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Topic: GLONASS

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	GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
		GLONASS is based on a constellation of active satellites that continuously transmit coded signals in two frequency bands.
		The first GLONASS satellites were placed in orbit in 1982, but the full constellation of 24 satellites arranged in three orbital planes did not become operational until early 1996.
		The GLONASS orbits are roughly circular, with an inclination of about 64.8° and a semi-major axis of 25,440 km.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/GLONASS.html (221 words)

	GLONASS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The GLONASS orbits are roughly circular, with an inclination of about 64.8° and a semi-major axis of 25,440 km.
		GLONASS constellation orbits the Earth at an altitude of 19,100 km (slightly lower than that of the GPS satellites).
		For some years, Russia has kept the GLONASS satellite orbits optimized for their operation in Chechnya, giving them significant coverage there at the price of increasingly degrading coverage in the rest of the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GLONASS (775 words)

	GLONASS - Summary
		The Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is based on a constellation of active satellites which continuously transmit coded signals in two frequency bands, which can be received by users anywhere on the Earth's surface to identify their position and velocity in real time based on ranging measurements.
		GLONASS is managed for the Russian Federation Government by the Russian Space Forces and the system is operated by the Coordination Scientific Information Center (KNITs) of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
		GLONASS was officially declared operational on September 24, 1993 by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml (597 words)

	The Space Bond of the Anti-Western Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The GLONASS (Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) Global Navigation Satellite System – the successor of the first Sputnik, was supposed to become the ultimate state of the art targeting system.
		The first three GLONASS satellites were launched into orbit exactly 23 years ago – on October 12, 1982 – almost on the 25th anniversary of Sputnik's launch.
		GLONASS was officially declared operational on September 24, 1993 by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Yeltzin.
	www.axisglobe.com /article.asp?article=436 (1670 words)

	INTEGRATED USE OF GPS AND GLONASS IN CIVIL AVIATION
		The GLONASS constellation, however, remains sparse, and the political and economic difficulties in the former Soviet Union continue to be a source of uncertainty about its future.
		GLONASS has had significant problems with premature loss of service from their satellites, however, and the constellation strength has remained at about twelve in the last two years.
		The problem is illustrated by noting that GLONASS began 1993 with thirteen working satellites; three new satellites were added in a launch in February, but the number of working satellites has remained at about twelve.
	www.cs.nmsu.edu /~jbj/mgpg/gps_glonass.doc (6765 words)

	Glonass to Be Expanded to 24 Satellites By 2009 - Roscosmos - Space - RedOrbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Glonass to Be Expanded to 24 Satellites By 2009 - Roscosmos
		"Our main goal is to increase the number of satellites in the GLONASS grouping to 24 by the end of 2009 by adding Glonass-M satellites with improved characteristics to it," Perminov told the recently concluded 57th international space congress in Valencia, Spain.
		GLONASS is a dual-purpose system intended to perform military and civilian missions.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/688216/glonass_to_be_expanded_to_24_satellites_by_2009_/index.html?source=r_space (216 words)

	Space Today Online - Satellites - Russia's GLONASS global positioning system GPS satellites
		GLONASS is operated by the Russian Space Forces.
		GLONASS satellites transmit precision (SP) and high precision (HP) signals at a frequency around 1.6 GHz.
		This GLONASS system provides accuracy that is better than GPS with SA on and worse than GPS with SA off.
	www.spacetoday.org /Satellites/GLONASS.html (609 words)

	India, Russia to ink GLONASS agreement during Fradkov's visit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		GLONASS, currently with 17 satellites in orbit, is the Russian alternative to the US Pentagon-controlled Global Positioning System (GPS) and President Putin has ordered his space agency to fully commercialise it by 2008.
		The GLONASS accord inked by the space agencies of the two countries provides for the launching of Russian navigation satellites from the Indian spaceport with the help of Indian rockets to speed up the formation of the orbital satellite cluster for globally marketing its services ahead of European Galileo.
		According to defence experts in Moscow, the GLONASS system would end the dependency on the Pentagon-controlled GPS, which was virtually not available to other users or was giving inaccurate input during the US-led Nato war on Yugoslavia in 1999 and recent US-led strikes on Iraq.
	www.indiandefenceforum.com /index.php?topic=470.msg57518 (1886 words)

	Uragan navsat (11F654)
		As its American counterpart, the Russian satellite navigation system, known as GLONASS, was born at the height of the Cold War for primarily military purposes.
		The GLONASS network could be used to determine coordinates and the speed of an aircraft, a vessel or any other vehicle across the globe.
		When completed, the GLONASS constellation is designed to provide 100 meters accuracy with its "standard precision" C/A signals, which are deliberately degraded, and 10-20 meter accuracy with its P "high-precision" signals, originally available exclusively to the military.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /uragan.html (1151 words)

	GLONASS - Russia and Navigation Systems
		GLONASS positional accuracies (95% confidence) are claimed to be 100 m on the surface of the Earth, 150 m in altitude, and 15 cm/s in velocity.
		The Phase I GLONASS system was completed in 1991 with seven active satellites in each of two orbital planes separated by 120 degrees.(The official Phase I goal was six satellites in each of two-planes.) Within each plane the spacecraft are spaced 45 degrees apart with a 15 degree phase shift between planes.
		A total of 12 GLONASS spacecraft were added to the network during 1993-1994 with four launches of three vehicles each: Kosmos 2234-2236 in 1993 and Kosmos 2275-2277, 2287-2289, and 2294-2296 in 1994.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm (1582 words)

	GPS & GLONASS RX - theory
		Both GPS and GLONASS satellites are launched into circular orbits with the inclination ranging between 55 and 65 degrees and the orbital period in the order of 12 hours, which corresponds to an altitude of around 20000km (one and a half Earth diameters).
		The GLONASS system is planned to use three different orbital planes with an inclination of 64.8 degrees and the ascending nodes equally spaced at 120 degrees around the equator.
		The frequency synthesizer is a PLL with a frequency converter in the feedback loop, to decrement the divider modulo, increase the loop gain, speed-up the settling and improve the output phase noise performance.
	lea.hamradio.si /~s53mv/navsats/theory.html (11021 words)

	Glonass
		The GLONASS signals were also used by many Western GPS receiveers as a complement/backup to the GPS system itself.
		Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
		This was the sixth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000, and was part of a Russian government-funded program to replenish and expand the Glonass constellation to at least 18 operating satellites satellites by 2007 (compared to 14 satellites at the end of 2005).
	www.astronautix.com /craft/glonass.htm (4101 words)

	RIA Novosti - Opinion & analysis - A difficult road ahead for Russian space navigation
		It is high time top national leaders focused on the solution to two high-priority challenges: prompt efforts to launch the required number of navigation satellites, and the creation of favorable conditions for their broad commercial use in order to make the system financially independent.
		GLONASS, which fully meets the requirements of the national military and space programs, provides navigational support for ships and aircraft en route and during docking and landing.
		The GLONASS system had only seven operational satellites left as of mid-2003 because of the crisis that plagued the Russian space program in the mid-1990s due to lack of funding.
	www.en.rian.ru /analysis/20060628/50609694.html (914 words)

	GLONASS
		Customers have reported satellite availability with GLONASS to be as high as 99% whereas with conventional survey GPS only equipment a fixed solution has been unavailable for many hours in the day.
		The addition of the extra satellites provided by the Glonass constellation gives far greater availability of satellites in these conditions and often means a GPS/Glonass receiver can continue working where a GPS only receiver will not.
		A few months ago, the GPS only constellation was such that there were times when there were fewer than 4 satellites available leading to extended periods where it was not possible to use GPS.
	www.apsystems.com.au /glonass.htm (252 words)

	RIA Novosti - Russia - Glonass to be deployed in full by 2010 - Defense Ministry
		The ministry's press office said the development and use of Glonass was discussed in Moscow at a meeting between Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov and members of a government military commission.
		"In his introductory speech, Sergei Ivanov said Glonass was extremely important to the country's defense and its economic development, and was ranked among the strategically vital elements of the country's infrastructure," the office said.
		Glonass is a Russian analogue of the United States Global Positioning System, which is designed to allow users around the globe to receive signals from satellites to identify their position in real time.
	en.rian.ru /russia/20060830/53334839.html (274 words)

	GPS Overview Part 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The GLONASS system was declared fully operational on 18 January 1996.
		Whether this financial commitment will materialise is another thing, but even in its current weakened state, GLONASS still has potential as a stand-alone navigation system, and as an augmentation to GPS.
		The Galileo satellite radio navigation system is an initiative launched by the European Union and the European Space Agency (ESA).The project architects plan deployment in 2006-7, becoming operational in 2008 at a yearly cost of 220m.
	www.palowireless.com /gps/tutorial5.asp (527 words)

	Russia to open its best satnav system to all - 14 November 2006 - New Scientist Space
		GLONASS was developed in the 1980s as the Soviet Union's rival to the US-operated Global Positioning System (GPS).
		GLONASS satellites transmit two signals - an "open" one, accurate to about 50 metres, and another, more accurate signal that has always been encoded to allow access only to the Soviet or Russian military.
		Although GLONASS is well established, unlike either Galileo or Beidou, it has suffered from a lack of funding since the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
	space.newscientist.com /article/dn10569-russia-to-open-its-best-satnav-system-to-all.html (351 words)

	RIA Novosti - Russia - Russia to lift Glonass restrictions for accurate civilian use -1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Glonass, a Russian version of the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), is designed for both military and civilian purposes, and allows users around the globe to identify their positions in real time.
		Ivanov told a meeting between the Cabinet and the president that Glonass would cover all of Russia by the end of 2007, which would require 18 satellites.
		He said that Glonass services would be a luxury for most people in Russia to begin with.
	www.en.rian.ru /russia/20061113/55588641.html (489 words)

	Introduction to GLONASS
		The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is based on a constellation of active satellites which continuously transmit coded signals in two frequency bands, which can be received by users anywhere on the Earth's surface to identify their position and velocity in real time based on ranging measurements.
		The GLONASS orbits are roughly circular orbits with an inclination of about 64.8 degrees, a semiaxis of 25440 Km and a period of 11h 15m 44s.
		Data from GLONASS and GPS are combined to obtain a precise evaluation of the delay introduced by the ionospheric Total Electron Content on the navigation observables.
	members.tripod.com /ibank/lecture/GPS90.HTM (779 words)

	Glonass may get a boost-Blog-Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
		According to Andrey Kozlov, the director of the Reshetnev Applied Mechanics NPO, which produces the spacecraft, five Glonass satellites will be launched this year.
		A possibility of using a Soyuz launcher with the Fregat booster stage has been mentioned, but this combination has never been used for Glonass launches, so there are reasons to be skeptical.
		Popovkin in his interview mentions that the plan is to use Soyuz-2 from Plesetsk to launch Glonass satellites (two spacecraft in one launch).
	russianforces.org /blog/2006/05/glonass_may_get_a_boost.shtml (323 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Russia launches 3 satellites to join Glonass navigation system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A Proton-K rocket carrying the three Glonass satellites blasted off at 23:18 Moscow time (2018 GMT) from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, news agencies Interfax and Itar-Tass reported quoting space officials.
		It needs 18 satellites to cover the whole territory of Russia, and a further 6 satellites are needed for it to cover the whole globe.
		Glonass is expected to be operational on the national scale by the end of 2007 and on the global scale by the end of 2009.
	english.people.com.cn /200612/26/eng20061226_335793.html (155 words)

	Russia In Talks With Other Countries On Joint Glonass Use
		Glonass, a Russian version of the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), is designed for both military and civilian purposes, and allows users to identify their positions in real time.
		He said Glonass has been in an intensified stage of development since the president urged for active work on the system.
		Russia's global positioning system Glonass should be extended to cover the whole country by the end of 2007, the Russian defense minister said Wednesday.
	www.gpsdaily.com /reports/Russia_In_Talks_With_Other_Countries_On_Joint_Glonass_Use_999.html (706 words)

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