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	LOUIS LAURENT GABRIEL DE MORTILLET - LoveToKnow Article on LOUIS LAURENT GABRIEL DE MORTILLET
		MORTILLET, LOUIS LAURENT GABRIEL DE (1821-1898), French anthropologist, was born at Meylau, Isere, on the 2gth of August 1821.
		Roger's age would have forbidden him to be with the duke at Hastings, but, according to Wace, his son Hugh was in the fight, and Ralph the third son was probably among the knights.
		Hugh de Mortimer, who is found as his successor, a great Herefordshire baron in 1140, may have been either the son of Ralph's old age, or a grandson, the son of another Ralph.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MO/MORTILLET_LOUIS_LAURENT_GABRIEL_DE.htm (2049 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		French archaeologist Gabriel de Mortillet was born in Meylan, France on August 29, 1821.
		An intellectual thinker by birth, with a great love for science and components of the earth, Mortillet was destined for a bright future.
		Mortillet is best known for developing a chronological classification system of the prehistoric cultural development of man. Based on the idea that older specimens of man were more primitive structurally and culturally, he created a ladder-like model of the evolution of man. This model was the basis for the idea of linear evolution of men.
	itrs.scu.edu /anthroweb/years/1880_90/eventdate6.htm (125 words)

	Science and Learning in France. 1917. Anthropology-Agriculture. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		BROCA (1824-1880), the greatest of all physical anthropologists, was the prime mover in the establishment of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris in 1859 and of the École d'Anthropologie in 1876.
		The third of the "Systematisers" was DE QUATREFAGES (1810-1892), professor of Anthropology in the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris.
		DE VOGÜÉ revealed a new branch of early Christian architecture in the ruined cities of Syria ("La Syrie centrale"); in Byzantine art may be noted the work of SCHLUMBERGER (with his triology of "Nicéphore Phocas," "L'Épopeé byzantine," "Basile II," his numismatic and other studies) and of DIEHL ("L'Art byzantin dans l'Italie méridionale," "Justinien," "Ravenne," etc.).
	www.ku.edu /carrie/specoll/AFS/library/3-FF/SLF/prof1.html (8353 words)

	ribeiro
		De Mortillet, along with his friend and colleague Emile Cartailhac, enthusiastically brought other archeologists to see Ribeiro's specimens, and they were all of the same opinion—a good many of the flints were definitely made by humans.
		De Mortillet, Evans, and Cartailhac believe there are two time periods to which the flints may be referred, the first being the Tertiary, the other being the Old and New Stone Ages of the Quaternary.
		De Mortillet stated: “If we see in the flint objects found at Thenay signs of intentional work, we can only conclude it was not the work of anatomically modern human beings but of another human species, probably representative of a genus of human precursors that fills the gap between humans and animals” (de Quatrefages 1884:81-82).
	www.mcremo.com /ribeiro.html (9972 words)

	NEXUS: The Excavations of Carlos Ribeiro
		De Mortillet visited Ribeiro's exhibit and, in the course of examining the specimens carefully, decided that they had indubitable signs of human work.
		De Mortillet, along with his friend and colleague Emile Cartailhac, enthusiastically brought other archaeologists to see Ribeiro's specimens, and they were all of the same opinion: the flints were definitely made by humans.
		De Mortillet (1883:99-100) further observed: "Many of the specimens, on the same side as the bulb of percussion, have hollows with traces and fragments of sandstone adhering to them, a fact which establishes their original position in the strata." In other words, they had not slipped into the Miocene beds in more recent times.
	www.nexusmagazine.com /articles/ribeiro.html (5546 words)

	DE MORGAN
		Through his father Jacques became acquainted with Gabriel de Mortillet, who was connected with the museum of national antiquities in Saint-Germain and who, during investigations of Merovingian cemeteries, taught him how to catalogue excavated objects.
		De Morgan wanted to be a professional geologist like his father, and his personal fortune had permitted him to travel and study abroad since his early youth.
		De Morgan imposed his method, backed by considerable means, on a small team, the most competent members of which were two former colleagues from Egypt, Gustave Je‚quier, in particular, and J.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f2/v7f261.html (1632 words)

	APPENDIX
		Gabriel de Mortillet, one of the most industrious students of prehistoric archaeology, ventured to give a tentative estimate as to the numbers of years involved in each period.
		Mortillet divides the prehistoric period, as a whole, into four epochs.
		Add to this perhaps twelve thousand years ushering in the civilization of Egypt, and the six thousand years of stable, sure chronology of the historical period, and we have something like two hundred and thirty thousand or two hundred and forty thousand years as the age of man.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/HistSci1/00000023.htm (2088 words)

	Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola
		Don Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola (1831-1888): Spanish jurist and amateur archaeologist, who owned the land where the Altamira cave was found.
		The cave, now famous for its unique collection of prehistoric art, was well known to local people, but had not been given much attention until in 1868 it was "discovered" by the hunter Modesto Peres.
		The French specialists, led by their guru Gabriel de Mortillet, were particularly adamant in rejecting the hypothesis of Sautuola and Piera.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/marcelino_sanz_de_sautuola.html (406 words)

	Gabriel de Mortillet
		At this time, revolution swept through France, and a still young Mortillet was forced to leave his home country for his political stance.
		Mortillet fled to Switzerland and Italy, where he worked on railroad projects, using his geology and engineering skills.
		In 1876, Mortillet became a professor of prehistoric anthropology at the School of Anthropology in Paris.
	mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/abcde/demortillet_gabriel.html (450 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		De Mortillet was a French supporter of Darwin and catalyst for the acceptance of evolutionary theory in Europe.
		(De Waal theorizes that the origins of these traits lie in the importance of avoiding infanticide: while infanticide is a common cause of death for chimpanzee infants, it seems to be non-existent in bonobos.) Most of the material in _Bonobo_ is anecdotal, consisting of informal descriptions of Bonobo behavior.
		But de Waal does address issues of observational methodology, (there are differences between the two main study sites in Zaire and, of course, with captive populations), and as a balance to his own interpretations includes interviews with other primatologists who have studied bonobos.
	my.inil.com /~petravic/august.htm (1921 words)

	Europe coloniale
		La forme première de la colonisation, c'est celle qui offre un asile et du travail au surcroît de population des pays pauvres ou de ceux qui renferment une population exubérante...
		Français de France et français d'Afrique, des Antilles, de l'Océan Indien, de l'Indochine et, aussi bien ceux des hindous, sénégalais, océaniens, kabyles ou arabes qui ont été élevés à la cité française, tous, sous les lois délibérées en commun, ont les mêmes devoirs et les mêmes lois.
		Gabriel de Mortillet dit qu'actuellement, il est impossible d'étudier et de photographier les Caraïbes qui, fatigués par des visites et de nombreux photographes, refusent de se laisser examiner.
	www.cpod.com /monoweb/atari/atari/europecolo.html (1541 words)

	[No title]
		In the writing of authors including Gabriel de Mortillet and Marcelin Boule the capacity for language was associated with specific cranial features (de Mortillet 1869, Boule 1923).
		Human evolution for de Mortillet and Boule was a process of progress towards fully modern human cognitive capacity and in this they share some similarity to recent discussions of the origin of symbolic behavior.
		De Mortillet and Boule considered human cognitive evolution as a gradual process with many gradations along a scale.
	www.semioticon.com /virtuals/symbolicity/gordon.html (2873 words)

	Electronic Reference Books
		In France, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707—1788), one of the philosophers of the period of intellectual growth known as the Enlightenment, saw the earth as a dynamic machine.
		Mortillet distrusted the church, the state, and the middle class from which he came.
		Mortillet soon became a professor there and began blending politics with science, arguing that society and human evolution were closely linked.
	homepages.utoledo.edu /mcaruso/edp/EvolutionGuide.htm (16501 words)

	Élie Berthet: The Pre-Historic World - Un Rêve
		Des créations complètes, mers et terrains, faunes et flores, ont succédé à des créations disparues.
		Des mères, semblables à celle que j'avais vue, étaient assises sur le gazon, allaitant leurs enfants ou cherchant à les divertir.
		Des rhinocéros à quatre doigts, qui bondissaient dans le marécage, s'émurent eux-mêmes et, relevant leur tête farouche, à l'œil torve, se tournèrent vers l'endroit d'où partaient les rugissements.
	www.trussel.com /prehist/reve.htm (5208 words)

	Mortillet, Gabriel de -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		During the second half of the 19th century the idea of the Paleolithic evolved—a period in the Stone Age that represented a stage, or level, of human development characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped-stone tools.
		Ange-Jacques Gabriel was one of the most important and productive French architects of the 18th century.
		English poet Gabriel Harvey is remembered as much for his participation in literary feuds as he is for his own writing.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9053846 (768 words)

	MADELENIAN - LoveToKnow Article on MADELENIAN
		The Madelenian epoch was a long one, represented by numerous stations, whose contents show progress in the arts and general culture.
		Besides La Madeleine the chief stations of the epoch are Les Eyzies, Laugerie Basse, and Gorge dEnfer in Dordogne; Grotte du Placard in Charente and others in south-west France.
		See G. de Mortillet, Le Prlhistorique (1900); Edouard Lartet and Henry Christy, ReliquiaeAquitanicae (1865-1875); Edouard Dupont, Le Temps prehislorique en Belgique (1872); Lord Avebury, Prehistoric Times (1900).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MADELENIAN.htm (307 words)

	Éric LYSØE: The War for Fire; An epic vision of evolution
		Gabriel de Mortillet puts out his Musée préhistorique [Prehistoric Museum] in 1881; two years later, Le Préhistorique [The Prehistoric], a veritable treatise on what was then called "paleo-ethnology".
		In La Mort de la Terre [The Death of the Earth], which appears a year later, the last man, Targ, is led to a real "war for water," pursuing the last drops of the precious liquid down into the underground depths.
		Exhumed by Fuhlrott in 1856, in the valley of Neander, remains of this distant ancestor, with an elongated skull and prominent brow ridges, were considered by the objectors to the evolutionist theses as those of a congenital idiot.
	www.trussel.com /prehist/lysoe.htm (11994 words)

	Paleopathologie - Palaeopathology - Paleopathology - BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Médecine, Paris ) - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Grâce à son application, à partir des années 1970, sur les grandes séries homogènes de squelettes contenues dans les innombrables nécropoles régulièrement mises à jour, elle accède de manière instructive à la connaissance des états sanitaires des populations anciennes ou disparues.
		L'observation de lésions élémentaires normalisées sur l'os sec ancien lui permet d'identifier des syndromes ostéo-archéologiques qui offrent parfois un accès immédiat à un diagnostic rétrospectif conforme à la nosologie médicale actuelle.
		L'interprétation de la figuration d'un processus morbide n'autorise qu'exceptionnellement une distinction entre la réalité morphopathologique et la vision personnelle de son auteur nécessairement influencée par son environnement socioculturel.
	www.bium.univ-paris5.fr /histmed/medica/paleo.htm (2391 words)

	Paleolithic Man in France
		De Perthes published his results in 1838 and was coldly received by fellow scientists.
		De Perthes lived to see his scientific contemporaries convinced that man was incredibly old and had lived at the same time that extinct and tropical animals had lived in Europe.
		De Perthes had made a beginning, a theory, which guided others who followed him to a more detailed study and further conclusions.
	www.wetzoollamb.net /jfpp/joan/essays/paleolithic.html (2064 words)

	Chapter VII -The Antiquity of Man And Prehistoric Archaeology
		The two colleagues found in the stony deposits made by the water dropping from the roof of the cave at Eyzies the bones of numerous animals extinct or departed to arctic regions—one of these a vertebra of a reindeer with a flint lance-head still fast in it, and with these were found evidences of fire.
		In 1864 Gabriel Mortillet founded his review devoted to this subject; and in 1865 the first of a series of scientific congresses devoted to such researches was held in Italy.
		The question of the origin of man at a period vastly earlier than the sacred chronologists permitted was thus absolutely settled, but among the questions regarding the existence of man at a period yet more remote, the Drift period, there was one which for a time seemed to give the champions of science some difficulty.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter7.html (2918 words)

	Northvegr - The Swastika
		Musée Préhistorique par Gabriel et Adrien de Mortillet Photogravures Michealet Paris C. Reinwald, Libraire-Editeur 15, Rue des Saints-Péres, 15 1881 Tous Droits Réservés.
		Tintinnabulum and Buddha with Swastika, pl. XCVIII, fig.
		Swastika (?) alleged to be on the Pemberton hammer from New Jersey, pp.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/swastika/148.php (841 words)

	Auxilliary Sciences of History - What's Been Published - Alphabetically by Title Beginning: G
		Gabriel de Mortillet : 1821-1898 : gâeologue et prâehistorien
		de Casimir de Sars de Solmont ; [âeditâes] par Jacques Duhamel, Yves Duponchelle, Marie Thabuis-Duponchelle.
		Blanca Berasategui ; prâologo de Gonzalo Torrente Ballester ; retratos de Juliâan Grau Santos.
	www.pitbossannie.com /ti-c-g.html (836 words)

	September 25 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Jean-Baptiste-Armand-Louis-Léonce Élie de Beaumont was a geologist who prepared the great geological map of France in collaboration with the French geologist Ours Pierre Dufrénoy.
		Bassi showed (1835-6) that a silk worm disease was contagious and could be transmitted naturally by direct contact or infected food, or experimentally by means of a pin previously sterilized in a flame.
		Based on the idea that older specimens of man were more primitive structurally and culturally, he created a ladder-like model of the evolution of man. This model was the basis for the idea of linear evolution of men.
	www.todayinsci.com /9/9_25.htm (2073 words)

	Prehistoric Art (Virtual Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But only 11 years later, in 1879, Maria, M. de Sautuola's daughter, walking in the estate, turned her father's attention on the strange images on the ceiling of one of the "halls", barely discernible in the darkness of the cave.
		But all the prominent specialists in archaeology, especially French ones, beginning with Gabriel de Mortillet, admitting the palaeolithic age of the finds, made during excavations in Altamira, rejected flatly Piera and de M. Sanz de Sautuola's
		Only almost 15 years after M. de Sautuolas death his opponents, and E.Kartaillak in particular, had to admit that the Altamira paintings are really palaeolithic.
	vm.kemsu.ru /en/palaeolith/altamira.html (399 words)

	Passage Through Time 2002 Itinerary
		After our morning transfer from Madrid Airport to Hotel Lopè de la Vega, a 4 star hotel located across from the famous Prado museum, it is off to explore the treasures of the National Archaeological Museum where our guide will take us through the collection and acquaint us with our ancient past.
		Although the cave and its paintings are known all over the world, the dramatic history of its first investigator, Don Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, the owner of the land, where the cave is located, is not so familiar.
		But all the prominent specialists in archaeology, especially French ones, beginning with Gabriel de Mortillet, admitting the palaeolithic age of the finds, made during excavations in Altamira, rejected flatly Piera and de M. Sanz de Sautuola's arguments in favour of the palaeolithic dating of the paintings.
	www.tq-international.com /Time02/passage_through_time_itinerary.htm (1021 words)

	History: First International Geological Congress, 1878 (IGC)
		The entire dispute was the legacy of the great Elie de Beaumont, who was overtaken in his later years by a fascination for polygonal geometry related to tectonic episodes (which, curiously enough, has again become the mode).
		His student, Béguyer de Chancourtois, using as a point of departure some observations made in northern France on the preferred orientation of joints, streams, and the like, defended the strange idealistic concept of a worldwide “Pentagonal Network’’ (the swan song of the above-mentioned theory and an instructive example of an epidemic hallucinatory conceptualization!).
		One should mention as well presentations of Gabriel de Mortillet (France) on “The Classification of Quaternary rock systems” according to climate, fauna, industrial uses; of F.C Winkler (Netherlands) on recent rock systems of Holland; and of E.Vanden Broeck (Belgium) on superficial alteration phenomena produced by percolating ground-water.
	www.iugs.org /iugs/history/igc-first.htm (3804 words)

	Gabriel
		Gabriel is the English form of a Hebrew name meaning “Strong Man of God.”
		Gabriel, as the name of an archangel, has been found occasionally in England since the 12th century (a bit more so after the Reformation).
		Led a slave revolt in Virginia in 1800.
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/g/gabriel.html (87 words)

	H-France Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The principal actors in the original drama are a circle of “freethinking anthropologists” that others have called “scientific materialists,” or the circle around Gabriel de Mortillet (André Lefevre, Eugène Véron, Charles Letourneau, Abel Hovelacque, Henri Thulié).
		Using the extensive files at the University of Montpellier, Hecht then details the darkest side of extremist anthropology outside the mainstream of the freethinkers, the “anthroposociology” of Georges Vacher de Lapouge.[4] Lapouge studied anthropology, published in anthropological periodicals, and shared the freethinkers’ atheism and anti-clericalism, but he exaggerated even their most racist contentions.
		This book will be richly rewarding to scholars of the Third Republic, to historians of anti-clericalism and of the social sciences, and even to laymen with an interest in the current round of the nature-nurture culture wars about the genome and evolutionary psychology.
	www.uakron.edu /hfrance/vol3reviews/staum2.html (2341 words)

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