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Topic: GGT

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	Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
		CEA, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT used together are useful markers for hepatic metastasis from breast and colon primaries.
		GGT is the test for cholestasis during or immediately following pregnancy.
		When GGT and alkaline phosphatase are both high, but one is disproportionately elevated, suspect the possibility of drug-induced cholestasis (including alcoholism if it is GGT which is much higher).
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/pr004400.htm (773 words)

	GGT
		GGT has surely one of the biggest soundtracks of all Game Gear games, as every level has its own big music track.
		GGT is completly written in Z80 assembler, using Ville Helin's great WLA DX assembler.
		GGT is optimised very much for the Game Gear, it's not possible to port it to the Master System.
	www.smspower.org /ggt (135 words)

	AllRefer Health - Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (Gamma-GT, GGT, GGTP) - Test/Medical Exams/Tests
		This test is used to detect diseases of the liver, bile ducts, and kidney; and to differentiate liver or bile duct (hepatobiliary) disorders from bone disease.
		GGT participates in the transfer of amino acids across the cellular membrane and in glutathione metabolism.
		GGT is elevated in hepatobiliary disease, but not in bone disease.
	health.allrefer.com /health/gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase-info.html (354 words)

	Elevated GGT enzyme may predict risk of death from cardiovascular disease
		In men, elevated GGT had a statistically significant association with death caused by chronic coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke (caused by a blocked artery in the brain), and hemorrhagic stroke (caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain).
		GGT proved a strong predictor of cardiovascular death, third behind smoking and hypertension but ahead of high levels of blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides.
		"Since GGT is correlated with established risk factors, the known ways of preventing the disease might also be effective in lowering GGT levels." Because the study participants were overwhelmingly white Austrians, the team could not say whether their findings hold true for other racial and ethnic groups.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-09/aha-ege092605.php (779 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
		Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is a test to measure the amount of the enzyme GGT in the blood.
		GGT participates in the transfer of amino acids across the cell membrane, and in glutathione (an anti-oxidant) metabolism.
		GGT is elevated in liver and bile duct disease, but not in bone disease.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003458.htm (689 words)

	[No title]
		GGT levels are elevated in most all cases of liver disease, however, it is of little value in attempting to discriminate between different kinds of liver disease (1).
		High levels of GGT are present in the prostrate which may account for the fact that the activity of GGT in males is approximately 50% higher than seen in females.
		Prostatic malignancy at times may be a source of elevated GGT levels, however, in malignant disease in general, an increased GGT level must first arouse suspicion that the disease is metastatic to the liver (1).
	www.cimascientific.com /2700.htm (1052 words)

	How should a patient with an isolated GGT elevation be evaluated?
		GGT is found in highest concentrations in the liver (particularly in biliary tubular epithelium), but also in the kidneys, seminal vesicles, pancreas, spleen, heart, and brain.
		GGT measurement is often used to determine if elevations in other enzymes (especially alkaline phosphatase) come from the liver or a nonhepatic source such as the bones or placenta.
		Although GGT has been shown to rise with alcohol consumption and has been used as an indirect measure of compliance with alcohol abstinence, some experts doubt this correlation is sufficiently constant to permit GGT levels to serve as a surrogate marker for alcohol consumption.
	www.clevelandclinicmeded.com /ccjm/may2000/ccjmoneminutemay.htm (759 words)

	Elevated GGT enzyme may predict risk of death from cardiovascular disease
		The test measures gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) – an enzyme produced primarily by the liver and which catalyzes glutathione, the main antioxidant in the body. The enzyme is elevated in some forms of liver disease, so physicians use GGT levels to detect liver damage and alcohol abuse.
		Among all men, the risk of cardiovascular death was 28 percent higher for those with moderately high GGT, compared to men with normal levels of the enzyme, and rose to 64 percent for those with highly elevated GGT. In women, the increase in risk ranged from 35 percent to 51 percent.
		Ulmer cited two mechanisms that might explain why GGT can indicate cardiovascular disease. The first, originally proposed by the Italian researchers, is that high GGT shows the presence of atherosclerosis. The second is that it’s related to the ill effects of heavy drinking on blood vessels.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=3033983 (670 words)

	GGT (Gamma-glutamyltransferase)
		The serum GGT is a shorthand abbreviation for a liver enzyme known as Gamma-glutamyltransferase.
		GGT is also useful in detecting cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition and assessing the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in its treatment.
		GGT was measured in 8116 men and 8689 women--67 % of the eligible population.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /labtests/ggt.htm (2795 words)

	GGT Level
		GGT levels fall after meals, so it is best to be tested when you have not eaten for at least 8 hours.
		Levels of GGT increase with age in women, but not in men, and are always somewhat higher in men than in women.
		GGT is about twice as high in persons of African ancestry as in those of European ancestry.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/gastro/messages/35444a.html (470 words)

	AST/ALT/GGT Results
		GGT serum measurement provides a very sensitive indicator of the presence or absence of hepatobiliary disease.
		However the usefulness of measurement of serum GGT is limited by its lack of specificity.
		The reported sensitivity of a raised GGT for detecting alcohol ingestion has ranged from 52% to 94% (3,4).
	www.medhelp.org /forums/Hepatitis/messages/38124.html (241 words)

	GGT: The Test
		GGT can also be used to screen for chronic alcohol abuse (it will be elevated in about 75% of chronic drinkers).
		GGT is increased in most diseases that cause acute damage to the liver or bile ducts, but is usually not helpful in distinguishing between different causes of liver damage.
		GGT levels fall after meals, so it is best to be tested when you have not eaten for at least 8 hours.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/ggt/test.html (538 words)

	Cell transplantation causes loss of gap junctions and activates GGT expression permanently in host liver -- Gupta et ...
		Note absence of GGT expression in a group of transplanted hepatocytes (arrow), which were identified by their location in portal areas or inside sinusoidal spaces.
		GGT staining is present in bile ducts (short arrow indicating red color).
		GGT was activated in the liver by transplantation of relatively
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/4/G815 (5710 words)

	GGT: The Test
		GGT can also be used to screen for chronic alcohol abuse (it will be elevated in about 75% of chronic drinkers).
		GGT is increased in most diseases that cause acute damage to the liver or bile ducts, but is usually not helpful in distinguishing between different causes of liver damage.
		For this reason, use of GGT is controversial, and guidelines published by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases do not recommend routine use of GGT.
	www.askthelab.net /understanding/analytes/ggt/test.html (594 words)

	GGT: Common Questions
		Yes, GGT is very sensitive and can be increased when you don’t have symptoms.
		If the GGT is very high and/or your other liver enzymes are elevated, your doctor may want to do more extensive testing to search for the cause.
		Over time, your GGT level will fall from whatever level it was at when you stopped drinking alcohol to a near normal state.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/ggt/faq.html (235 words)

	Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		GGT is produced mainly by the liver and in lesser degrees by the kidneys and biliary tract epithelium.
		GGT is used to help differentiate non-liver pathology from liver pathology, both of which increase the levels of ALP.
		GGT is not elevated in bone disease, childhood, or pregnancy
	mobile.neulabs.com /labstudies/ggt.asp (80 words)

	GGT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Measurement of the GGT is an extremely sensitive test and may be elevated in many types of liver disease.
		Both the ALP and the GGT are increased in a number of diseases that affect bile drainage, such as gallstones, tumors blocking the common bile duct, alcoholic liver disease, or drug induced hepatitis that blocks the flow of bile in smaller channels within the liver.
		Therefore, the GGT is used as supplementary test to verify that an elevated ALP is due to disease or injury to the liver or biliary tract, rather than disease affecting other organs.
	www.rnceus.com /lf/lfggt.html (231 words)

	Avishay-Abraham Stark, Associate Professor
		GGT participates in a metabolic pathway which detoxifies and excretes carcinogens, thus allowing GGT-rich pre-cancerous cells to survive in a carcinogen-induced toxic environment, whereas GGT-poor cells cease to proliferate or die out.
		GGT may participate in the elevation of glutathione concentration within cells, thus increasing their resistance to acute toxicity and facilitating their proliferation.
		GGT transfectants express high GGT activity levels in the presence but not in the absence of zinc.
	www.tau.ac.il /lifesci/biochemistry/members/stark.html (894 words)

	Liver GGT and GGTP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Yet the parameter is not specific to liver; it is said that some 30% of cases with elevated GGT are negative for liver disease.
		GGT elevations that are liver-derived come from increased enzyme production and not from cell destruction.
		And if GGT is solely elevated or discordantly higher than AP, there also may be an "induction elevation" of GGT (as with alcohol or medications)...which could be superimposed on some microscopic ductal problems.
	www.palpath.com /ggtp.htm (532 words)

	Role for Recombinant {gamma}-Glutamyltransferase from Treponema denticola in Glutathione Metabolism -- Chu et al. 71 ...
		GGT at a concentration of 2 µg/ml was heated at 56°C
		GGT at 2 µg/ml was incubated with 5 mM glutathione.
		The effect of GGT was ameliorated by the presence of GNA.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/1/335 (3647 words)

	GGT in hepatobiliary disease - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The raised level of GGT must be interpreted in the context of other liver function tests.
		More extensive liver disease tends to result in an ALT to AST ratio of less than 1 and therefore a raised GGT with an AST of 70 and an ALT of 30 is compatible (but not diagnostic of) alcohol damage.
		In a patient who is known to abuse alcohol; if the AST and ALT are normal then the GGT may provide an indicator of recent alcohol intake.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-2087059395.htm (336 words)

	Differential Expression of the Rat {gamma}-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Gene Promoters along with Differentiation of ...
		GGT mRNA IV labeling occurs in all cells at E14, is absent at PN1, and reappears at PN3 in biliary CK19-positive cells.
		GGT mRNA V accumulation is detected at E14 in all cells; it decreases at E16 and is not detected at E18.
		In the control liver (A), GGT staining appears only in biliary cells around bile ducts (arrow); at day 2 (B), GGT staining is seen in bile ducts (arrow) and in oval cells (arrowheads) adjacent to bile ducts in the portal area and radiating into the disorganized liver parenchyma.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/157/2/537 (5508 words)

	Autocatalytic Processing of gamma -Glutamyltranspeptidase -- Suzuki and Kumagai 277 (45): 43536 -- Journal of ...
		GGT is clinically significant because elevation of its
		GGT is Thr-391, the N-terminal residue of the small subunit (33).
		of the ggt gene (6), we concluded that the C-terminal of the
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/45/43536 (5774 words)

	The Ectoenzyme {gamma}-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Regulates Antiproliferative Effects of S-Nitrosoglutathione on Human T ...
		GGT on the metabolism of and cellular response to GSNO were
		This is paralleled by an increase in GGT
		GGT activity was inhibited in a sample of activated T cells by a 1-h incubation with 200 µM acivicin.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/163/4/1845 (5797 words)

	KgV und ggT
		In den natürlichen Zahlen N spielen der größte gemeinsame Teiler (ggT) und das kleinste gemeinsame Vielfache (kgV) eine wichtige Rolle.
		Als ggT zweier Zahlen a und b bezeichnet man die größte natürliche Zahl t welche sowohl a als auch b teilt.
		Eine einfachere Methode um den ggT berechnen hat der griechische Mathematiker Euklid bereits um 300 v.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/KgV_und_ggT.html (435 words)

	High GGT
		After a month the GGT become 275 U/L. The consultant physician told me not to worry about it and asked me to come back for another blood test after 3 months.
		In general terms, when the GGY is elevated the first step is to rule out structural abnormalities of the liver and obstruction of the bile ducts by gallstones.
		Fatty liver, a condition in whcih fat is deposited in liver cells, is a frequent cause for an elevated GGT.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/gastro/messages/30283.html (370 words)

	Quinones increase gamma -glutamyl transpeptidase expression by multiple mechanisms in rat lung epithelial cells -- Liu ...
		GGT mRNA content was increased by 102, 206, and 183% when the cells were treated with 5 µM DMNQ for 6, 12, or 24 h, respectively.
		GGT gene was almost the same as that in the cells treated with
		We conclude that the superinduction of GGT by cycloheximide in
	ajplung.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/3/L330 (4424 words)

	High {gamma}-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Activity in Human Breast Milk Confounds Interpretation of High Serum GGT ...
		High {gamma}-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Activity in Human Breast Milk Confounds Interpretation of High Serum GGT Activity in a Nursing Infant with Liver Disease -- Colagiovanni et al.
		The GGT activity in breast milk was high during the first 4
		High GGT activity in breast milk is not unique to humans.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/51/9/1750 (624 words)

	The Organization of the gamma -Glutamyl Transferase Genes and Other Low Copy Repeats in Human Chromosome 22q11 -- ...
		GGT genes I and II are numbered according to Pawlak et al.
		GGT sequence is neighboring N52H8 and D22S446 (Collins et al.
		The reason for the numerous GGT loci (at least eight) in man is unclear.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/7/5/522 (4063 words)

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