining them - actually the nuclei of two forms of hydrogen known as deuterium and tritium.
		Fusion reactors are expected to generate smaller amounts of highly radioactive waste.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/1209/p15s01-stss.html (1165 words)

	Argonne National Laboratory Fusion Power Program
		Fusion is the power that drives the stars.
		In order to use this power, it is necessary to develop advanced technology that can efficiently convert this power to a useful form, such as electricity, and that can survive in the harsh fusion environment.
		The Argonne Fusion Power Program personnel play a key role in the U.S. for the development of that advanced technology, and this development should lead to attractive fusion power plants in the 21st century.
	fusion.anl.gov (185 words)

	Focus Fusion - Our goal is to develop an environmentally safe, cheap, clean, unlimited energy source for everyone. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The goal of the Focus Fusion Society is to turn the dream of safe, cheap, clean, unlimited energy from nuclear fusion into a practical reality, to do it as soon as possible, and to ensure that this technology is made available to all mankind.
		To finance the research needed, we will raise funds from the general public and publicize the need for government funding of research aimed at developing this ideal energy source.
		Our confidence is based on solid theoretical work and experiments that have achieved temperatures of over a billion degrees.
	www.focusfusion.org (623 words)

	COLD FUSION TIMES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Yet, because of the competition with oil and hot fusion, cold fusioneers have been attacked for 17 years by the some in the DoE, the US Patent Office, and some hot fusion physicists to a degree that is unknown in other competing energy and science fields.
		Rusi Taleyarkhan of the Purdue university in Indiana uses fusion of hydrogen atoms in the solvent acetone, after its hydrogen atoms were replaced by deuterium (heavy hydrogen with neutron in the core) in an ultrasonic field.
		Even nuclear fusion’s staunchest advocates admit a power-producing fusion plant is still decades away at best, despite forty years of hard work and well over $20 billion spent on the research.
	world.std.com /~mica/cft.html (13976 words)

	Fusion Energy and Plasma Physics Research at PPPL
		Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a collaborative national center for plasma and fusion science.
		The Laboratory is managed by Princeton University funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science.
		An associated mission for PPPL is to provide the highest quality science education in fusion energy, plasma physics, and related technologies.
	www.pppl.gov (243 words)

	Gillette Fusion is Available! \| Shaving Stuff.com
		The Gillette Fusion is available in stores as of Thursday January 26th.
		Suggested price for the non-powered Fusion is $9.99, while the Fusion Power will retail at $11.99.
		A quick check at Amazon shows that the Gillette Fusion Power is down to $9.57.
	www.shavingstuff.com /archives/004558.php (553 words)

	Fusion Main Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FUSION POWER ASSOCIATES is a non-profit, tax-exempt research and educational foundation, providing timely information on the status of fusion development and other applications of plasma science and fusion research.
		The Association assists students, media, the public and others by providing lay-level materials, brochures, commentary, expert advice and referrals to experts for specialized information and provides editorial assistance to the Journal of Fusion Energy (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers) in soliciting, translating, editing and publishing technical papers on plasma physics and fusion energy.
		Institutions are encouraged to participate in Fusion Power Associates by becoming voting Members or Affiliates.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/fpa (212 words)

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