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Topic: GOFAI

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	Turns of Minds
		GOFAI differs from its ancestor cybernetics, as Terry Winograd points out (289), in that the latter "did not have symbols, they had feedback loops." There are signs of its hegemony being challenged by the hot "new" way of doing Artificial Intelligence, connectionism.
		It differs from GOFAI in that its models are not based on a prior analysis of the tasks to be performed, but on empirical exploration of how groups of interconnected units arranged in specific ways, and connected by pathways of variable strengths, might modify their output in response to any given input.
		-- GOFAI is top down, meaning that to program it requires one to analyze the targeted tasks at increasingly detailed levels; neural nets are bottom up, in the sense that what is understood is the mechanism of their basic units, but the way these units work together may neither be planned not even understood.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /epc/srb/srb/turns.html (3614 words)

	Good Ol' Fashioned AI
		GOFAI is also known as "symbolicism," for its attempt to describe intelligence in symbolic terms.
		The hypothesis of GOFAI is simply that this is the correct recipe and that therefore this is how one should proceed to create intelligent agents.
		The other criticism of GOFAI in relation to human intelligence is that there is no evidence in the physiology of the brain that the symbol is the atomic unit of cognition in the same way it is in a computer.
	www.cs.swarthmore.edu /~eroberts/cs91/projects/ethics-of-ai/sec3_1.html (589 words)

	GOFAI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		GOFAI stands for Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence.
		In Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, John Haugeland coined the term GOFAI describing, loosely, symbolic approaches to Artificial Intelligence.
		In current AI research, the term is often extended to GOFAIR (Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence and Robotics) to reflect the importance of symbolic reasoning in traditional robotics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GOFAI (142 words)

	Mailgate: comp.ai.nat-lang: Re: What is GOFAI and why did it fail? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On 5 Oct 2005 17:40:54 -0700, humiguel@clix.pt wrote: >A standard, run-of-the mill computer program can be modelled as a >list of IF statements that check a subset of the program's variables >for a particular combination of values and when this condition is >met, it changes the value of one or more of its variables.
		GOFAI, >which stands for "Good old-fashion Artificial Intelligence", is just >an approach to AI based on the CPM.
		GOFAI says that all mental activity is symbol-manipulation.
	mailgate.supereva.it /comp/comp.ai.nat-lang/msg20563.html (1456 words)

	Hubert Dreyfus: Critic of Artificial Intelligence Theory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		GOFAI is a theory thats dominated the field of cognitive science since the early 1960 s (Simmons).
		Another problem that Dreyfus has with the GOFAI is the problem of modelling the know-how required to judge relevance (Barnette).
		He argues that determining the importance of information and data is an activity that is not a matter of manipulating data.
	www.angelfire.com /geek/gillan/cogsci/dreyfus.html (512 words)

	[No title]
		GOFAI presents a straightforward means of mapping a formal language into a computer: simply translate the language into LISP code.
		Since one of the primary projects of any scientific approach is to provide a narration, in which prior language is systematically mapped onto mathematics and vice versa, GOFAI is particularly successful: the LISP code provides a straightforward means of recovering a natural language narration.
		Instead, a middle route must be found between solving a lot of problems poorly, as GOFAI has done, and solving a few trivial problems well, as in the case of connectionism.
	www.cnbc.cmu.edu /~noelle/researcher/mind-as-motion/reports/agre.text (599 words)

	Good old fashional artificial intelligence with a modern twist
		In the last two years, I have implemented a Java based version of Gofai, and currently I am working on integrating it with the Bond agent system and the Kraken document manager.
		Gofai implements a weak model of semantic networks.
		Embedding in konqueror: gofai can be embedded in the KDE 2.0 filemanager/webbrowser konqueror.
	www.cs.ucf.edu /~lboloni/Programming/GofaiWeb (456 words)

	Barnette review of Dreyfus
		As such, GOFAI depicts mentality within the context of what philosophers know as the Representational Theory of Mind, according to which the mind is an entity which performs calculations over mental representations, or inner tokens or symbols which refer to features of the outer world.
		To reinforce earlier GOFAI criticisms, he describes insuperable difficulties (outlined in 1972) confronting successful modelling of common-sense understanding, which requires a notion of relevance, contextually and holistically characterized, resulting from worldly, bodily experiences, not compatible with atomistic, symbolic data structures and discrete computations.
		Thus, whether by means of symbolic tokens (GOFAI), or having been learned through adjusted network connections (PDP), relevance is not to be gleaned by means of providing more information for the system to work with and through.
	www.valdosta.edu /~rbarnett/phi/dreyfus.html (1147 words)

	now publishers
		Some argue that GOFAI is hindered by the failure to solve the frame problem, the fact that real-world reasoning seems to be highly situated, and that any description or representation can never be restricted to terms with local significance - to understand anything a computer would have to understand everything [194, 195]).
		Others say that AI cannot reason about anything until there is a solid connection between the terms with which a computer reasons and its referents, a connection not provided by the programmers’ programming it in [190, 191].
		GOFAI was aimed at producing an intelligent system exhibiting human-level intelligence; the SW should assist something of human-level intelligence (usually a human) in everyday information discovery, acquisition and processing [20].
	www.nowpublishers.com /product.aspx?product=WEB&doi=1800000001§ion=x1-40r2 (1709 words)

	MITECS: Connectionism, Philosophical Issues (Site not responding. Last check: )
		GOFAI accounts treat the mind as a complex organization of interacting subsystems, each performing a specific cognitive function and processing information through the manipulation of discrete, quasi-linguistic symbols whose interactions are governed by explicitly encoded rules.
		GOFAI cognitive models rely heavily on explicit, syntactically structured symbols to store and process information.
		Some writers, unhappy with the quasi-linguistic character of GOFAI symbols, have embraced the connectionist picture to support nonsentential theories of representation, including prototype accounts of CONCEPTS (Churchland 1989).
	rm-f.net /users/pennywis/MITECS/Articles/ramsey.html (1519 words)

	Eurozine - Articles
		John Haugeland: "GOFAI" is a term for the first serious attempt to build machines that would have the general, flexible kind of intelligence that is characteristic of ordinary people.
		But GOFAI was almost totally oblivious to non-linguistic skills – regarding them, in effect, as mere input/output "interfaces" for the symbol-manipulating system (and so, not part of the problem).
		Instead, what I think we have learned from the way GOFAI got itself mired down in a tangle, and then collapsed, is that the symbol-manipulation paradigm, which looked so promising at the outset, was in fact misguided.
	www.eurozine.com /bravenewworld/articles/2006-09-05-haugeland-en.html (2918 words)

	Untitled Document
		GOFAI and What Computers Still Can't Do This conclusion to the AI part of the course is delivered from the perspective of a developmental psychologist, influenced by the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and Gerald Edelman.
		Dreyfus claims that few researchers (c.f., Lenat, 1991) are pursuing GOFAI solutions to the type of common sense, world problems that led to the stagnation of purely symbolic approaches to Artificial Intelligence.
		Thus while the story understanding problem proved problematic for others using GOFAI methods he asserts that the problem lies in extending the search for atomic relations.
	myd.4mg.com /gofai.htm (1296 words)

	Temporal Intelligence
		Yet it seems as if the GOFAI community has made it its mission to ignore every significant advance in neurobiology and psychology that has occurred over the last one hundred years.
		The truth is that GOFAI scientists, having failed to deliver human-level intelligence and knowing all too well that they have no chance of ever doing so, are now trying to salvage what is left of their lost glory by pasting the AI label on every computer program that suits their agenda.
		There is a common misconception among GOFAI proponents that the brain somehow creates a model of the external world and uses this model to navigate and calculate outcomes.
	www.rebelscience.org /AI/Temporal_Intelligence.htm (2711 words)

	Michael Wheeler - Reconstructing the Cognitive World: The Next Step - Reviewed by Alistair Welchman, University of ...
		Wheeler develops an interesting account of the role of representations in cognitive science that mediates between the traditional position (that cognitive science is constituted by a commitment to modeling the mind in terms of computational rules manipulating linguaform symbolic representations) and the various forms of rejectionism that claim cognitive science is possible without representations.
		All this is done in the frame of a historical narrative in which traditional symbolic cognitive science and AI (GOFAI -- good, old-fashioned artificial intelligence) are shown to be residually Cartesian in orientation, and therefore open to an attack parallel to the attack Heidegger makes on Descartes in the first division of Being and Time.
		GOFAI took what Descartes identified as cognitive and argued that just this conception of intelligence could (as a result of technical advances in proof-theory and the development of digital computers) now be naturalized and simulated artificially.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=12263 (2365 words)

	[No title]
		GOFAI techniques have led to remarkable successes, such as Chinook, a checkers program that became the world champion in 1994 (Schaeffer, 1997), and Deep Blue, the chess program that defeated the world champion in 1997 and drew significant attention to AI in general (Campbell et al., 2002).
		Therefore, just as symbolic games provided an opportunity for the development and testing of GOFAI techniques in the 1980s and 1990s, video games provide an opportunity for the development and testing of machine-learning techniques and their transfer to industry.
		One of the main challenges for AI is creating intelligent agents that can become more proficient in their tasks over time and adapt to new situations as they occur.
	www.nae.edu /nae/bridgecom.nsf/BridgePrintView/MKEZ-6WHQWF?OpenDocument (4267 words)

	Connectionism
		Nevertheless, GOFAI researchers pointed out that "the machines usually work quite well on very simple problems but deteriorate very rapidly as the tasks assigned to them get harder" (Dreyfus and Dreyfus 20).
		As neural network research continued, it became clear that three-layer networks, rather than two-layer, seemed able to solve any problem a Turing machine could, and one major advantage of connectionist systems is that, because they are distributed and massively parallel, their intelligence seems to get higher with increased size.
		If one can't show how an artificial neural network creates intelligent behavior, than proving that an artificial neural network can does not necessarily offer any conclusions about human cognition, other than that the artificial neural network is similar to some level of resolution to the human brain.
	www.cs.swarthmore.edu /~eroberts/cs91/projects/ethics-of-ai/sec3_2.html (539 words)

	Temporal Intelligence
		Most approaches to AI, especially the various knowledge representation schemes advanced by the GOFAI (good old-fashioned AI) community over the last fifty years, are missing the point about intelligence.
		Yet it seems as if the GOFAI community has made it its mission to ignore every significant advance in neurobiology and psychology that has occurred over the last one hundred years.
		The truth is that GOFAI scientists, having failed to deliver human-level intelligence and knowing all too well that they have no chance of ever doing so, are now trying to salvage what is left of their lost glory by pasting the AI label on every computer program that suits their agenda.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /louis.savain/AI/Temporal_Intelligence.htm (1781 words)

	What Computers Can't Do (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To succeed with a GOFAI approach, Dreyfus argues that a symbolic representation would have to be created that encompassed all of human experience and
		Neural-network researchers with their occasional ad hoc success but no principled way to generalize seem to be at the stage of GOFAI researchers when I wrote about them in the 1960s''.
		Thus, in 1992, the author stands by his conclusions of 25 years ago--that the dream of general-purpose AI is just about over, and that this conclusion is likely to stand the test of time for the foreseeable future.
	cispom.boisestate.edu /cis120derickson/webdoc/dreyfus.htm (641 words)

	GOFAI@Everything2.com
		GOFAI (Good Old Fashion Artificial Intelligence) is narrowly defined as those AI theories that adhere to the tenets of Hobbes' "rationalization is computation".
		This means that any theory of AI that satisfies GOFAI must contain some component that handles the individual manipulations that compromise intelligent action.
		GOFAI is totally invested in knowing that as opposed to knowing how.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node=GOFAI (122 words)

	Computer programming/AI - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		GOFAI, or Good Old Fashioned AI, views the brain as a machine for processing symbols.
		If the Branching Factor of a problem is too large for GOFAI to search through, the only answer is to use Heuristics to search the solution space more efficiently.
		GOFAI had the greatest difficulties solving the problems that humans find easiest.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Computer_programming/AI (3752 words)

	Intelligent Behavior by Inner Utterances in Brain
		The process around the GOFAI loop between the database and the engine keeps running until the engine draws some conclusions and sends them to the pattern generator.
		As a result, an intelligent system of the GOFAI is impossible to flexibly control the inference process of the GOFAI loop.
		Moreover all symbolic data in the database of the GOFAI have an effect on the next reaction of the inference engine, but all patterns in the inner world do not necessarily have an effect on the next reaction of the inner agent.
	staff.aist.go.jp /ichiro.osawa/en/InnerImages (1627 words)

	DANM - nkagaya / DANM201 / Week 3
		Expressive AI is distinct from GOFAI and Interactionist AI.
		Debate between GOFAI (symbolist) vs Interactionist (behavioral): distinction between the two types of AI.
		It would of been nice to know Mateas's definition when he uses the term "AI" alone (when he is talking about AI in general, that is).
	danm.ucsc.edu /web/nkagaya/DANM201/Week3 (559 words)

	Investment in Computers and Peripherals Once Again: Archive Entry From Brad DeLong's Webjournal
		If real GOFAI comes to pass, the impact on the world economy would be mind boggling.
		GOFAI refers to artificial intelligence, as originally construed by its founders.
		I was considering network implementations to be included in GOFAI (the term I usually hear is "Strong" AI where the goal would be human intelligence), so I don't disagree with you.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /movable_type/archives/001100.html (3783 words)

	Buzwad's weblog: Is GOFAI dead? (Good Old Fashioned A.I.)
		GOFAI is all around us in mobile phone predictive text messaging to
		GOFAI has not failed, it is far more interesting that all the evolutionary stuff.
		This is a paragraph of text that could go in the sidebar.
	www.buzwad.com /blog/2004/07/is-gofai-dead-good-old-fashioned-ai.html (136 words)

	Amazon.com: Profile For A. Linhares: Reviews
		This is the other side of the AI coin, dubbed by philosopher John Haugeland as GOFAI, for "good-old-fashioned artificial intelligence", where programs usually handle (syntactically) a representation that supposedly should have been formed by a perceptual process.
		Both of these avenues of AI research seem to be based on an unspoken hypothesis of a "center of meaning" arising in the brain (maybe the mind's eye?).
		Hofstadter points out that GOFAI (symbolic) systems are too optimal, too rational to be psychologically realistic (he calls them "the Boolean dream"), and that, on the other hand, connectionist systems operate on a level "too low" to be relevant, at present, to a greater understanding of the cognitive issues.
	www.amazon.com /gp/cdp/member-reviews/A1ZORZ8KY6CHAY?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReview (2236 words)

	simon's simple solutions
		Yet the view seems to be winning out among Cognitive Scientists that human image processing is some sort of analog process that does not involved discrete symbol manipulations at all (Block, 1990).
		As I mentioned above, one of the reasons that GOFAI has fallen into disrepute is that is has failed to solve the problem of relevance.
		And his implicit admission that GOFAI has so far been unable to simulate this ability.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/4-1/text/dreyfus.commentary.html (1540 words)

	Commentary
		Such is the scope and power of this research that it has become appropriate to talk of a distinctive new approach to cognitive science, the dynamical approach, standing in opposition to the orthodox symbolic paradigm ("GOFAI") which has traditionally dominated the field.
		As we approach the end of the millenium, and a half-century of cognitive science, it is still far from obvious which (if any) of these approaches will emerge as a clear victor.
		In order to be on equal footing with GOFAI, DST must enable us to account for the functions and properties Fodor calls modular.
	users.california.com /~mcmf/vangelder.html (846 words)

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