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Critical path analysis

	General Agreement on Trade in Services - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations.
		Services Sector Classifications addressed in the GATS are defined in the so-called "W/120 list", which provides a list of all sectors which can be negotiated under the GATS.
		The GATS document has been criticized for allegedly replacing the authority of national legislature, with the authority of the GATS Disputes Panel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GATS (620 words)

	ESIB Committee on Commodification of Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the agreements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and came into force at the same time in the beginning of 1995 as the organisation itself was established.
		The logic of the GATS is that of a progressive liberalisation of trade in services through successive rounds of negotiations.
		The GATS agreement, however, does not provide much protection for public services, which should be "supplied neither on a commercial basis, nor in competition with one or more service suppliers".
	www.esib.org /issues/gats.php (550 words)

	GATSwatch -- Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		GATS and the WTO Ministerial in Cancún, September 2003
		While GATS is not a key agenda item in Cancún, there is concern that promises made by the EU and US in other WTO areas will be used to extract further services liberalisation under the GATS.
		Since February 2000, negotiations are underway in the WTO to expand and 'fine-tune' the GATS.
	www.gatswatch.org (330 words)

	WTO \| Services - The GATS: objectives, coverage and disciplines
		The creation of the GATS was one of the landmark achievements of the Uruguay Round, whose results entered into force in January 1995.
		The GATS expressly recognizes the right of Members to regulate the supply of services in pursuit of their own policy objectives, and does not seek to influence these objectives.
		Obligations contained in the GATS may be categorized into two broad groups: General obligations, which apply directly and automatically to all Members and services sectors, as well as commitments concerning market access and national treatment in specifically designated sectors.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsqa_e.htm (2528 words)

	GATS
		GATS, General Agreement on Trade in Services, is intended to force countries, particularly poor southern countries, to open up their service sectors to Big Business.
		GATS is being used to force through the WTO backdoor the worst excesses of MAI.
		GATS will enable global corporations to roam the planet buying up anything they want as their protected right - libraries, post offices, water, education, hospitals, transport - nothing will be safe from their capricious demands.
	www.heureka.clara.net /gaia/gats.htm (1922 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : GATS: Thirsty corporations eye the global water market
		Among the important elements of the GATS package is the promise that successive rounds of negotiations will be undertaken to continue opening up world trade in services, especially those that are currently within the "natural domain" of the government themselves.
		GATS thus implies that all countries, after "appropriate negotiation", should open their market to water supply services in the future.
		Proponents of GATS are convinced that privatisation of water and the concept of a global water market will benefit the rich and the poor.
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2005/03/25/stories/2005032500540800.htm (1007 words)

	People & Planet - Stop GATS campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We’ve produced a new joint action card, available as part of the GATS campaign pack which can be ordered from the Trade Justice campaign materials order form.
		GATS after Cancun - Why now is the time to try and stop GATS for good.
		Our old GATS and Higher Education pages are also still available, but please note that this is no longer a current campaign for People and Planet.
	peopleandplanet.org /tradejustice/gats (409 words)

	"The Last Frontier" - Maude Barlow on the GATS Treaty, The Ecologist
		GATS could, quite simply, be globalisation's last frontier: the end of the very concept of notforprofit public services.
		The GATS was established in 1994, at the conclusion of the `Uruguay Round' of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to the WTO's creation.
		GATS was one of the trade agreements adopted for inclusion when the WTO was formed in 1995.
	www.ratical.org /co-globalize/lastfront.html (3910 words)

	GATS
		GATS is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and now undergoing renegotiation to become more encompassing.
		There are relatively weak GATS rules in place now, but ongoing negotiations between nations under corporate influence to tighten them and apply them to more and more services raise serious concerns.
		GATS requires countries to pay compensatory damage if they grant new public rights over the supply of a service, she notes, making privatization a one-way street.
	www.commondreams.org /views02/0920-05.htm (1026 words)

	WTO \| Services - gateway page
		The GATS is the first multilateral, legally binding set of rules covering international trade in services.
		A brochure aimed at debunking the myths and falsehoods surrounding the GATS and the new negotiations.
		GATS Article IV contact points are intended to facilitate the access of developing country members' service suppliers to information, and Article III enquiry points to provide information to other WTO members.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/serv_e/serv_e.htm (644 words)

	General Agreement on Trade in Services - Global Issues
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) at the WTO is seen as the next MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment, that was successfully derailed by enormous protest at the impacts it would have on people's lives).
		GATS rules are not just limited to the cross-border trade in services.
		Necessity test is mother of Gats intervention, April 15, 2001, The Observer, provides a cynical, almost humerous look at some of the issues.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/FreeTrade/GATS.asp (798 words)

	UNESCO - Studying Abroad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		AUCC is one of the signatories of the Joint Declaration on Higher Education and the GATS.
		CHEA is one of the signatories of the Joint Declaration on Higher Education and the GATS.
		EUA was one of the signatories of the Joint Declaration on Higher Education and the GATS.
	www.unesco.org /education/studyingabroad/highlights/global_forum/gats_he/basics_links.shtml (2073 words)

	GATS and Public Service Systems
		GATS general exclusions are few and, except in one instance, limited There are few general exceptions or exclusions to the agreement's broad coverage.
		Despite the significance of GATS coverage, there are indications that some member governments may not fully appreciate the limited scope of the "governmental authority" exclusion.
		Assessments of GATS coverage on public service systems are warranted There is no evidence available to the public that WTO members have assessed the significance of the GATS on their public service systems, or on the regulatory authority of governments, at any level of jurisdiction.
	members.iinet.net.au /~jenks/GATS_BC2001.html (9221 words)

	Why Does the WTO Want My Water?
		Another GATS threat revealed in the secret European document is a demand to include retail electricity services under GATS, which would mean that privatization nightmares like California's energy deregulation would be nearly impossible to fix.
		GATS allows federal, state and local regulations to be challenged as barriers to trade if they are not designed in the least trade restrictive manner.
		Also, because GATS is geared toward market access for foreign competitors, the agreement is hostile to regulation in general and in particular to the diversity of domestic regulations in the U.S. that vary from state to state, yet state and municipal officials are excluded from these closed-door negotiations.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/0305-02.htm (1998 words)

	GATS - General Agreement on Trade in Services
		Once a government has committed itself under GATS to opening a service sector to foreign competition, it must not keep money from being transferred out of the country to pay for the relevant services (Article XI), except when the country is experiencing serious balance-of-payment difficulties (Article XII).
		The power of a GATS article on domestic regulation clause is that many governments may censor themselves by not instituting legislation or public policy objectives which could be interpreted as being against WTO rules.
		GATS sets in place a legal framework which governments could use in future to challenge other countries' domestic regulations.
	www.johnston-independent.com /gats.html (2443 words)

	The GATS: Impacts of the international "services" treaty on health-based alcohol regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The impact of the GATS on alcohol regulation has not been examined in detail, even though "the global burden of disease from alcohol exceeds that of tobacco and is on a par with the burden attributable to unsafe sex worldwide" (World Health Organization, 1999a).
		GATS transparency rules require members to publish all existing measures, at all levels of government, that "pertain to or affect the operation" of the treaty.
		Exceptions and exclusions to the GATS are either weak, as in the case of the exclusion for 'governmental authority', or are temporary, as in the case of MFN exceptions.
	www.stakes.fi /nat/nat01/nr.3/english/gats.htm (8142 words)

	Background Paper on GATS and Canadian PSE
		To date, The GATS has only been enforceable to the extent that signatory countries have been willing to make commitments to place sectors of their economies under the GATS regime.
		If this were disputed, the decision would be left up to a GATS dispute panel whose job is to interpret the agreement in the context of opening up national economies to greater competition; a situation not particularly favourable to protecting public post-secondary education.
		An “unbound exemption” exemption means that no commitments have been made to include a particular sector in the GATS provisions, and that the government has maintained its ability to regulate the sector as it sees fit, despite the general principles of the GATS.
	cufabc.harbour.sfu.ca /briefs/GATS.html (1601 words)

	World Development Movement \| All about the GATS campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In an attempt to discredit GATS critics that were meeting in Geneva for a two-day strategy session, the WTO Secretariat issued a media 'briefing paper' GATS: Facts and fiction on 16 March 2001.
		Developing countries lack of enthusiasm for GATS negotiations is underlined by the fact that they have tabled less than 10% of GATS negotiating proposals.
		In February 2003 European GATS campaigners scored a victory when European Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy announced that the European Commission (EC) would not further commit Europe's health and education sectors to the free market rules of GATS and that no commitments at all would be made in audio-visual (includes broadcasting) services in forthcoming negotiations.
	www.wdm.org.uk /campaigns/GATS.htm (2648 words)

	Pacific News Service > News > GATS Attack - Little-Known Trade Agreement Threatens Democracy
		GATS was born in 1994, at the end of the "Uruguay Round" of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
		GATS expands that battle into services, many of which have traditionally been considered part of the public domain.
		The GATS process calls for WTO member countries to request commitments from other member countries to open new services to competition and privatization.
	news.pacificnews.org /news/view_article.html?article_id=7e7b222a155c1d6a0064f4d14f7b3b5d (1096 words)

	Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) - Water Infobrief #3 - WTO and Water: The EU's Crusade for Corporate Expansion
		One potential minefield is the GATS article declaring that policies and regulations should be “no more burdensome” than necessary.[8] A wide range of rules concerning water quality, universal access obligations and other public interest regulations could be challenged as GATS-illegal through the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism under such provisions.
		While WTO rules in principle allow a country to undo its GATS commitment in a given service sector, in practice this is virtually impossible.[13] In light of the negative experiences with water privatisation in many cities around the world, locking-in the liberalisation status quo and making privatisation irreversible would be a disastrous mistake.
		The controversial nature of the EU’s GATS and water approach finally made it into the international media when the EU requests were leaked, causing a serious PR problem for the European Commission.[20] The coming weeks and months will show whether the EU will finally be forced to rethink its irresponsible corporate-centered trade policies.
	www.corporateeurope.org /water/infobrief3.htm (2037 words)

	GATS: opposing liberalisation of public services under the WTO's aegis Petition
		Up to now the GATS negotiations have been undertaken in total secrecy, with no democratic oversight whatsoever.
		Public services are essential elements of society and of each country's cohesion: every country, with its citizens and elected representatives must remain free to choose and must be able to make its own choices concerning them.
		The GATS: opposing liberalisation of public services under the WTO's aegis Petition to members of national parliaments (MPs) and the European parliament (MEPs) was created by several NGO's and individuals and written by written by MEPs, distributed by Barbara Waschmann.
	www.petitiononline.com /gats_en/petition.html (605 words)

	ASU National Net - GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) & FTA (Free Trade Agreements) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is in the process of negotiation between the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and various national governments.
		The aim of the GATS is to "liberalise" trade.
		So far, the Government has kept quiet on the progress of its negotiations with the WTO, but unless the general public becomes aware of this issue and demands that the Government protect rather than sell off our interests, we will be tied up with the potentially disastrous consequences for years to come.
	www.asu.asn.au /campaigns/gats.html (1225 words)

	GATS: The end of democracy?
		The most serious concern about the GATS in current negotiations is the extent to which WTO disciplines will apply to the provision and funding of public services such as health and education.
		In spite of this major setback, a year ago at the GATS 2000 negotiations in Geneva, the president of the U.S. Coalition of Service Industries, said the U.S. services industry lobby was very satisfied with the progress made in the GATS: "Considering Seattle, we have every reason to be pleased.
		Similarly, if the facts about the GATS, rather than the baseless assertions and half-truths, are allowed to enter the public debate, it is almost certain that the public will rally behind democracy and the GATS will be scuttled.
	members.iinet.net.au /~jenks/Sanders.html (2985 words)

	GATS GOT HIS TONGUE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Nothing in GATS, which is part of the World Trade Organization regime, threatens public control of the UK National Health Service.
		Suddenly the GATS treaty is not about trade at all, but a sly means to wipe away restrictions on business and industry, foreign and local.
		Not knowing I had these documents in hand, the trade minister's office told me this week GATS permitted nations a "right of regulating to meet national policy objectives." I was not permitted to question the Trade Minister himself (and in the post-GATS future I understand, no mortal may be permitted to gaze directly upon him).
	www.gregpalast.com /detail.cfm?artid=77&row=1 (1662 words)

	Gats Scholarship
		The purpose of the scholarship is to aid students majoring in math, science, engineering or computer science.
		GATS and its implication on higher education in India
		The GATS, Inc. Scholarship: The purpose of the scholarship is to aid students majoring in math, science, engineering or computer science.
	www.scholarship-central.com /education/gats-scholarship.html (133 words)

	GATS + Aerospace Trainers
		GATS is pleased to announce the formal co-sponsorship of the International Aerospace Training Standards (IATS) Incorporated.
		Together with IATS, GATS has established working relationships with other organizations with the goal to provide training resources for the enhancement of aviation technical training.
		Electrical Trainers GATS electrical trainers are state of the art simulators that are comprised largely of new and rebuilt components.
	www.gats.net (516 words)

	GATS cards
		U.S. trade officials are secretly negotiating with other WTO member countries to expand the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) by opening up essential services like our postal system and municipal water systems to competition by foreign corporations.
		All the GATS requests must be made public.
		Send post cards to Robert Zoellick and your Congressional Representative demanding that all the GATS documents be made public.
	www.thealliancefordemocracy.org /html/eng/1902-AA.shtml (643 words)

	Polaris Institute - Public Service Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These GATS rules are like power tools that will enable global service delivery corporations to pry open many public services --- like water and energy systems --- and push forward a privatization agenda.
		Finally, governments in other countries, especially in the global south, will have a chance to see what public services the European Commission wants to privatize as well as what other service markets they want to pry open for their corporations around the world.
		Now is the time to say NO to a GATS Attack on all of our communities.
	www.polarisinstitute.org /gats/main.html (1230 words)

	Home - Librarians Against the WTO
		The protesters walked accross campus handing out information leaflets and talking to those who wanted to learn more about the effects of the GATS on publicly funded libraries.
		Tell the Minister exactly how librarians feel about the WTO / GATS and its threat to publicly-funded libraries.
		A family-friendly march took place in opposition to a mini-ministerial meeting of the WTO in Montreal.
	ca.geocities.com /dend014 (197 words)

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