Gadolinium has been used for years in adults and children in the United States, Europe and Japan, without any serious complications in thousands of patients.
Gadolinium should be used in pregnant patients or nursing mothers only when the benefits outweigh the risk.
Gadolinium used in MRI is many times safer than the iodine type contrast used in CT scans.
Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance.
Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser.
Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic moment and for its special Cuire temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just a room temperature.
Gadolinium is a malleable, ductile, lustrous silver-white metal with a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure at room temperature.
Although gadolinium absorbs neutronsmore effectively than does any other known substance, this property is caused by two isotopes that are present only to a limited extent in natural gadolinium.
Gadolinium has found some use in control rods for nuclear reactors; it has also been used as a “poison” in nuclear fuels, added to control the initial rapid reaction and “burning out” as the reaction proceeds.
gadolinium(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated the element from Mosander's "yttria" in 1886.
Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance.
Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser.
Gadoliniummetal is relatively stable in dry air, however in moist air it tarnishes with and forms a loose oxide film, which spalls off, and exposes fresh metal to oxidation.
Gadolinium ethyl sulphate has extremely low noise characteristics and could be used to duplicate the performance of h.f.
Gadolinium may be used as a magnetic component that senses hot and cold fluctuations.
Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated it from Mosander's yttria in 1886.
Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, both of which are commercially important.
Gadoliniumyttrium garnets are used in microwave applications and gadolinium compounds are used as phosphors in color television sets.
Gadolinium has found some use in control rods for nuclear reactors and nuclear power plants; it is used to make garnets for microwave applications and its compounds are used for making phosphorous for colour TV tubes.
Gadolinium salts irritate skin and eyes and are suspected to be tumorigens.
Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated the element from Mosander’s “yttria”; in 1886.
Thirty one isotopes and isomers of gadolinium are now recognized; seven are stable and occur naturally.
As the gadolinium leaves the magnetic field, the material cools further as a result of the magnetocaloric effect.
However, when lower-quality commercial-grade gadolinium was used, the magnetocaloric effect was only a fraction of that found in the original alloy, due mainly to interstitial impurities, especially carbon.
The new magnet can produce a magnetic field nearly twice as high as that produced by the magnet used in the initial refrigerator; this is an important advance since the output and efficiency of the refrigerator is generally proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
Gadolinium is silvery white, has a metallic lustre, and is is malleable and ductile.
The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid.
Gadoliniummetal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal.
Magnetic Resonance TIP - MRI Database : Gadolinium(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
The gadolinium ion cannot be used in its chloride, sulfate, or acetate forms because of poor tolerance and low solubility in water in the neutral pH range.
Motexafin gadolinium is being investigated in clinical trials, in combination chemotherapy and with radiation therapy for the treatment of several types of cancer.
Today, gadolinium is primarily obtained from the minerals monazite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO) and bastnasite ((Ce,La,Y)CO Gadolinium has the greatest ability to capture thermal neutrons of all known elements and can be used as control rods for nuclear reactors.
Gadolinium can be combined with yttrium to form garnets that have applications in microwave technology.
Gadolinium can be alloyed with iron, chromium and other metals to improve their workability and their resistance to high temperatures and oxidation.
It may be prudent to institute prompt dialysis in patients with advanced kidney dysfunction who receive a gadoliniumcontrast MRA.
Although there are no data to determine the utility of dialysis to prevent or treat NSF/NSD in patients with decreased kidney function, average excretory rates of gadolinium are 78%, 96%, and 99% in the first to third hemodialysis sessions, respectively (Okada, et al, Acta Radiologica, vol 42 p.
The five patients from Austria are described in a publication: Grobner T. Gadolinium – a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Nephrol dial Transplant.
Physicians should be cautious regarding the use of gadolinium-containing contrast imaging agents, especially at high doses, in patients with advanced renal failure (those currently requiring dialysis or with a GFR≤15cc/min).
However, prompt dialysis of these patients will eliminate circulating gadolinium, with average gadolinium excretory rates of 78%, 96%, and 99% in the first to third hemodialysis sessions, respectively.
The FDA has contacted the manufacturers of the five U.S.-approved gadolinium-containing contrast agents and asked that they review their safety databases for cases of NSF/NFD and similar adverse events that occurred in patients who received gadolinium-containing contrast agents.
ASTM C922-00 Standard Specification for Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Dioxide Pellets
1.1 This specification is for finished sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets for use in light-water reactors.
1.2 This specification recognizes the presence of reprocessed uranium in the fuel cycle and consequently defines isotopic limits for gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets made from commercial grade UO Such commercial grade UO is defined so that, regarding fuel design and manufacture, the product is essentially equivalent to that made from unreprocessed uranium.
Of these reports, the medical histories of 75 of these patients were reviewed in detail, and all of the patients had received a gadolinium-based contrast agent for an MRI or MRA.
Researchers have identified gadolinium in skin biopsies of patients with NSF/NFD.
Why NSF/NFD occurs in patients with moderate to end-stage kidney disease who receive gadolinium-based contrast agent is not yet known.
