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Topic: GTLDs

	Generic top-level domain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is a top-level domain used (at least in theory) by a particular class of organization.
		This gTLD was introduced in response to NATO's request for a domain name which adequately reflected its character as an international organization.
		These new gTLDs started to come into use in June 2001, and by the end of that year all except.pro existed, with.biz,.info and.museum already in full operation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Generic_top-level_domain (646 words)

	IAHC Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Current difficulties with gTLDs are highly exacerbated by inadequate use of the.us TLD and it is strongly recommended that functional Second-Level Domains (SLDs) for.us be defined and used, as they are for most other ISO 3166-based TLDs.
		Given that this gTLD space is one which is expressly outside the ISO 3166 derived name spaces naturally assigned to national bodies, the assessment of this risk factor was considered to be a major determinant issue to the question of whether to create further gTLDs.
		It is noted that an immediate large increase of gTLDs does increase the risk of impacting the coherence of the overall gTLD space, through increasing the level of complexity in the process of determining which is the appropriate gTLD for any end consumer of these services to choose.
	www.iahc.org /draft-iahc-gTLDspec-00.html (5682 words)

	Summary of Comments Received
		Retiring gTLDs was thought likely to cause confusion and increase costs to registrants associated with changing their domain names and suffering the loss of valuable goodwill.
		Viacom opposed the creation of new gTLDs until "an efficient means of protecting trademarks is developed." NSI stated that an increase in the number of gTLDs could generate consumer confusion, increase the number and cost of trademark disputes, and lead to speculative activity.
		Any new gTLDs that are created should be distinct enough in their intended purpose to minimize the chance of confusion as well as the need by name holders to register their domain in both TLDs.
	www.ntia.doc.gov /ntiahome/domainname/DNSComments_SUM.htm (5375 words)

	gTLDS_committee_conclusions_v4 (converted)
		New names that were IDN translations or transliterations of an existing gTLD or vice-versa, should be obliged to follow the same policies and practices of the original gTLD.
		To the extent that a TLD is sponsored, sponsors would typically sponsor a single gTLD, though it should be possible for a sponsor to sponsor additional names where the nature of the sponsored space is complimentary.
		Specifically, any new sponsored gTLD should have, at a minimum, clear rules about who is permitted to register second-level domain names in that space, and about what activities are or are not appropriate or acceptable on the corresponding sites, and for what purposes.
	wendy.seltzer.org /icann/gTLDS_committee_conclusions_v4.html (7173 words)

	411 Domain Name Forums - new gTLDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The proposal argues that new gTLDs should not be added until appropriate safeguards are in place.
		Once the safeguards are in place, this proposal suggests that new gTLDs could be introduced, but in a slow and controlled manner as part of a testbed.
		A proposal to add new gTLDs must receive approval of two-thirds of the DNSO before the ICANN board of directors may consider it.
	www.411domain.com /printthread.php?t=59 (419 words)

	IAHC Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Current difficulties with gTLDs are highly exacerbated by inadequate use of the.us TLD and the IAHC requests that scaleable and functional Second-Level Domains (SLDs) for.us be defined and used, in the spirit of those that already exist for many other ISO 3166-based TLDs.
		It is noted that an immediate large increase of gTLDs increases the risk of impacting the coherence of the overall gTLD space, through increased complexity in the process of determining which is the appropriate gTLD for an end consumer to choose and possibly through operational difficulties.
		The POC will ensure that gTLDs are administered and operated in a public and open manner which balances the commercial interests of the registrars with the public policy interests of the Internet domain name space.
	www.gtld-mou.org /draft-iahc-recommend-00.html (7462 words)

	Internet Ontario - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some examples are.us for the United States,.ca for Canada,.jp for Japan,.de for Germany, etc. ccTLDs are often contrasted to generic top level domains (gTLDs).
		New gTLDs such as.NOM,.INFO, or.WEB may be introduced sometime in the near future.
		The other type of TLD is the ccTLD (country code top level domains) which are assigned to all countries and their dependencies.
	www.intario.com /modules.php?name=Encyclopedia (2100 words)

	ipedia.com: .info Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The.info gTLD was a part of ICANN 's highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains.
		The event was billed as the first addition of major gTLDs...
		The.info gTLD was a part of ICANN's highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains (gTLDs).
	www.ipedia.com /_info.html (200 words)

	19991023.NCwgc-report.html, Interim Report of Working Group C
		The more new gTLDs there are, they argue, the more work they will have to do in order to ensure that nobody is using their trademarks (or variants) as second-level domains in ways that would confuse consumers.
		Here we propose gTLDs with most of the attributes of jurisdictional scope and policy model casually associated with ccTLDs, and a specific test case for the model of a gTLD which is both jurisdictional scoped and possessed of a policy model, a gTLD for the Indigenous Nations and Peoples of North America.
		Fundamentally the nature of the new gTLDs should not preclude solutions to the problems introduced by the introduction of political geography as the one of two prevailing mechanisms for the organization of the DNS name space.
	www.dnso.org /dnso/notes/19991023.NCwgc-report.html (12287 words)

	ALAC \| ALAC Comments to the GNSO's New gTLDs Committee \| 6 May 2003
		As users, they are well served by TLDs that are not confusingly similar, enabling them to differentiate the names they encounter and minimize typographic or semantic mistakes; they are also served by a namespace that is inclusive and provides access to a wide variety of speakers and information sources.
		Not all individuals are necessarily a part of any of these communities, yet they will want places to publicize their small businesses, engage in political debate, discuss their interests, and host weblogs, to name a few.
		As the Draft states, "It was agreed that a future expansion of the gTLD name space should take place in such a way that was demand-driven and bottom-up and in a way that increased competition while avoiding net user confusion and deception.
	alac.icann.org /gtld/comments-06may03.htm (1053 words)

	WIPO/PR/2002/303: WIPO Continues Efforts to Curb Cybersquatting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		With the roll-out of the.info domain, one of the new gTLDs, an additional 1,579 cases were received in 2001 under a special "Sunrise" policy designed to help prevent abusive registration of trademarks.
		Fresh opportunities are opening up for cybersquatters as new gTLDs come on-line and as it becomes possible to register domain names in different language scripts.
		In addition, registry operators have developed, or are in the process of developing, specific dispute resolution policies designed to avoid the flood of cybersquatting cases generated by the initial introduction of domain names.
	www.wipo.int /pressroom/en/releases/2002/p303.htm (1607 words)

	Froomkin Senate Testimony on ICANN
		A standard-based (or, at least, standardized) approach to gTLD creation would required ICANN to craft a pre-announced, open, neutral, and objective standard of competence rather than to pick and choose among the applicants on the basis of the ICANN Board's vague and inconsistent ideas of aesthetic merit, market appeal, capitalization, or experience.
		ICANN justifies its very tentative initial foray into gTLD creation as a "proof of concept" but it has not disclosed the concept that is believes it is trying to prove, nor described how one tells if the test is successful, nor even when one might expect ICANN to do the evaluation.
		Social policy issues such as the intellectual property consequences of new gTLDs, the number of days a person should have to respond to an arbitration over a domain name, or issues of content management, should not be decided by engineers or by the people who happen to have seized control of ICANN.
	personal.law.miami.edu /~froomkin/articles/senate-feb14-2001.htm (4341 words)

	gTLD-MoU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In addition, the trademark community has repeatedly expressed the opinion of its reticence that new gTLDs should be created because it increases their need to police for domain name registrations for trademark violations.
		These terms have legal significance and it is typically illegal to use them unless the registering entity actually is "incorporated", a "limited liability company", a "public listed company", etc. Verifying this would require pre-screening activities by domain name registrars (as is the case in the UK with plc.uk and ltd.uk).
		If you register a domain name in any of the new gTLDs that embodies trademark rights owned by another person, the registration will be subject to cancellation if the trademark owner brings a challenge under the dispute settlement regime (see more details on the gTLD-MoU dispute resolution activities).
	www.gtld-mou.org /docs/faq.html (4333 words)

	Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The term "generic" TLD is used by the IAHC to refer to a Top Level Domain in which any entity from any country may register, whether or not it has an international character, without having to conform to any particular criteria.
		These new gTLDs probably won't be available for use on the Internet until around the beginning of 1998.
		Implementing these new gTLDs is a huge undertaking and will most likely be fraught with numerous delays and re-workings.
	www.webemail.net /newdomains.htm (334 words)

	RFC 2352 (rfc2352) - A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names
		Flat country In the example we see that the gTLDs are inherently flat, as organisations are allocated domain names directly under the TLD.
		Some may choose to implement a functional sub-structure mirroring the gTLDs, some may choose to implement a geographical sub-structure, and some may choose to have no sub-structure at all.
		This proposal does not seek to do away with gTLDs, but rather suggests that a legal name should be sought first and then, if desired, a generic name could be used alongside it.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2352.html (1458 words)

	[Nc-tlds] NCC Resolution on new TLDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Procedural Objections To meet its goal of introducing new gTLDs as quickly as possible, it is time for the ICANN staff to propose specific rules, in a notice of proposed rulemaking, and allow the noncommercial community and all other ICANN communities to comment upon it.
		The Need for New gTLDs to be Opened by ICANN is Real and Substantial The limited number of general Top Level Domains creates an artificial scarcity of domain names for noncommercial, commercial and individual use and limits and threatens the robustness and activity of the Internet.
		However, with the rapid development of other regions, the need for new gTLDs and their domain names is growing in developing countries in a similar manner to that of developed countries, with a slight time delay.
	lists.essential.org /pipermail/nc-tlds/2000-July/000215.html (1147 words)

	Froomkin Statement - House Energy & Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Feb. 8, 2001
		If enough gTLDs with attractive names are created, and if the registries are free to set prices and policies as the market demands, this should create pressure on the price charged to registrants.
		Given that there is already substantial competition among registrars and that the market price of domains in gTLDs is already as low as $9.99 per year, the $6 being charged annually by Verisign becomes a very significant part of the total cost of a registration in the TLDs for which it is a registry.
		In the case of the recent gTLD process, however, ICANN acted not as a standards or coordination body, but as if it were allocating scarce broadcast spectrum is some kind of comparative hearing process.
	personal.law.miami.edu /~froomkin/articles/commerce8Jan2001.htm (5315 words)

	Registrations in Open ccTLDs
		Various firms including Verisign and other gTLD registries have on multiple occasions called for ccTLDs to be subject to same regulations as.COM,.NET, and.ORG; see, for example comments in a November 1999 Public Forum and 2002 gTLD Constituency comments (PDF) to ICANN's Committee on Evolution and Reform.
		Consistent with the author's prior investigations of.BIZ, this research suggests that new unrestricted gTLDs are likely to include significant defensive registrations as well as significant speculative registrations.
		If additional unrestricted gTLDs were of interest and benefit to content providers, one might expect open ccTLDs (that have in effect become unrestricted gTLDs) to be much used in offering large amounts of web content not otherwise available (i.e.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /people/edelman/open-cctlds (3787 words)

	Management of Internet Domain Names and Addresses - 2000
		For example, gTLDs would be “shared” among globally-distributed competing registrars[xix] and a new uniform dispute resolution process would be designed to deal with intellectual property conflicts with domain names.
		The concept of “shared” gTLDs where there is a division between “registry” functions performing back-end database functions and “registrar” functions that deals directly with customers was initially proposed by the IAHC in 1997.
		In April 2000, the DNSO management body, the “Names Council”, made an imprecise recommendation on new gTLDs that said: “a limited number of new top-level domains be introduced initially and that the future introduction of additional top-level domains be done only after careful evaluation of the initial introduction”.
	www.itu.int /osg/spu/mina/2000/mina-itu-2000.html (4538 words)

	Domains Profile: gTLDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This page looks at the global or generic top level domain (gTLD) spaces: those that are not based on a national code and those (such as dot-mil and dot-edu) have gTLD status because of an accident of history.
		Liberalisation as part of delegation of administration from VeriSign to Educause, a nonprofit body, extends availablity of the domain to a wide range of institutions, including acupuncture schools and Bible colleges (with around 7,500 new dot-edu names assigned to 6,000 institutions in February 2003).
		Inclusion in the gTLD would be restricted to certified entities (tacitly operating a gTLD as a meta-trustmark, with RegistryPro's chief operating officer Sloan Gaon commenting "We're looking to provide a gated community for professionals").
	www.caslon.com.au /domainsprofile1.htm (1246 words)

	GigaLaw.com: New Top-Level Domain Names May Create More Legal Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Since the late 1980s, the DNS has employed what are called the "generic top-level domains" (gTLDs) of.com,.net,.org,.edu,.int,.mil, and.gov. In the initial, non-commercial development of the Internet and the DNS, it appeared that these TLDs would be sufficient to cover most applications on the Internet.
		Although no new gTLDs have been introduced since the late 1980s, the addition of new TLDs to the DNS is not unprecedented.
		They believe that hundreds of new gTLDs should be added in the next few years, and that the addition of new gTLDs is long overdue.
	www.gigalaw.com /articles/2000-all/kubiszyn-2000-07-all.html (1020 words)

	gTLD-MoU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		No decisions of the POC shall be made unless a quorum of at least 67% of members are available or represented by proxy; decisions of the POC shall require a majority of not less than 67% of the total votes cast.
		Pending the expiration or appropriate amendment of the Cooperative Agreement under which the ".com", ".org" and ".net" gTLDs are presently administered, the ".com", ".org" and ".net" gTLDs shall not be subject to the provisions of this MoU.
		Likewise, until the ".com", ".org" and ".net" gTLDs are subject to the provisions of this MoU, the registrar which administers those gTLDs shall not be considered to be a gTLD Registrar for the purposes of this MoU.
	www.iahc.org /gTLD-MoU.html (2512 words)

	ICANN \| Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)
		In addition to gTLDs and ccTLDs, there is one special TLD,.arpa, which is used for technical infrastructure purposes.
		Domain names may be registered in three of these (.com,.net, and.org) without restriction; the other four have limited purposes.
		Over the next twelve years, various discussions occurred concerning additional gTLDs, leading to the selection in November 2000 of seven new TLDs for introduction.
	www.icann.org /tlds (695 words)

	Blogging At Large: new gTLDs Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		We understand that the current proposed RFP limited to sponsored TLDs, is suggested as a continuation of the "Proof of Concept" testbed.
		The At-Large Advisory Committee is seeking comments on its draft statement on new gTLDs.
		The GNSO Council has, unanimously, adopted this resolution on today's call: Expansion of the gTLD namespace should be a bottom-up approach with names proposed by the interested parties to ICANN.
	alac.info /archives/cat_new_gtlds.html (487 words)

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