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	Probert Encyclopaedia: Rocks and Minerals (G) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gadolinite, named after the Russian chemist Gadolin, or ytterbite is a naturally occuring complex silicate containing beryllium, iron and many of the rare earth metals, of which the latter is an important source.
		The principal rare earths that occur in gadolinite are yttrium and erbium, together with smaller amounts of cerium and lanthanum.
		Gahnite (zinc spinel) is a dark green mineral of the spinel group consisting of zinc aluminium oxide.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /H7.HTM (2187 words)

	ERBACH - LoveToKnow Article on ERBACH
		The first of the rare earth minerals was discovered in 1794 by J. Gadolin and was named gadolinite from its discoverer.
		In 1797 Ekeberg showed that gadolinite contained another rare earth, which was given the name yttria.
		The rare earth metals are found in the minerals gadolinite, samarskite, fergusonite, euxenite and cerite.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/ER/ERBACH.htm (459 words)

	Some Results of late Mineral Research in Llano County, Texas
		The noted gadolinite locality in Llano County, Texas, known as Barringer-Hill, was reopened* and thoroughly prospected by the writer, during the winter of 1902-03, with very encouraging results.
		All the old cuts were cleaned out and extended, and a systematic development of the mine was begun at the southeast point of the hill, and at as low a level as the river terrace would permit.
		Some day this mine promises to be worked for the two last-named minerals alone and as the main object of mining there, and in the deeper working they should be found abundantly and in a higher state of purity.
	home.satx.rr.com /nano/bh/hidden1.html (2400 words)

	Barringer Hill underneath Lake Buchanan - rare-earth minerals and gadolinite mining
		At that time the only gadolinite known in the world was located in Russia, so in 1889 Niven bought the hill for $5000 in gold for the Piedmont Mining Company.
		A little gadolinite went a very long way in those days, and only sporadic mining was necessary.
		Yttrium, of which gadolinite is roughly half composed, cost $144 per ounce in 1887.
	www.texasescapes.com /FEATURES/Richard_Zelade_Hill_Country/Barringer_Hill_Lake_Buchanan.htm (983 words)

	The "Gadolinite" Gallery
		When the quarries were active Gadolinite xls from the district may reach 30-40 cm in length and weigh several kgs.
		In the gallery you may enjoy really good miniature specimens on matrix of sharp beatiful Gadolinite xl on matrix.
		Gadolinite in Størbrekka quarry occur inside a thick pegmatitic body (5-10 m) embedded in K-Feldspar, Quartz and Biotite.
	www.smartminerals.com /norvegia/Gad_Matrix.htm (220 words)

	Discovery of Scandium
		It is well known how useful for our knowledge of the metals in gadolinite has been the observation by Berlin, made twenty years ago, that the nitrates are differentially decomposed when the temerature is raised; it still continues to enrich science in new results.
		Actually, I did not need to have it for demonstrating that a hitherto unknown element was mixed with ytterbine, because the spectrum of this substance, like that of impure ytterbine, sufficiently showed the character of a new element.
		With sulphuric acid it forms a salt that is as stable on heating as the sulphates from gadolinite or cerite and, like these, can be completely decomposed by heating with ammonium carbonate.
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Disc-of-Scandium.html (1208 words)

	Rocks & Minerals: A Brief Summary of the Mineral Deposits of the Pikes Peak Batholith, Colorado (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Eckel claims that this report of gadolinite was the first for this mineral in the United States.
		Bob Zartmann found massive gadolinite and fayalite in the pegmatites near Nighthawk and Twin Cedars.
		Although the gadolinite appears as a shiny, opaque fl in large pieces, it is commonly translucent green in thinner slivers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GDX/is_5_76/ai_78166774/pg_7 (1221 words)

	Rare Earth Details
		Dysprosium is 42nd in abundance among the elements in the earth's crust.
		The compounds of dysprosium are found in gadolinite, xenotime, euxenite, and fergusonite in Norway, the United States, Brazil, India, and Australia.
		Thulium ranks 61st in abundance among the elements in the crust of the earth and is found in small quantities in such rare earth minerals as euxenite, gadolinite, and blomstrandine.
	www.candldevelopment.com /rare_earth_detail.htm (1787 words)

	Chapter Youthful <i>to</i> Ywis of Y by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		Bearing or containing yttrium or the allied elements; as, gadolinite is one of the yttriferous minerals.
		A rare metallic element of the boron-aluminium group, found in gadolinite and other rare minerals, and extracted as a dark gray powder.
		Associated with yttrium are certain rare elements, as erbium, ytterbium, samarium, etc., which are separated in a pure state with great difficulty.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1216/24577/2.html (310 words)

	Thulium: Occurrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The most important sources of thulium are the minerals rich yttrium: xenotime, gadolinite, euxenite, samarskite, fergusonite, blomstrandine, loparite and yttroparisite.
		Gadolinite can be found in Sweden, Norway, Madagascar, Texas, Arizona and Colorado.
		Of these minerals, the xenotime and the gadolinite are the ones most easily treated through chemical reaction, originating the pure concentrates of rare-earths.
	nautilus.fis.uc.pt /st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e06920.html (221 words)

	gadolinite - Definition, Synonyms, and Reference from OnPedia.com
		gadolinite - Definition, Synonyms, and Reference from OnPedia.com
		gadolinite - a mineral that is a source of rare earths; consists of silicates of iron and beryllium and cerium and yttrium and erbium
		atomic number 70, Yb, ytterbium - a soft silvery metallic element; a rare earth of the lanthanide series; it occurs in gadolinite and monazite and xenotime
	www.onpedia.com /dictionary/gadolinite (222 words)

	Proceedings of the MSTU vol.5 No.1 2002
		The minerals of gadolinite group are characteristic and widespread minerals within the amazonitic randpegmatites and hydrothermalites (metasomatites) of the alkali-granite formation.
		The gadolinite is abundant in undifferentiated amazonitic randpegmatites and metasomatites and both hingganites are peculiar to differentiated pegmatites.
		The proportion between the "light" (La-Nd), "medium" (Sm-Ho) and "heavy" REE (Er-Lu) within the gadolinite structure from different parts of the randpegmatites and metasomatites in general is close to 1:1:1.
	www.mstu.edu.ru /publish/vestnik/v05_1_n11/eng_cont.html (2380 words)

	All Metals & Forge, LLC Periodic Table of Elements
		From gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist.
		The rare earth metal is obtained from the mineral gadolinite.
		Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated it from Mosander's yttria in 1886.
	www.steelforge.com /infoservices/periodic/64.htm (414 words)

	Rocks & Minerals: Collecting the Keller Lake pegmatite: Waupaca County, Wisconsin: a new site for gadolinite- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In hand specimens the crystals are jet-fl with a bright, glassy luster on fracture faces, but under magnification thin translucent splinters often show a dark green color.
		These are the largest crystals of gadolinite-group minerals reported so far from the state; the only previous mention of gadolinite was of crystals in the 0.5-cm size range from a pegmatite near Tigerton, Wisconsin (Cordua 1998).
		Euxenite-(Y), ranging in color from a dark yellow-green to pale yellow, is fairly common as small elongated crystals (to approximately 2 cm) embedded in feldspar and altered biotite.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GDX/is_6_79/ai_n6338983 (1095 words)

	INCT Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and gamma-ray spectroscopy studies of partially metamict gadolinites from Szklarska Poręba and Zimnik (Lower Silesia, Poland), a fully metamict gadolinite sample from Ytterby (Sweden) and a crystalline sample obtained after annealing of a fragment of the sample from Ytterby at 1373 K in an argon atmosphere.
		Changes of the amplitudes ratio of high energy to low energy absorption peaks from Fe quadrupole doublets are strictly correlated with calculated absorbed alpha-dose and the metamictization stages of the gadolinite specimens.
		In this respect, one of the samples is in conflict with the estimated radiation dose based on age and radionuclide concentrations.
	www.ichtj.waw.pl /ichtj/nukleon/back/abstract/vol48_2003/v48s1p041.htm (158 words)

	SpaceBattles.com - Dragons: The Runner- A history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Once the Earth was effectively depleted of Gadolinite, and it no longer became cost effective to maintain their mining facilities on Earth after countless attacks and acts of sabotage, the Grenak turned Earth back over to the Humans.
		The humans reestablished habitation of Earth, but the planet was now so inhospitable that mining for the last traces of Gadolinite was a long and tedious process.
		Humans-due to their lack of the Gadolinite required to open the portal each time- have developed an alternative form of travel.
	kier.3dfrontier.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-65066.html (3339 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - Rocks and Minerals (F-N)
		Sometimes the term is widely used to include similar rocks composed of the same felspar with other minerals, and according to the minerals contained they are known as norites, troctolites, eucrites, etc.
		Gadolinite (ytterbite) is a naturally occuring complex silicate containing beryllium, iron and many of the rare earth metals, of which the latter is an important source.
		Galena (Lead Sulphide) is virtually the only source of lead and an important ore of silver.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/H2.HTM (2468 words)

	ERBIUM - Definition
		from Ytterby, in Sweden, where gadolinite is found.
		Its salts are rose-colored and give characteristic spectra.
		Named from Ytterby, in Sweden, where gadolinite is found.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/erbium (87 words)

	Minerals bought at the Bergslagen -98 trip
		With a number of samples to compare our findings it should be a little simpler to identify your findings.
		Gadolinite, Native lead, Blixite, Bergslagite, Berzeliite, Hedyphane, Richterite, Magnesioferrite, Magnetoplumbite, Schefferite, Litharge, Lollingite.
		A gadolinite crystal from the classical locality of Ytterby.
	www.geology.neab.net /travel/bergs-98/bought.htm (126 words)

	Scott's Photomicrographs Page 1
		The gadolinite crystal on the left exhibits the diamond-shaped cross-section typical of the gadolinite crystals from this locality.
		The gadolinite here contains small amounts of thorium and is radioactive.
		As in the case of the gadolinite, this mineral was identified using energy dispersive spectroscopy.
	members.aol.com /cyrtolite/MinPhot/MinPhot1.htm (1057 words)

	AllRefer.com - ytterbium, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		It forms numerous compounds, some of which are yellow or green.
		It is widely distributed in a number of minerals, e.g., gadolinite, and is recovered from monazite but has no commercial uses.
		Its discovery is credited to J. de Marignac, who in 1878 separated a substance he called ytterbia.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Y/ytterbiu.html (272 words)

	Erbium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements of the lanthanide series is found in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine.
		It was in 1842 that Mosander separated “yttria” found in gadolinite into three (3) fractions named yttria, erbia and terbia.
		In this period erbia was confused with terbia, and in doing so terbia became erbia.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1127 (271 words)

	Scandium -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		This element is also found in the sun.
		After Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev predicted (1871) its existence, tentatively calling it ekaboron, Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered (1879) its oxide, scandia, in the rare-earth minerals gadolinite and euxenite, and Per Teodor Cleve (later...
		The 14 lanthanide elements—from cerium through lutetium—are much alike because the differences in their electronic structures chiefly involve the inner 4f electrons, whereas it is the outer s and p (and sometimes d) electrons that are involved in chemical bonding with other atoms and thereby determine the chemical behaviour of the elements.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9313422 (528 words)

	Ytterbium: Occurrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The main ores that contain ytterbium are euxenite, gadolinite, monazite and xenotime.
		The main deposits of this mineral can be found in Idaho.
		Gadolinite contains a beryllium and iron silicate, and occurs mainly in Scandinavia.
	nautilus.fis.uc.pt /st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e07020.html (145 words)

	Erbium Meaning and Definition
		(n.) A rare metallic element associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden.
		(n.) A metallic element of the rare earth group, found in gadolinite and some other minerals.
		A, And, Are, Associated, At, Atomic, Called, Characteristic, Colored, Earth, Element, Found, From, Gadolinite, Give, Group, In, Is, Its, Metallic, Mineral, Of, Other, Rare, Rose, Sesquioxide, Several, Some, Spectra, Symbol, The, Weight, With,
	en.thinkexist.com /dictionary/meaning/erbium (207 words)

	GADOLINITE-(Y) (Yttrium Iron Beryllium Silicate)
		Notable Occurrences include the type locality for gadolinite-(Y) at Kopparberg, Sweden and for gadolinite-(Ce) in the Oslo region of Norway.
		Gadolinite in general is found as well in China; Kola Peninsula, Russia; Austria; Arizona and Colorado, USA and Switzerland among others.
		Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, lack of good cleavage, streak, density, pitchy luster when opaque, hardness and color.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/silicate/gadolini/gadolini.htm (225 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Five samples of gadolinite were investigated by means of x-ray spectral analysis as well as radiographically.
		The relative content of the rare earths with respect to neodymium and the results from the debyegrams of four samples are given.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4253708 (143 words)

	Geographical Places: page 1 of 2
		Later the dense fl rock was renamed gadolinite in his honor.
		Yttrium, Ytterbium, Erbium, and Terbium, were all derived from the village of Ytterby, the source of the dense fl rock, gadolinite.
		Upsala professor Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840-1899), a disciple of Berzelius, undertook a study of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite in an effort (that failed) to show that rare earth elements and their compounds neatly fit the periodic law.
	homepage.mac.com /dtrapp/Elements/places.html (1844 words)

	MSH-Datolite
		Datolite, a member of the gadolinite group, is rare at Mont Saint-Hilaire.
		Color varies from pale yellow to greenish-yellow and white.
		; borosilicates and some beryllosilicates; datolite - gadolinite group
	www.saint-hilaire.ca /en/datoli.htm (87 words)

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