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Topic: Fyodor Martens

	Friedrich Martens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс) in Russian and Frederic Frommhold (de) Martens in French (27 August 1845 - 20 June 1909) was a Russian diplomat and jurist who made important contributions to the science of international law.
		Of Martens’ original works his International Law of Civilised Nations is perhaps the best known; it was written in Russian, a German edition appearing in 1884-1885, and a French edition in 1887-1888.
		Friedrich Martens should not be confused with Georg Friedrich von Martens (1756–1821) who was incidentally also an international lawyer, born in Hamburg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friedrich_Martens (949 words)

	Treaty of Portsmouth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was signed on September 5, 1905 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States, by Sergius Witte and Roman Rosen for Russia, and by Komura Jutaro and Takahira Kogoro for Japan.
		Fyodor Martens and other diplomats from both nations stayed in New Castle, New Hampshire, at the grand Hotel Wentworth by the Sea, and were ferried to negotiations held across the Piscataqua River on the base located in Kittery, Maine.
		The treaty contained language ratifying the secret Taft-Katsura agreement between U. Secretary of War William Howard Taft and Japanese Prime Minister Taro Katsura, whereby the U.S. agreed not to interfere in Korea as long as Japan did not interfere with U.S. interests in the Philippines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth (514 words)

	Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845-1909) - a humanist of modern times
		Martens believed that it was time to "start looking into the laws of the historical development of nations in their international life".
		Martens considered protection of the rights, interests and property of a human being to be the substance of the entire system of international relations and regarded respect for human rights as a yardstick of the degree of civilization of States and international relations.
		Martens was fascinated by the fact that a country as small as Switzerlandhad seven universities, that the university jubilee was being celebrated as a public holiday by the town and the whole canton of Bern and that this little canton maintained a university and provided for it better than Russia did for her institutions.
	www.icrc.org /Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList304/80D55047E77CCE46C1256B66005A0861 (4520 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Friedrich Fromhold Martens (also Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens or Frederic Frommhold de Martens) (1845—1909) was a famous Estonian born international lawyer.
		He became an official in the foreign ministry of Russia in 1868 and was professor of international law at the University of St. Petersburg from 1873 to 1907. Martens was a representative at many international conferences, including the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, for which he helped lay the foundation.
		Friedrich Fromhold Martens should not be confused with Georg Friedrich von Martens (1756—1821) who was incidentally also an international lawyer, born in Hamburg.
	www.martens.ee /index.php?id=7,7,1,1,1,0 (193 words)

	Dr Martens: dr martens - Stormfront White Nationalist Community
		The first "Doc Martens" in the UK came out on April 1, 1960; thus 1460 as the name...
		Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens Russian jurist and diplomat, international arbitrator, and historian of European colonial ventures in Asia and Africa.
		American Marten (Martes americana) According to records, the American marten was eliminated from Michigan around the 1930s.
	coolabout.com /Dr-Martens/2006/01/dr-martens-stormfront-white.html (334 words)

	The Applicability of the Geneva Convention to a War on Terror
		The clause was articulated by Fyodor Martens, the Russian delegate to the Hague Peace Conference, in order to overcome a dispute over whether resistance fighters were entitled to POW status.
		However, the Martens Clause today represents the idea that even if there are not concrete provisions regulating new situations and means of warfare in the Conventions, the assertion of the complete absence of law is not permitted.
		The Martens Clause, as it appears in the Conventions, stipulates that when in doubt, prisoners should be treated in accordance with the principles of the laws of nations as established by the laws of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience.
	www.cda-cdai.ca /symposia/2002/carvin.htm (4923 words)

	CZAR'S MADMAN - PowerBookSearch!
		Recounting this tale from the pages of history, Jaan Kross takes the reader intothe passions of a time and a country that foreshadow the tragedies of our own century, creating at the same time a powerful vision of human emotion: honor and knavery, greed and sacrifice, love and desire.
		Fyodor Martens is an outsider at an inside job.
		A low-born orphan from the subject Baltic nation of Estonia, he has stood shoulder to disdainful shoulder with the Russian nobility, representing the Czar at crucial negotiations, including the Portsmouth Treaty with Japan and the Peace Conference at The Hague.
	www.powerbooksearch.com /booksearch0394584376.html (877 words)

	Dr Martens: 2006-01-22
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		Martens have thick fur, bushy tails, and are larger and...
		Martens were trapped widely in the 1800's for it's rich...
	coolabout.com /Dr-Martens/2006_01_22_archive.html (5488 words)

	Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its delegates included Fyodor Martens and Ivan Bloch.
		The Second Peace Conference was held to expand upon the original Hague Convention, modifying some parts and adding others, with an increased focus on naval warfare.
		The Russian delegation was led by Fyodor Martens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hague_Conference (676 words)

	"Snipers in the minaret - what is the rule?" The law of war and the protection of cultural property: a complex ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This principle is reflected in the "Martens" Clause," which was first included in the Preamble of the Hague Convention of 1899 and has been replicated in subsequent law of war treaties and statutes.
		The "Martens Clause" took its name from Fyodor Martens, the Russian diplomat responsible for first proposing the language during the first World Peace Conference in The Hague in 1899.
		The continuing validity of this clause in the analysis of protections applicable during armed conflicts was most recently confirmed by the International Court of Justice in the advisory opinion on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons.
	highbeam.com /library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:136121195&... (8982 words)

	Hit and Run (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Comment by: fyodor at April 28, 2005 12:39 PM Laws have unintended consequences that are not easily deduced, and I thought libertarians were well aware of that.
		Comment by: fyodor at April 28, 2005 02:10 PM Irrespective of one's views on the ESA, this is pretty neat news.
		Comment by: fyodor at April 28, 2005 04:01 PM I want them to bring back sabertooth cats.
	www.reason.com /hitandrun/2005/04/extinct_no_more.shtml (4113 words)

	International Institute of Humanitarian Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1899, Fyodor Martens laid down the following principle for cases not covered by humanitarian law: “(...) civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from the dictates of public conscience.”
		The above, known as the Martens clause, was already considered a standard part of customary law when it was incorporated in Article 1, paragraph 2, of Additional Protocol I
		While Rousseau and Martens established principles of humanity, the authors of the St. Petersburg Declaration formulated, both explicitly and implicitly, the principles of distinction, military necessity and prevention of unnecessary suffering, as follows:
	web.iihl.org /portal/alias__web.iihl/lang__en/tabID__6191/DesktopDefault.aspx (342 words)

	The Trail of Diplomacy-Part 3
		However, inboth proposals, only the name of Frederic de Martens, a distinguished Russian writer on internationallaw, appeared, and he was chosen as the fifth arbitrator and President of the Tribunal.
		Frederic deMartens, whose original Russian name was Fyodor Fydorovich Martens, was born in 1845 and waseducated at the University of Petrograd, where he later became Professor of International Law.
		As a writer oninternational law, de Martens was best known for his two-volume study entitled "The InternationalLaw of Civilised Nations" which was published in 1883.
	www.guyana.org /features/trail_diplomacy_pt3.html (4706 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1874 Russia submitted for the consideration of the Brussels Conference a proposal for codifying the law of ground war.
		This tradition was largely associated with the outstanding Russian expert on international law and diplomat, Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens.
		He was the author of the idea of creating the International Court in the Hague and even put his hand to the drawing up of the construction design for its building.
	www.great-britain.mid.ru /pr_rel/pres12-02.htm (2551 words)

	Nessus security tool closes its source \| Tech News on ZDNet
		Tenable will also cut down the number of system architectures that version 3 of Nessus will support, and one core part of Nessus--its graphical user interface will be split off into a separate, open-source project, Deraison added.
		The developer's decision attracted immediate criticism, notably from the security expert known only as Fyodor.
		The programmer is the author of Nmap, a complementary network-scanning tool to Nessus, which is widely used among security professionals.
	news.zdnet.com /2100-3513_22-5890093.html (839 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Latin America/Caribbean / Americans still traveling to Cuba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On Tuesday, the Hemingway group visited the rambling hacienda of Finca Vigia just east of Havana where the author lived from 1939 to 1960, a year before he committed suicide in Ketchum, Idaho.
		Posters of Spanish bullfights and stuffed animal heads cover the walls, and a leopard animal skin stretches across a wide couch in front of Hemingway's massive mahogany desk.
		The group also met Hemingway's former cook, Alberto "Fico" Ramos, and planned to visit the seaside fishing village of Cojimar, where Hemingway docked the Pilar, his 40-foot fishing boat.
	www.boston.com /news/world/latinamerica/articles/2004/07/07/americans_still_traveling_to_cuba?mode=PF (677 words)

	Estonian Literature Information Centre - Eesti Kirjanduse Teabekeskus
		I raise my light yellow Panama (four francs at the market in Brussels, the year before last), and the lady nods and smiles, and her spouse, behind her, returns my greeting by raising his own light-grey velour (fifty francs at Putor’s in Paris, two months ago).
		Where, on a narrow old-town street (for Heaven’s sake, am I simply making all this up?), in an old, proud, mildly pretentious building belonging to a lawyer (no, I am not making this up, so help me God), I was born, eighty-nine years before my own birth.
		And as I roamed round that city, I feasted my eyes — even before I was old enough to go to the lycée — on the ships, faces, languages and flags gathered at the piers of the harbour.
	www.estlit.ee /index.php?id=955 (4891 words)

	International humanitarian law and the International Criminal Court
		The role of international customs?namely, binding international rules that are to be guaranteed even when there are no treaties, was also advocated in the nineteenth century by an important humanitarian, Fyodor Martens.
		International humanitarian customs now find their place in international law, recognized even in treaties, and are expressed as the Martens Clause to the effect that:
		Civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from the dictates of public conscience.
	www.article2.org /mainfile.php/0201/69?print=yes (1826 words)

	A note from the Editor
		Last year, international humanitarian law experts gave special thought to Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845-1909) on the 150th anniversary of his birth.
		It is written by Professor Vladimir Pustogarov, a well-known Russian scholar whose works include a biography of Martens (as yet available only in Russian).
		The Review also hopes that publication of his article will pave the way for a further extension of its relations with the Russian-speaking world.
	www.icrc.org /Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57JN4X?OpenDocument&View=defaultBody&style=custo_print (369 words)

	ART / 4 / 2DAY
		Maria Fyodorovna Mamontova [1864-1962] (after marriage Yakunchikova), known for her promotion of folk crafts, was the daughter of Fyodor Ivanovich Mamontov, brother of Savva Ivanovich Mamontov and of Anatoliy Ivanovich Mamontov.
		— Fyodor Shalyapin (1905 drawing) _ Singer Fyodor Ivanovich Shalyapin [1873-1938], was one of the best representatives of the Russian vocal school.
		He made frequent sketching tours, exhibiting many hundreds of views at the Water-Colour Society in the course of his life.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/art/art4nov/art1122.html (3304 words)

	The Chronicles of Complacency: 06/01/2003 - 06/30/2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		I wish I could find another Doc Martens style in white, because I already own this series...and...well...anyway.....I want some white Docs.
		On another note, my friend told me kazaa.com was being shut down.
		"She is as rich as a Jew." - Fyodor Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment (p 61)
	goteerep57.blogspot.com /2003_06_01_goteerep57_archive.html (2745 words)

	About Jaan Kross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		From these and other points of viet, how does Kross win your trust as a reader?
		Trace, as you read, your gradual acquaintance with Martens: when do you begin to sympathize and identify with him (if you do)?
		When does he reveal important facts about his own past and behavior to the reader, and to what extent does the reader begin to function as his conscience?
	www.swarthmore.edu /Humanities/sforres1/syllabi/15R/kross.html (570 words)

	Free Essay Edgar Alan Poe: A Man of Secrecy
		This 5 page paper explores changes made to the Bank Secrecy Act as a result of the Patriot Act.
		This 5 page paper examines why many plaintiffs, including Pamela K. Martens have not settled in the Smith Barney sexual discrimination case.
		Alan Greenspan is a controversial figure to say the least.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=25079 (1973 words)

	Justice Kenneth J. Keith, Rights And Responsibilities: Protecting The Victims Of Armed Conflict, 48 Duke L. J. 1081 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The preamble to Protocol II, which applies to non-international armed conflict, similarly recalls that "in cases not covered by the law in force, the human person remains under the protection of the principles of humanity and the dictates of public conscience."
		This wording finds its origins in the work of a remarkable Russian diplomat and scholar, Fyodor Martens, who played a central role in the work of the two Peace Conferences called by Czar Nicholas II and held in The Hague in 1899 and 1907.
		It was he who proposed the generous humanitarian wording to resolve an impasse in the drafting of the Hague Convention on the laws and customs of war.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dlj/articles/DLJ48P1081.HTM (15746 words)

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