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Topic: Futa Toro

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	International Missions Emphasis 2006: Week of Prayer Photo Gallery
		Futa Toro of Senegal: A Futa Toro child clings to his mother as she pours “Ataaya,” a tea that is part of a traditional Senegalese friendship ceremony.
		Futa Toro of Senegal: Missionary Debbie Hawkins smiles as she receives a hug from a Futa Toro woman.
		Futa Toro of Senegal: Missionary Shirley Smith (right) visits the home of a Futa Toro man who has recently returned from a pilgrimage to Mecca, the center of Islamic life.
	ime.imb.org /resources/download/photos/wop2006/futatoro.asp (0 words)

	webPulaaku/Histoire/Fuuta Tooro/David Robinson/Chiefs and Clerics. Abdul Bokar Kan and Futa Toro. 1853-1891/Contents (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Population Movements between Futa Toro and the Umarian State, 1854 to 1891
		Lam Toros of Toro Province, 1854 to 1890
		Elfekis of Eastern Futa Toro, 1859 to 1891
	www.pulaaku.net /defte/david_robinson/chiefs_clerics/contents.html (129 words)

	webPulaaku/Histoire/Fuuta Tooro/David Robinson/Chiefs and Clerics.../Chapter I. Futa Toro in the Nineteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Futa Toro thus followed the usage then current in the Islamic states of Bundu and Futa Jalon which hearkened back to the ‘imamate’ envisaged by the Berbers in the seventeenth century 29.
		While Futa retained the charter of the Almamate ruled by a learned Muslim according to the Shari'a, the key institution became a council of jaggorDe (electors — sing., jaggorgal) drawn from the provinces of Bossea and Yirlabe 41.
		Futa has no permanent militia: when the country is at war, each chief gathers the men of his village or province.
	laawol.pulaaku.net /defte/david_robinson/chiefs_clerics/chap1.html (9350 words)

	African Online Digital Library - AODL
		The Futa Jalon has long been the center of economic, political and educational activity for the "far west" of West Africa, stretching from the Ivory Coast in the southeast to Mauritania and Mali in the north.
		In the 18th and 19th centuries this area was called Futa Toro and was ruled by an imam or Almamy (al-imam).
		Today Futa Toro is divided between Mauritania (the north bank) and Senegal (the south bank).
	www.aodl.org /galleries.php (905 words)

	IslamOnline.net - Muslim Cultures in Africa
		This structure is echoed in the sacred enclosure around Futa mosques, consisting of a projecting straw roof supported by posts, whose function is to accommodate the overflow of worshipers and protect them from the sun.
		As for the central and coastal area of Senegal, the influence of colonialism left its mark on mosque building and the mosques of Saint Louis, Gorée, and Dakar (Blanchot) are all equipped with a front porch defined by arcades with pointed arches.
		Indeed, the Futa Toro region in Senegal, or the spiritual capital of the Mourids, Touba, illustrate the phenomenon of economic migration, which results in mosques being rebuilt in cement by the returnees, or by the money they send home.
	www.islamonline.net /English/In_Depth/MuslimAfrica/articles/2005/04/article02.shtml (0 words)

	[No title]
		The Fula Toro are located in the Futa Toro region of northeastern Senegal, West Africa.
		In the Futa Toro region, temperatures range from 95ºF to 104ºF (35ºC to 40ºC) during the hottest season, and the air is very dry.
		The Futa Toro region is the richest agricultural district in Senegal because of its two yearly growing seasons.
	kcm.co.kr /bethany/remains/p_code1/1665-1.html (790 words)

	webPulaaku/Histoire/Fuuta Tooro/David Robinson/Chiefs and Clerics. Abdul Bokar Kan and Futa Toro. 1853-1891/The Clash ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Futa Toro was particularly well placed to demand “imposts” of the French Colony at St. Louis 3.
		It is reasonable to estimate the total departures from Futa for 1858-9, coupled with the earlier migration in the 1850s, at over 50,000 men, women and children, or almost 20 per cent of the population.
		By the end of 1859 Mamadu had replaced Mustafa as Almamy of Futa and implicitly accepted the reduction of territory, and Paul Holle, the Governor's “trouble-shooter” at Medine and Matam, was brought to Salde to manage the new arrangements with the Wan “king” 69.
	laawol.pulaaku.net /defte/david_robinson/chiefs_clerics/chap2.html (10759 words)

	Toucouleur Location and Environment
		The arid area, referred to as the Sahel, is an area of recurrent drought and persistent deforestation, overgrazing and famine.
		The largest area of settlement for the modern day Toucouleur people is in the northern St. Louis province of Senegal, in the major geopolitical region officially recognised as the Futa Toro, encompassing a large areas of northern Senegal and southern Mauritania, in the Senegal River Valley.
		The Futa Toro is divided into 2 areas, one West called the Toro and one east called the Futa.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/Profile/Location_and_environment.htm (798 words)

	webPulaaku/Histoire/Fuuta Tooro/David Robinson/Chiefs and Clerics/1860-1864: The Struggle for Control of Futa and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Futa Toro in 1860 was only the shadow of its former self.
		The grievances were particularly acute in eastern Toro and the village clusters of Havre and Halaybe, where the Lam Toro had little or no traditional authority 2.
		He signed the official letters of Futa right after the Almamy and Falil, and was such a frequent visitor to the Wan court in Mbumba that a part of the village square was designated “the place of Bokar”.
	www.pulaaku.net /defte/david_robinson/chiefs_clerics/chap3.html (6441 words)

	Islam in West Africa - Mw
		1490-1512 The Fulani broke away creating the Futa Toro, led by Koli Tenguela Ba who went on to form the Denyanke Dynasty.
		Nasir al-Din overran the Futa Toro,Kayor and the Walo empires, installing Marabout proxy rulers.
		The most famous of which was Ibrahim Abd ar-Rahman the African Slave known as the Prince.
	www.muslimwikipedia.com /mw/index.php/Islam_in_West_Africa (414 words)

	YWAM Sahara - Toucouleur (Pulaar)
		Stretching from Senegal to Nigeria, 26 million Fula people speak 41 dialects of Pulaar such as Fuladou, Futa Toro, Fulacounda and Fulfuta etc. These speakers of Pulaar, or Haalpulaaren as they call themselves, are by and large Muslims and have been for centuries.
		The dish that is considered to be the traditional dish of the Toucouleur, is Couscous served with a souse made from the green leaves of the peanut plant or the sweet-potato plant.
		Over the centuries the clans acquired a measure of autonomy, which was particularly pronounced during the time of the empire, and the Futa Toro became a loose federation of such groups.Under the influence of Islam the Toucouleur gradually changed from matrilineal to paternally structured society.
	www.gosahara.org /pt.html (4971 words)

	Notes on Conquest of the Western Sudan--Part II
		Administrator Gouldsbury of the Gambia signed a comemrcial treaty with Futa Toro in March 1881, but reported that the prospects for profit were slim.
		Ahmadu responded by blockading the trade routes and according to the French, seeking anti-French alliances with Abdul-Bubakar in Futa Toro and Lat Dior in Cayor.
		He had defeated Muntaga in Nioro and wanted to return to Segou, but his talibes were reluctant to move further from Futa Toro and the rebellious Bambara of Beledugu still blocked his way.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/archives/sec/kanya2.htm (8906 words)

	African Online Digital Library - AODL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Futa Jalon has long been the center of economic, political and educational activity for the "far west" of West Africa, stretching from the Ivory Coast in the southeast to Mauritania and Mali in the north.
		In the 18th and 19th centuries this area was called Futa Toro and was ruled by an imam or Almamy (al-imam).
		Today Futa Toro is divided between Mauritania (the north bank) and Senegal (the south bank).
	www.africandl.org /galleries.php (905 words)

	The Los Angeles Music Center - Music Center Education Division Artist Directory
		Futa Toro is actually a large geographic region in African that encompasses areas of northern Senegal and southern Mauritania, in the Senegal River Valley.
		Encompassed by tropical climates, low-lying plains and the edge of the Sahara desert, the land and the people are rich in history, culture and music.
		The performance by Futa Toro serves as a bridge to the cultures of West Africa, providing students with a colorfully-costumed, in-depth look at the history, nations and people of the region.
	www.musiccenter.org /education/artistdirectory/21.html (269 words)

	Africa and Slavery 1500-1800 by Sanderson Beck
		Tengella invaded Zara but was defeated and killed about 1512 by the Songhay; Tengella had led the Fulani into Futa Toro and Jolof.
		In Futa Toro the violent climate of the war chiefs stimulated Bubakar Sire to appeal to Morocco for troops (Ormans) in 1716, and from then on they had to pay a grain tax.
		Sory influenced Bundu and the region, ruling Futa Jallon until 1791.
	www.san.beck.org /1-13-Africa1500-1800.html (22906 words)

	Umar Tal Summary
		Al-Hajj Omar was born in the Futa Toro near the town of Podar on the Senegal River.
		Some students believe that his jihad was directed primarily at the French who had begun to encroach upon his homeland, the Futa Toro, after 1852, while others argue that he was less interested in the French than he was in conquering the pagan and older Islamic states in the basin of the upper Niger.
		1797 in Halwar, Futa Toro, Senegal; died February 12, 1864 near Hamdalahi, Mali) was a Senegalese politician, Islamic scholar, Muslim preacher, warrior and mystic.
	www.bookrags.com /Umar_Tal (1768 words)

	2006 Week Of Prayer For Int'l Missions
		Thursday, Dec 7 Missionaries: Tom and Shirley Smith People group: Futa Toro of Senegal Church planting in Senegal is a daunting task.
		Tom serves as strategy coordinator and missionary team leader to a people group of 2.75 million that is divided into 2 major ethnic groups and subdivided into another 2 dozen clans and castes.
		Even though they are dealing with 30+ people groups, Tom and Shirley have seen the Fulbe Futa Toro respond to the gospel with several accepting Jesus Christ.
	www.e-zekiel.com /templates/System/details.asp?id=21214&PID=405011&Style= (818 words)

	People & Tribes of Timbuktu, Mali
		The Fulani, the Tuareg and Arabs have been instrumental in spreading Islam in West Africa.
		They are nation builders and ruled over the Futa Jallon and Futa Tora.
		According to the manuscript number 43 of Ahmed Baba Center in Timbuktu, the fulani trace their lineage back to the Koraysh of Mecca through Oqba ibn Yasir who married a fulani princess of Futa Toro by the name of Madeumaa.
	www.timbuktufoundation.org /people.html (0 words)

	Notes on Conquest of the Western Sudan--Part III (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He ignored an uprising by Abdul-Bubakar in Futa Toro, and concentrated his army in the east.
		A rebellion in Futa Toro kept the French from doing the same after their conquest of Kaarta, but the Commandant of Nioro received orders to extend French protection first to the animists and then to the non- Tijaniyya Muslims in the area.
		The almamys of Futa Jallon were suspicious of the French and turned to Sierra Leone for trade.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/archives/sec/kanya3.htm (9288 words)

	Dr Usman Muhamad Bugaje: The Impact of usman Dan fodio's Jihad beyond the Sokoto Caliphate
		Sometimes in the late 1820’s, Umar al-Futi set out of his native Futa Toro, in the Senegambia area, for a pilgrimage to Makka and Madina.
		On return to Futa Toro, Umar begun vigorous efforts, following meticulously the footsteps of his mentors in Sokoto.
		Once in Futa Jallon, Hajj Umar raised a large and disciplined following within a few years, whom he called the talaba, made his hijra in 1849 and started the jihad a few years later.
	www.webstar.co.uk /~ubugaje/beyond4.html (548 words)

	Zakat in Pre (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The importance of the land reform in Futa Toro was the foundation of a new aristocracy of Torodbe.
		What is evident is that in both Futa Jalon, as well as in Futa Toro, the main bulk of revenue was gained from taxation on the trade with the French.
		As in the Islamic states of Futa Jalon, Futa Toro and the Sokoto caliphate, all areas of the life of the state were to be governed by Muslim law.
	www.valt.helsinki.fi /kmi/Julkais/WPt/2000/WP2004.htm (11322 words)

	Prayer
		Recently a retreat was held for scattered and often isolated Futa Toro believers in West Africa.
		They were encouraged by the testimonies of Futa Toro believers who were joyous in their faith despite the suffering they have endured for Christ.
		Pray for the believers who attended this retreat to be bolder in their witness and to desire to gather regularly with other believers for times of study and worship.
	btw.imb.org /answeredprayers.asp (1118 words)

	Toucouleur Language and Literacy
		Pulaar of the Futa Tooro (often incorrectly called Toucouleur) spoken in the northern Senegal and southern Mauritania region known as the Futa Tooro.
		The Fulacunda (Firdou) dialect of Pulaar spoken in the Fulado(u) between Kolda and Velingara in the Casamance region of Southern Senegal.
		Dialects vary and it can be difficult for a Toucouleur (from the northern Futa Toro, Senegal), for example, to understand the Fula Futa dialect (Pulaar of southern Senegal).
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/Profile/Language_and_Literacy.htm (716 words)

	H-Net Review: John Edward Philips on Migration, Jihad and Muslim Authority in West ...
		While Umar recruited a mass of new followers from Bundu and Futa Toro, and took his jihad into a new phase in Segu, turning away from confrontation with the French, many of his former soldiers remained behind in Karta to enjoy the fruits of their conquests there.
		The development of Karta and its economic integration with the southern Sahara and the Senegal valley provided the context for the settlement of many of the veterans of the early jihad, who had come to depend more on their families, their farms and their other interests more than on warfare and booty.
		To continue the military expansion of his state, Umar was forced to recruit more and more followers from Futa Toro in the upper Senegal valley.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=3936889816733 (1504 words)

	Imperialistic Squabble: Britain Champs France
		The African ruler of Futa Toro in northern Senegal had reason to be angry with the French.
		He proclaimed to them that no more slaves were to be taken through Futa Toro for sale abroad.
		He returned the gifts of the French slave dealers who were waiting in their ships on the Senegal River to carry African slaves to the coast.
	allme2.tripod.com /imperialism.html (995 words)

	Introduction
		Communities of semi-sedentarists do not represent an inevitable stage in the process towards a sedentary way of life; they may arise through poverty in cattle, or its reverse.
		It is believed that nomadic Fulani started to leave Futa Toro in Senegal, looking for new pastures and water for their herds around the year 1000.
		The sedentary Fulani in Futa Toro, Futa Jallon, Massina, as well as those in Haussaland, were strongly influenced by Islam.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=4 (0 words)

	Joseph Kenny OP: WEST AFRICA & ISLAM, A LITTLE ENCYCLOPÆDIA, Lesson 30 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Futa Toro another Fulani, Sulayman Bal, hearing of the Islamic revival in Futa Jalon, seized power, setting up another Islamic state which imposed Islam on much of the area.
		In the Mâsina region an Islamic state was set up by Ahmadu Lobbo who, around 1805 went to Hausaland and associated with Uthmân Dan Fodiye and was inspired by his jihâd and the Qâdiriyya brotherhood.
		Al-hajj Umar was a Fulani from Futa Toro also inspired by Uthmân Dan Fodiye.
	www.diafrica.org /nigeriaop/kenny/wafr/WAfr30.htm (1037 words)

	Islamismus Sicherheit Heute
		Das Imamat von Timbo in Futa Jalon (Senegal/Gambia) ist der erste durch Djihad errichtete islamische Staat (1728).
		Das Imamat in Futa Toro ist ebenfalls das Ergebnis eines Djihad in den Jahren 1760 bis 1780, der aber gegen die eigene Elite geführt wurde, da diese die Sicherheit des Landes vor Sklavenrazzien nicht schützen konnte.
		Genau wie das Imamat in Futa Jalon hat die neue islamische Oligarchie in Futa Toro das Land islamisiert und lebte von den Einkünften aus den eigenen Sklavendörfern, sowie der Besteuerung des Handels mit den Europäern, hauptsächlich des Sklavenhandels.
	www.sicherheit-heute.de /gesellschaft/islamismus,170,Fundamentalismus_Geschichte_eines_Weges_in_Gewalt_und_Terrorismus,news.htm (3936 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fulbe pastoralists had settled in the highlands of Futa Jalon from the early 1500s, living outside the villages of the local farming populations.
		This jihad in Futa Jalon inspired a similar movement in Futa Toro, directly to the north, near the Senegal River.
		Unable to capture his home region of Futa Toro because the French were starting to build a colonial presence there from their base in coastal Senegal, Umar pursued his jihad towards the north east.
	www.dlt.ncssm.edu /lmtm/docs/infl_islam/script.doc (2480 words)

	Letters to Editor
		In the paragraph on "1530", the names should be "Futa Jallon" and "Futa Toro" not "Fula Jallon" and "Fula Toro".
		The people who claim that area are called "Fula" or "Fulani" and that might be root cause of the confusion.
		I was born there and our school text books all had to mention the biography of Shaihu Usman Dan Fodio, the leader of that Jihad and his forebears came from that area (Futa Jallon).
	www.amp.ghazali.net /html/letters_to_editor.html (0 words)

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