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	CPJ News Alert 2006
		Court observers have reported a lack of substantive evidence in the new murder case, and they note that Rugambage was arrested just after an August 25 article in which he accused gacaca officials in the Gitarama region of mismanagement and witness tampering.
		On November 23, a gacaca court in the same region of central Rwanda sentenced Rugambage to one year in prison for contempt of court after the journalist accused the presiding judge of bias and demanded that the judge step down, according to CPJ sources.
		Gacaca courts, in which suspects are judged by their peers with no recourse to a defense lawyer, were set up to try tens of thousands of genocide suspects who have been languishing in overcrowded jails since the genocide, which left some 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus dead.
	www.cpj.org /news/2006/africa/rwanda31july06na.html (464 words)

	Gacaca lacking in political support
		The recently launched traditional gacaca courts set up to try tens of thousands of people suspected of taking part in the 1994 genocide are still lacking political support to kick off more effectively, Johnston Busingye, the Secretary General in the Ministry of Justice has said.
		Gacaca are traditional courts that were reintroduced in 2001 to relieve the pressure from Rwanda's conventional courts that are set to try some 80,000 suspects awaiting trial in Rwandan prisons.
		He said that though the gacaca courts were not logistically sufficient, the government of Rwanda had so far received a lot of support from development partners and foreign governments.
	www.newsfromafrica.org /newsfromafrica/articles/art_10144.html (532 words)

	rwa018 Rwanda implementing controversial 'gacaca' courts
		The "gacaca" court system is an initiative of the Rwandan Government aimed at speeding up trials of genocide suspects by having the cases heard in community courts.
		The law establishing the "gacaca courts" was presented to the Transitional National Assembly for debate and approved on 13 October this year, however after sharp protests by the opposition.
		Traditionally, the gacaca courts in Rwanda are voluntarily used by two parties who agree on the person who will hear their case and reconcile them by settling their civil disputes out of ordinary courts.
	www.afrol.com /News/rwa018_gacaca_courts3.htm (761 words)

	Rwanda: Gacaca: A question of justice - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The new gacaca court system further represents an ambitious, groundbreaking attempt to restore the Rwandese social fabric torn by armed conflict and genocide by locating the trial of those alleged to have participated in the genocide within the communities in which the offences were committed.
		The gacaca legislation states that gacaca judges are excluded from cases wherein they are friends or an enemy of the defendant, the defendant’s guardian or are related to the defendant (Article 16).
		Gacaca is said to address the spirit of human rights standards because it is based on local, open and public discussions between community members on the genocide offences committed in their communities and the evidence linking suspected perpetrators to these crimes.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/engafr470072002 (16745 words)

	Human Rights Brief - Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law - Washington College of Law
		Gacaca tribunals will be vested with all the powers of existing Rwandan courts and prosecutors' offices, including the power to summon any person to appear and testify, to issue warrants and conduct searches, to attach personal goods, and to impose sentences.
		Although proposed gacaca judges must be "persons of integrity," the sheer number of judges involved-approximately one percent of the population-casts doubt on the possibility of ensuring this.
		It is arguable that the proposed gacaca system-based on an extra-judicial conflict resolution mechanism-is not subject to all the due process standards governing ordinary trials, despite the fact that it incorporates many features of an ordinary criminal justice system (including lengthy criminal sentences and supervision by a branch of the Supreme Court).
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/08/3rwanda.cfm (2952 words)

	Rwanda
		New court officers continued to be sworn in and assigned to courts across the country, but the government did not have a sufficient number of prosecutors, judges, or courtrooms to hold trials within a reasonable period of time.
		There were 169,442 gacaca judges (7 per gacaca court), or "persons of integrity" elected by the community and provided with gacaca law training, serving in 12,103 gacaca courts across the country, including 1,545 appellate courts.
		On November 23, the gacaca court in the Gitarama region found Rugambage in contempt and sentenced him to a year in prison after he accused the presiding judge of bias--for refusing to hear defense witnesses--and demanded that the judge step down, according to CPJ.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61587.htm (14237 words)

	Grassroots Justice - International Justice - Global Policy Forum
		Village courts, called "gacaca" after the grass on which they are held, are to try hundreds of thousands of genocide suspects.
		These community courts are seen as the only way of relieving a legal system groaning under the weight of dealing with a monumental crime; around 63,000 genocide suspects are detained in Rwanda's prisons and according to the latest official reckoning, at least 761,000 people participated in the mass murder of 1994.
		The courts are based on a traditional way of resolving disputes, in which villagers elect "people of integrity" to hear the evidence and reach a verdict.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/tribunals/rwanda/2005/0317grass.htm (852 words)

	Nun sentenced to 30 years for genocide \| \| The Australian
		Theophister Mukakibibi was sentenced by the traditional gacaca courts on Thursday for working closely with Hutu militiamen to kill Tutsi hiding in Butare hospital where she worked.
		Focusing on confession and apology, the traditional gacaca courts have been used in Rwanda to ease the backlog of genocide cases.
		Archbishop Thaddée Ntihinyurwa a Hutu, was summoned to the local gacaca courts after dozens of survivors accused him of taking part in several meetings that were allegedly planning the slaughter of ethnic Tutsi in the southern Cyagungu province.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20738148-23109,00.html (399 words)

	BP 6761 Kigali Rwanda: gacaca Archives
		A gacaca court in Kigondo, a suburb of Kigali.
		Hun aantal is echter te groot in verhouding tot de capaciteit van de staatsrechtbanken om hen allen binnen redelijke termijn te kunnen berechten.
		Daarmee zijn de gacaca de belangrijkste vorm van rechtspraak in Rwanda geworden.
	weblog.leidenuniv.nl /users/havemanrh/archives/rwanda/gacaca (1511 words)

	Rwanda: Struggling to Survive: V.Government Response
		Under the new law, a rape or sexual torture victim may choose among three alternatives: testimony before a single gacaca judge of her choosing; testimony in writing; or testimony to a judicial police officer or prosecutorial personnel, to be followed by complete processing of the rape case by the prosecutor’s office.
		[209] Above cell-level pilot gacaca courts, representation of women among gacaca judges was as follows: 24 percent at the sector level, 28 percent at the district level, and 20 percent at the provincial level.
		Under the 2001 law, gacaca courts permitted rape victims to testify in writing, but in the absence of binding procedural rules to ensure confidentiality, the president of the court could proceed with a public reading of the testimony.
	hrw.org /reports/2004/rwanda0904/6.htm (3460 words)

	With Gacaca, Rwanda Combines Traditional and Modern Justice Systems : November 2005 : Peacework
		Gacaca has the potential to be the most thorough process ever undertaken to bring rank and file perpetrators of genocide to justice; over 100,000 are expected to stand trial at Gacaca.
		Attempts to use Gacaca to hold the ruling party's military personnel accountable for their role in the civil war, genocide, and post-genocide actions have failed, and have been met with government repression.
		The modern Gacaca system is being created by a people profoundly disillusioned with the international community that stood aside during the war and genocide, and by a government that was, at times, more preoccupied with "finishing" a civil war than establishing peace.
	www.afsc.org /pwork/0511/051110.htm (1148 words)

	Rwandan Archbishop appears before local 'Gacaca' court (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ntihinyurwa, a Hutu who is the most senior church leader to appear before the local courts, denied that in 1994 he had taken part in meetings in southern Cyagungu Province, where he was bishop at the time, to plan the killings.
		Like thousands of Gacaca courts in the towns and villages of Rwanda, the one in Nyamasheke is currently collecting information to identify suspected perpetrators of the 100-day genocide in which an estimated 937,000 people died, according to the last government figures.
		A Belgian court convicted two Roman Catholic nuns in 2001 and a Roman Catholic priest is currently on trial at the UN International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=48257 (410 words)

	CPJ News Alert 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On November 23, a gacaca court in Gitarama region found Rugambage in contempt after he accused the presiding judge of bias and demanded that the judge step down, according to CPJ sources.
		Rugambage claimed that the presiding gacaca judge engineered his arrest on the same accusation in 1996, but a judicial court later acquitted him, according to three sources who attended the court hearing.
		Rugambage said the gacaca judge refused to consider evidence from the 1996 case or hear testimony from witnesses in his defense, the sources said.
	www.cpj.org /news/2005/Rwanda29nov05na.html (340 words)

	Student Journal: Radha Webley in Rwanda, dispatch 7
		Although the actual gacaca trials will not begin for several months yet, there are various preliminary steps that the many gacaca courts across the country are in the process of completing.
		One person I had spoken with before the court began had mentioned that people were very hesitant to accuse people, and that attendance and participation at the court had dropped severely when they had arrived at this stage in the proceedings.
		Observing this and other gacaca proceedings here, and talking to different people within the communities where these courts are taking place, it often seems that the interests of the survivors and of the recently released prisoners are diametrically opposed.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/students/2003/rwanda/7.shtml (1135 words)

	Rwanda: Struggling to Survive: IV. Barriers to Justice for Sexual Violence Crimes
		Gacaca courts adjudicate those genocide cases that were not transferred by prosecutors’ offices to the Tribunals of First Instance before March 15, 2001.
		In mid-June 2004, gacaca was implemented nationwide with the launch of pre-trial proceedings in all 9,201 cell-level courts, to be followed by trials in Tribunals of First Instance and gacaca courts at the cell and sector levels.
		Gacaca courts will hold pre-trial proceedings for all genocide cases, whether they involve sexual violence or other crimes, which were not transferred by prosecutors’ offices to the Tribunals of First Instance or military courts before March 15, 2001.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2004/rwanda0904/5.htm (12455 words)

	Transitional Justice Forum: Rwandans, still struggling
		The 580,000 "new" accusations have apparently arisen out of the gacaca courts' practice of encouraging full confessions from suspects, who are also asked to name all their accomplices.
		Some 10,000-20,000 of the most serious cases were kept in the regular, civil-law court system; all the rest were sent over to the new, specially established gacaca courts, which use a variant of the traditional "gacaca" conflict-resolution mechanism integrated into the national justice system.
		As it is, ever since the gacaca courts started their "full-scale" operation back in June (2005), they have been obstructed by considerable popular apathy.
	tj-forum.org /archives/001494.html (679 words)

	The International Center for Transitional Justice
		Gacaca courts handle cases involving lesser crimes (Categories II-IV) and refer suspects accused of major crimes to the courts.
		A judge acquitted him of murder in 2002 and the Court of Appeals refused to overturn the acquittal.
		The Constitutional Court, in a unanimous decision, found that the original judge had erred in finding that the original charges fell outside South African law because they involved crimes allegedly committed outside the country.
	www.ictj.org /en/news/newsletter/476.html (1172 words)

	UNIFEED
		It has proved that Gacaca, people have come out to prison and others who were still at large, Gacaca has gone up to them and they have gone to answer what they did in genocide".
		Gacaca courts were originally used to settle local disputes by assembling a panel of local people to hear a case.
		In Murambi, the Gacaca run by locally elected officials is still in the process of gathering evidence.
	www.un.org /unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=500 (1150 words)

	Rwanda Gacaca courts end in 2007
		This includes 9,013 Gacaca courts at the cell level, which is Rwanda’s smallest demographic unit, 1,545 sector-level courts, and an equal number of appeals courts.
		According to the government of Rwanda, Gacaca courts have a mission of not only to speed up genocide trials but also to disclose the truth on the genocide, eradicate the culture of impunity, reconcile and strengthen unity among Rwandans and prove the Rwandan society’s capacity to solve its own problems.
		Gacaca courts take their origin from the Rwandan culture where people used to sit together in the compound (umucaca) and settle their disputes.
	www.bloggernews.net /2006/06/rwanda-gacaca-courts-end-in-2007.html (647 words)

	Rwanda: "Peace Cannot Stay in Small Places"
		While most interviewees were Gacaca judges and had been trained in AVP for the purposes of applying lessons to the Gacaca process, these same judges gave countless testimonies about how AVP had helped them in responding to conflict in their personal lives.
		Gacaca literally means "on the grass" and it gathers all community members in each small cell and each sector of Rwanda once a week to hear lower level cases related to the genocide of 1994.
		Amajor goal of Gacaca is to seek the truth, and therefore prisoners receive dramatically reduced penalties for confessing the details of their crimes.
	www.africafocus.org /docs05/rw0512a.php (2992 words)

	allAfrica.com: Rwanda: Gacaca Sentences Two to 25 Years in Absentia (Page 1 of 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Stephanie NieuwoudtButare town Gacaca Court comprised of eight people of integrity (Inyangamuyayo) has sentenced two people to 25 years in prison for their roles in the killings that took place in Butare town.
		The verdicts were passed in absentia over their deliberate refusal to respond to the summons by Butare town Gacaca court for three weeks.
		It is the first time since the Butare Gacaca Court passes a verdict in absentia case since its establishment.
	allafrica.com /stories/200612230147.html (411 words)

	African Muslim News > Muslim World News > Al-Akhbaar / African Headlines
		Theophister Mukakibibi was sentenced by the traditional gacaca courts on Thursday for helping Hutu fighters to kill Tutsi hiding in a hospital where she worked.
		Jean Baptiste Ndahumba, the president of the local gacaca court in Butare town, said: "She would select Tutsi [and] throw them out of the hospital for the militia to kill.
		Thaddee Ntihinyurwa, the archbishop and a Hutu, was summoned to the local gacaca courts after dozens of survivors accused him of taking part in several meetings that were allegedly planning the slaughter of ethnic Tutsi in the southern Cyagungu province.
	www.esinislam.com /Central_Africa_Daily/Central_Africa_Today_2.htm (526 words)

	allAfrica.com: Rwanda: Gacaca Judges Fired Over Corruption (Page 1 of 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gacaca authorities in Kamembe Sector, Rusizi District have sacked two principal judges over allegations of corruption in a genocide case, The New Times has learnt.
		According to article 39, of the Gacaca Law No 16/62004, the Gacaca Court can, in writing, summon and temporarily order the arrest and release of suspects as long as it is deemed necessary.
		Until August, he was the President of Gatovu cell Gacaca Court, and it is documented that in his tenure at Gatovu, him and the former district Gacaca Coordinator, Andrew Kamugunda, during the central Prison Director's absence, illegally ordered the release of one Emmanuel Kamonyo, former vice-prefect of Cyangugu (now in Western Province) Prefecture.
	allafrica.com /stories/200612130223.html (761 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Rwandan bishop testifies in court
		Local courts, or gacaca, began in March the process of identifying the victims and perpetrators of massacres.
		Appearing before the gacaca court in the remote village of Nyamasheke, Archbishop Ntihinyurwa faced intense questioning about his role during the genocide.
		The court in Nyamasheke, like thousands of others across Rwanda, is in the process of collecting information to identify suspected perpetrators of the genocide.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/4702337.stm (322 words)

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