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Topic: Fusion reactor

	Nuclear Fusion Reactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Reactors for nuclear fusion are of two main varieties, magnetic confinement reactors and inertial confinement reactors.
		The strategies for creating fusion reactors are largely dictated by the fact that the temperatures involved in nuclear fusion are far too high to be contained in any material container.
		The strategy of the magnetic confinement reactor is to confine the hot plasma by means of magnetic fields which keep it perpetually in looping paths which do not touch the wall of the container.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fusrea.html (150 words)

	RTFTechnologies IEC Fusion Reactor
		An IEC fusion reactor typically consists of a geodesic inner grid that is held at a negative potential surrounded by a grounded spherical vacuum envelope (outer “grid”).
		This is a cad of the fusion reactor core.
		The reactor must be operated under high vacuum to obtain the required mean free path, or average distance between collisions, for the deuterium ions being accelerated through the central grid.
	www.rtftechnologies.org /physics/fusion.htm (955 words)

	Nuclear Fusion Reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fusion is the process of atoms combining at extraordinarily high temperatures that not only provides the energy of the sun and stars but also gives hydrogen bombs their enormous power.
		Fusion reactors, by contrast, would produce minimal waste that would be radioactive for a much shorter period, backers say.
		The experimental reactor project was conceived at an international summit in 1985 as a showpiece for cooperation during the Cold War.
	www.wanttoknow.info /050629nuclearfusionreactor (1107 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Q&A: Nuclear fusion reactor
		Fusion works on the principle that energy can be released by forcing together atomic nuclei rather than by splitting them, as in the case of the fission reactions that drive existing nuclear power stations.
		To achieve fusion, therefore, scientists have devised a solution in which a super-heated gas, or plasma, is held and squeezed inside an intense doughnut-shaped magnetic field.
		Fusion scientists also say the system would be inherently safe because any malfunction would result in a rapid shutdown.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4627237.stm (988 words)

	[No title]
		Unfortunately, many fusion researchers have spent their careers developing the tokamak which cannot reach the temperatures required for hydrogen-boron fusion.
		A complete Focus Fusion reactor could be contained in a very small building, perhaps no larger than a two car garage, and there is room for further miniaturization.
		In conclusion, conventional approaches to fusion have no hope of being any cheaper than current sources of power because even if they achieve net energy, the cost of the reactor and generator are still prohibitively high.
	focusfusion.org /log/index.php/site/article/25 (1363 words)

	Investment Opportunity with Fusion Energy Systems Invest In Our Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fusion occurs when the ions of an element such as deuterium are forced to collide and split off a neutron.
		An efficient and useful fusion reactor, does not need to be a massive piece of machinery with huge 30-story containment vessels, such as is the case with fission.
		Fusion Energy Systems Corporation is a Chicago-based company that was formed to finally bring a practical application of Warm Fusion energy to the marketplace.
	www.fusionenergysystemsinc.com (1138 words)

	Fusion power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The likelihood of a catastrophic accident in a fusion reactor in which injury or loss of life occurs is much smaller than that of a fission reactor.
		Most reactor designs rely on the use of liquid lithium as both a coolant and a method for converting stray neutrons from the reaction into tritium, which is fed back into the reactor as fuel.
		Fusion power has many of the benefits of these long-term energy sources (such as a long-term continuous energy supply and no greenhouse gas emissions) but also some of the benefits of (relatively) short-term energy sources like hydrocarbons and nuclear fission (without reprocessing), such as very high power-generation density and uninterrupted power delivery (i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fusion_power (5339 words)

	Conventional Fusion FAQ Section 1/11 (Fusion Physics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The conditions needed to induce fusion reactions are extreme; so extreme that virtually all natural fusion occurs in stars, where gravity compresses the gas, until temperature and pressure forces balance the gravitational compression.
		In fusion reactors today, the plasmas aren't quite confined well enough to sustain burning on their own (ignition), so we get them to burn by pumping in energy to keep them hot.
		Going back to the fusion reactor, the insulation can be improved by studying plasmas and improving their insulating properties by reducing heat transport through them.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/fusion-faq/section1-physics (4301 words)

	CNN - Nuclear fusion still no dependable energy source - April 5, 1997
		The Tokamak Fusion Reactor at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory -- one of the world's most powerful experimental fusion reactors -- illustrates the point.
		No fusion reactor has ever achieved a self-sustaining burn of nuclear fuel, although the Princeton reactor set a record in 1994 by producing nearly 11 million watts of fusion power for about one second.
		Those who argue that nuclear fusion is a poor investment note that the United States has spent more than $10 billion on fusion research with little to show for it.
	www.cnn.com /US/9704/05/fusion.confusion (622 words)

	Fusion Reactor Waste
		Since tritium cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities except from the nuclear reactors themselves, fusion reactors will be designed to generate ("breed") their own tritium supply (the tritium inventory in a reactor being of the order of 1 kg).
		If stainless steel is employed as structural material in fusion reactors its activity will not differ much from the activity of the stainless steel of the core barrel of a fission reactor since the thermal neutron flux is the main source of steel activation in both types of reactors and the fluxes are similar.
		The same is true for graphite, which is used in fusion as well as in some fission reactors to slow down the neutrons for their required fission reactions: In fission reactors the thermal neutrons fission uranium (or thorium) to produce energy.
	www.acamedia.info /sciences/J_G/fusion.html (7837 words)

	Halfbakery: Three Fusion Reactor Variations
		These researchers mostly have the problem of trying to apply that energy to all sides at once, perfectly evenly, of the small volume of material, lest it be kicked sideways (out of the center of the reaction chamber) and impact/damage their equipment.
		Fusion reactions ARE damped quite easily, due to ordinary matter being extremely cold, relative to the temperature required for nuclear fusion.
		beams of muons catalysing fusion in the surface of the pellet would seem to be more efficaceous as the 1st step in triggering fusion in the remaining fuel (which will be the bulk of the pellet).
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Three_20Fusion_20Reactor_20Variations (4321 words)

	Nuke fusion reactor gives nation a headstart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A nuclear fusion device will be built in the country by the end of the year, which will help scientists try to come to grips with the new source of power before the rest of the world.
		The reactor will emulate the fusion power of the Sun, harnessing the tremendous amounts of energy that are released when atoms fuse.
		Fusion power holds the key to solving projected energy shortages, with just 1 kilogram of fusion fuel capable of creating as much power as 10 million kilograms of fossil fuel.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /china/2006-06/02/content_606707.htm (493 words)

	USATODAY.com - China claims success in test of fusion reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Chinese facility is similar to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, or ITER, being built by a seven-nation consortium in Cadarache in southern France, according to state media.
		China is a partner in the ITER reactor, along with the European Union, the United States, Japan, Russia, India and South Korea.
		He said producing plasma was only one step toward the fusion that ITER aims to perform, and that the project could be helped by the Chinese experiments.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/discoveries/2006-09-28-china-fusion_x.htm (567 words)

	France wins contest to develop world's first fusion power reactor
		Existing nuclear reactors use fission, or the splitting of large atoms, to produce power, a process that leaves waste that remains highly radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years.
		Long-term plans call for a demonstration fusion power plant to be built in the 2030s and the first commercial fusion plant to be built in mid-century.
		The 500-megawatt reactor planned at Cadarache will be built for fusion to take place at more than 180 million degrees, with the hot fuel held in place by powerful magnetic fields.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/29/MNG3FDG9S61.DTL (550 words)

	Green light for nuclear fusion site - Environment - MSNBC.com
		French nuclear research facilities near the town of Cadarache are seen from a distance. The area was chosen Tuesday to host a multinational nuclear fusion reactor.
		The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, or ITER, is intended to show that nuclear fusion, which harnesses the same energy that heats the sun to generate electricity, can wean the world off pollution-producing fossil fuels.
		The idea of a nuclear fusion reactor was floated by the then Soviet Union in 1985 as a showpiece for international cooperation during the Cold War.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/8385911 (975 words)

	Nuclear fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy while the fusion of nuclei heavier than iron or nickel absorbs energy; vice-versa for the reverse process, nuclear fission.
		Muon-catalyzed fusion is a well-established and reproducible fusion process that occurs at ordinary temperatures.
		The net result is the fusion of four protons into one alpha particle, with the release of two positrons, two neutrinos (which changes two of the protons into neutrons), and energy, but several individual reactions are involved, depending on the mass of the star.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_fusion (4358 words)

	Fusion reactor breaks duration record - 06 August 2002 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Physicists sustained the three-megawatt electric discharge in the Tore Supra reactor at the Association Euratom-CEA in Cadarache.
		Researchers expect ITER to be a significant advance over existing fusion reactors because it promises for the first time to let them study key parameters such as confinement time, temperature, density and pressure all at the same time.
		The conditions required for fusion are so difficult that existing tokamaks are limited to testing one parameter at a time.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2637 (428 words)

	What is Focus Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		By suppressing the transfer of energy from the ions, which generate the nuclear fusion energy, to the electrons, which emit x-rays, we can reduce the amount of energy lost to the plasma by the x–rays, thus heat it hotter and gain more fusion energy.
		Nuclear fusion has the potential to generate power without the radioactive waste of nuclear fission, but that depends on which atoms you decide to fuse.
		Focus fusion is very hot, in fact, requiring billions of degrees of energy to occur.
	focusfusion.org /log/index.php/site/toc/what (476 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA constructs small-scale fusion reactor in what may be the first step towards building fusion rocket ...
		The Gas Dynamic Mirror (GDM) Fusion Propulsion Experiment is one of several advanced ideas -- ranging from demonstrated to way out -- that NASA is investigating in its constant battle to more efficiently break free of Earth's gravitational grip.
		Fusion propulsion was the subject of one of several sessions at the 36th annual Joint Propulsion Conference held this week in Huntsville, Alabama.
		"Fusion is a little bit down the road," explained Terry Kammash, a professor of engineering at the University of Michigan who proposed the GDM experiments.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/launches/fusion_rockets_000719.html (1230 words)

	Fusion Reactor Size
		Both fusion and fission reactors put out heat as their primary method of energy production.
		That means that not only do we not have portable generators, we do not have ANY fusion reactors that actually produce power.
		There is actually a proverbial "20 year" effect involved - reactors planned for 20 years in the future should finally be producing power, maybe even commercially.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /newton/askasci/1993/physics/PHY128.HTM (307 words)

	Fusion Reactor
		Fusion Reactors may be placed on any hull up to the limits of the power demand of that hull.
		Because of the presence of these reactors power demands of weapon systems is greatly reduced, thus allowing them to be built with less space allocated to bulky auxiliary power generators.
		Fusion Reactors do not reduce the cost of any weapon system they power, they are an ADDED cost.
	www.cfar.umd.edu /~keverill/Games/Starfire/FusionReactor.html (591 words)

	News in Science - Fusion reactor shows its metal - 22/05/2006
		In fusion, atomic nuclei are fused together to release energy, as opposed to fission, the technique used for nuclear power and atomic bombs, where nuclei are split.
		In a fusion reactor, particles are rammed together to form the charged gas plasma, contained inside a doughnut-shaped chamber called a tokamak, by powerful magnetic coils.
		It is designed to be a testbed of fusion technologies, with a construction period of about 10 years and an operational lifespan of 20 years.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1644106.htm (629 words)

	Fusion: Stepping closer to reality \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fusion reactors represent a kind of holy grail for an energy-dependent world.
		The basic conclusion: The "fire" in the type of reactor planned for ITER may not be as finicky to control as many had previously believed.
		Fusion reactors are expected to generate smaller amounts of highly radioactive waste.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/1209/p15s01-stss.html (1165 words)

	Seed: The Future of Fusion
		ITER is the largest fusion research project to date and one of the biggest international scientific collaborations ever.
		In addition, fusion eliminates the risk of a runaway reaction like the one that occurred at Chernobyl—a fusion reaction on Earth is so delicate that any error in operation would end the process rather than causing a meltdown.
		In a fusion reactor, laser or charged-particle beams and radio waves heat hydrogen atoms, or the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, to more than 100 million degrees Celsuis—nearly seven times the heat of the Sun—creating a free-flowing thermonuclear plasma.
	www.seedmagazine.com /news/2006/06/the_future_of_fusion.php (701 words)

	Colliding Beam Fusion Reactor -- Rostoker et al. 278 (5342): 1419 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For more than 40 years, research toward a fusion reactor has been pursued in most of the industrialized countries of the world.
		Tokamak reactors are expensive and difficult to maintain because of their toroidal design.
		The values used here for parameters such as density ratio and electron and ion temperatures differ from those in (10), but the estimate of Q is about the same.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/278/5342/1419?ijkey=A.zNwOzIwyrKA (2290 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Fun with fusion: Freshman's nuclear fusion reactor has USU physics faculty in awe
		Spanish Fork High graduate Craig Wallace shows off his nuclear fusion reactor, based on the plans of Utah's own Philo Farnsworth, the inventor of TV.
		The apparatus is nothing less than the sine qua non of modern science: a nuclear fusion reactor, based on the plans of Utah's own Philo Farnsworth, the inventor of television.
		One professor Friday stood nervously away from Wallace's reactor — which is notably free from any shielding — but he needn't have worried: Wallace's detector measures 36 neutrons per minute just in background radiation from space, and the device's usual output adds only four neutrons per minute.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,510054502,00.html (768 words)

	EXN.ca \| Space
		To do it, he is using the tremendous power of nuclear fusion to both power and propel his future interplanetary spacecraft.
		Nuclear fusion is the big brother of nuclear fission, the power behind the atom bomb and nuclear electrical generating stations.
		In its most simplified form, it is a long chain of donut-shaped electromagnets that traps a narrow cylinder of plasma — a form of super-heated gas — inside a tight tube of electromagnetic forces.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1999/07/06/66.asp (1218 words)

	EFDA-JET, the world's largest nuclear fusion research experiment
		Its unique features allow us to explore the unknown; to investigate fusion's potential as a safe, clean, and virtually limitless energy source for future generations.
		Situated at Culham in the UK, the Joint European Torus is run as a collaboration between all European fusion organisations and with the participation of scientists from around the globe.
		With over 30,000 processors and 50 million Gigabytes of data storage, the EGEE grid allows scientists access to significantly more computing power than is available at a single university or laboratory.
	www.jet.efda.org (370 words)

	Slashdot \| Alternative to Tokamak Fusion Reactor
		Magnetic reconnection [pppl.gov] in traditional fusion reactors is seen as a bad thing because it shoots particles in unpredictable directions that often can't be contained by the confining magnetic fields.
		Now remember a Tokamak Fusion reactor reaches temperatures of 100 Million degrees C. Now I haven't crunched numbers but its obvious that the energy needed to raise the temperature of Hydrogen to 1 Billion degrees is a lot greater than the energy needed to raise the temperature to 100 Million degrees.
		As it is now we might see fusion reactors in 40 years or so, but if we spent a lot more funding on it we could probably cut that down to 20--considering the threat of global warming and other such concerns sooner is much, much better than later.
	rss.slashdot.org /Slashdot/slashdot?m=1657 (7719 words)

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