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Topic: Gaia Theory Lynn Margulis

	Gaia Sharing
		In short, the breakthrough glimpsed in the Gaia Hypothesis is handicapped by the lack of a crucial understanding that would decenter the human species from a privileged role in the cosmos and at the same time reintregrate it into a cosmic web of life exemplified in the symbiosis of all species.
		The Gaia Mythos is an opportunity to move ahead to a newfound rapport with Sacred Nature without placing the human species at the Omega Point of evolution.
		Story Synopsis This story is about who Gaia was before She united with the Earth, and how She came to be the indwelling intelligence of the planet and the mother of terrestrial species.
	www.metahistory.org /Gaia_Sharing.php (7187 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Gaia theory (science)
		Meanwhile today, "Gaia theory" is sometimes used among non-scientists to refer to theories of a self-regulating Earth that are non-technical but take inspiration from the scientific models.
		This theory is based on the simple idea that the biomass self-regulates the conditions on the planet to make its physical environment (in particular temperature and chemistry of the atmosphere) on the planet more hospitable to the species which constitute its "life".
		During the Gaia conference, James Kirchner, a physicist and philosopher took the opportunity of the meeting to explain that there are not one Gaia hypothesis, but several ones.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Gaia_hypothesis (2737 words)

	Gaia theory (biology) : Gaia Theory (Lynn Margulis)
		Gaia theory (biology) is a broadly inclusive name for a group of ideas that living organisms on a planet modify the nature of the planet to make it more suitable for life.
		While there were a number of precursors to Gaia theory, the first scientific form of this idea was proposed as the Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock, a U.K. chemist, in 1970.
		Gaia theory is a spectrum of hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable to radical.
	www.fastload.org /ga/Gaia_Theory_(Lynn_Margulis).html (2119 words)

	Lynn Margulis Summary
		Lynn Margulis (born 1938) is a renowned theoretical biologist and professor of botany at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
		The "Gaia theory" (named for the Greek goddess of the earth) essentially states that all life, as well as the oceans, the atmosphere, and the earth itself are parts of a single, all-encompassing symbiosis and may fruitfully be considered as elements of a single organism.
		Lynn Margulis is a theoretical biologist and professor of botany at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
	www.bookrags.com /Lynn_Margulis (3858 words)

	Gaia theory (science) - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gaia theory is a class of scientific models of the biosphere in which life fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by affecting Earth's environment.
		The first such theory was created by the English atmospheric scientist, James Lovelock, who developed his theories in the 1960s before formally publishing them in 1979.
		Gaia is just symbiosis as seen from space." – from Greenpeace (http://cybercentre.greenpeace.org//t/s//996755792/1007012854/1007026932/1013059381) apparently in reference to Lynn Margulis, Symbiotic Planet: A New View of Evolution.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gaia_hypothesis (2652 words)

	Gaia Hypothesis
		Gaia, as a total planetary being, has properties that are not necesarily discernable by just knowing individual species or populations of organisms living together...
		Is the idea of Gaia only a romantic and dramatized description of the terrestrial biosphere and its effects, or is there a planetary being, whose life cycle must be counted in the billions of years, which spawns these evolving life forms to suit the purpose of its being.
		Lovelock points out that Gaia, being ancient and resourceful enough to have carried out these successive changes of the planet in spite of asteroid collisions and other setbacks, is herself probably not endangered by the relatively momentary depradations of the human species, as it befouls and cripples the bio-dynamics of its environment.
	erg.ucd.ie /arupa/references/gaia.html (1374 words)

	Gaia - Crystalinks
		Gaia theory is about the evolution of a tightly coupled systems whose constituents are the biota and their material environment, which comprises the atmosphere, the oceans, and the surface rocks.
		Margulis contends that symbiosis, not chance mutation, is the driving force behind evolution and that the cooperation between organisms and the environment are the chief agents of natural selection -- not competition among individuals.
		To me the energies of Gaia - represent the heart chakra - the feminine - the higher frequencies - the blue ray - blue frequency - that which is shifting us into higher conscious awareness at this time in her history.
	www.crystalinks.com /gaia.html (1707 words)

	The Gaia Hypothesis
		Lynn Margulis's words, a "super organismic system" The earth is a self-regulating environment; a single, unified, cooperating and living system - a superorganism that regulates physical conditions to keep the environment hospitable for life Evolution therefore is the result of cooperative not competitive processes.
		The Gaia hypothesis...suppose(s) that the atmosphere, the oceans, the climate, and the crust of the Earth are regulated at a state comfortable for life because of the behavior of living organisms.
		Specifically, the Gaia hypothesis said that the temperature, oxidation state, acidity and certain aspects of the rocks and waters are at any time kept constant, and that this homeostasis is maintained by active feedback processes operated automatically and unconsciously the biota.
	www.kheper.net /topics/Gaia/Gaia_Hypothesis.htm (1086 words)

	[No title]
		Lynn Margulis, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and president of Sigma Xi for 2005-06, still works with students and colleagues on her theory of the origin of cilia from symbiotic spirochetes.
		Initially her theory of cell origins was considered "offensive" and "scandalous" and could not be discussed at respectable scientific meetings.
		The Serial Endosymbiosis Theory, or endosymbiosis hypothesis, is a theory championed by Lynn Margulis that says some organelles in eukaryotes such as mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from individual bacteria.
	www.lycos.com /info/lynn-margulis--theory.html (496 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Lynn Margulis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Biologist Lynn Margulis is a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
		Probably her most important scientific contribution is the explanation of the origin of mitochondria as separate organisms that long ago entered a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis.
		She is a proponent of the Gaia theory, based on an idea developed by the English atmospheric scientist James Lovelock.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ly/Lynn_Margulis (99 words)

	Gaia: The Wisdom of the Earth
		The Gaia Theory, first proposed by British scientist James Lovelock in the early 1970's, is gaining an increasing number of advocates throughout the world's scientific community.
		In the United States, its most notable supporter is Dr. Lynn Margulis of the University of Massachusetts, whose explanation of the origin of eukaryotic cells through symbiotic relationships among prokaryotic organisms revolutionized evolutionary thought in the late 1960's.
		Gaian theory holds that the Earth can be described as a vast, autopoietic system of many components, all of which have evolved together to enhance and regulate conditions for the perpetuation of life.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEPC/WWC/1991/gaia.html (1163 words)

	Dr Lynn Margulis: Microbiological Collaboration of the Gaia Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Effectively, Lynn Margulis contended that symbiosis, not chance mutation, was the driving force behind evolution and that the cooperation between organisms and the environment are the chief agents of natural selection -- not competition among individuals.
		As Lynn Margulis chipped away at refinement of the endosymbiotic theory of cell development and evolution, she always managed to find time to turn her mind to other issues and research areas.
		As it has eventuated, Lynn Margulis and others have more recently determined that the emergent themes of their collaborative research had been already partially explored and examined by independent work outside of the US and UK.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /gaia/esp_gaia18.htm (4545 words)

	Lynn Margulis - Definition, explanation
		Lynn Margulis (born 1938) is a biologist and a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
		In 1967 she proposed a contentious new hypothesis which became her most important scientific contribution as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria as separate organisms that long ago entered a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis.
		Margulis was inducted into the World Academy of Art and Science, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences between 1995 and 1998.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/ly/lynn_margulis.php (619 words)

	Ecology - New World Encyclopedia
		The harmony of species’ interactions with other species and the environment, including the biogeochemical cycles, have proposed a theory by some that the entire planet acts as if one, giant, functioning organism (the Gaia theory).
		Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan in their book Microcosmos (1997) even propose that evolution is tied to cooperation and mutual dependence among organisms: "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."
		The observed harmony can be attributed to the concept of dual purpose: the view that every entity in the universe in its interactions simultaneously exhibits purposes for the whole and for the individual—and that these purposes are interdependent.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Ecology (5081 words)

	The Third Culture - Chapter 7
		LYNN MARGULIS is a biologist; Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst; author of The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells (1970), Early Life (1981), and Symbiosis in Cell Evolution (2d ed., 1993).
		The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature of the planet, the oxidation state and other chemistry of all of the gases of the lower atmosphere (except helium, argon, and other nonreactive ones) are produced and maintained by the sum of life.
		Three aspects of her vision — the importance of symbiosis in evolution, the Gaia hypothesis, and the view that the whole living world is an elaboration of microbial life — are, I believe, extremely important for understanding the relationship of the living world to the physical world at large.
	www.edge.org /documents/ThirdCulture/n-Ch.7.html (6487 words)

	Lynn Margulis
		In 1967 she proposed a contentious new hypothesis which became her most important scientific contribution as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria as separate organisms that long ago entered a symbiosissymbiotic relationship with eukaryoteeukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis.
		The fusion of genomes in symbioses followed by natural selection, she suggests, leads to increasingly complex levels of individuality." http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/margulis/ :"After the proposal of the endosymbiotic theory, Margulis predicted that if organelles were prokaryotic symbionts, then the organelles will have their own DNA that would be different from the DNA of the cell.
		She is also a proponent and co-developer of the modern version of Gaia theory (science)Gaia theory, based on an idea developed by the English atmospheric scientist James Lovelock.
	www.territoriopc.com /eng/lynn_margulis.php (489 words)

	Lynn Margulis: Full Speed Ahead JAMES di PROPERZIO / University of Chicago Magazine 1feb04 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On a cold November morning in Amherst, Massachusetts, Lynn Margulis, 65 years old and without a helmet, is riding her secondhand Miyata 10-speed—its two side baskets full of books, mail, and lunch—down the sidewalk to her laboratory at the University of Massachusetts, where she holds the title Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Geosciences.
		Once thought outrageously heterodox, her theory of symbiosis as an evolutionary mechanism—the “endosymbiotic hypothesis,” which posits that the ancestors of mitochondria in animal cells and the plastids in algae and plants were once free-living organisms—is now considered fundamental to understanding evolution.
		Margulis believed that an important source of methane, one of the greenhouse gases that raises the planet’s atmospheric temperature, is bacteria—found, for example, in cow rumen.
	www.mindfully.org /Heritage/2004/Lynn-Margulis-Gaia1feb04.htm (3316 words)

	Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan - Microbial Microcosm
		Lynn is distinguished university professor in the biology department at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
		She is best known for developing the theory, now widely accepted, that cells with nuclei evolved from the merger of two or more different types of bacterial cells.
		Lynn is now working on the controversial theory that sperm tails in humans and other animals evolved from bacteria known as spirochetes.
	www.context.org /ICLIB/IC34/Margulis.htm (1248 words)

	The Gaia Hypothesis (Section 3) - Dr Lynn Margulis
		And seemingly, this was exactly where Lynn Margulis placed herself when she commenced to contend with the tradional theories of cell evolution.
		As we have found in the preceeding section concerning the formulation of the Gaia Hypothesis by Dr James Lovelock, this question would have been purposefully redirected by the traditional physical sciences to the attention of counterparts in the philosophy departments, possibly the biology department or, dependent upon their cultural beliefs, possibly to the theological offices.
		In conclusion of this section of the presentation concerning the current interdisciplinary developments of the Gaia Theory in relation to Dr Lynn Margulis I would have to say I respect of her usage of the word surfing (global oceanic) in such context.
	www.mountainman.com.au /gaia_lyn.html (4605 words)

	Conference Background
		Lynn Margulis, Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and long-time advocate of the Gaia Theory, is confirmed as a keynote speaker.
		The Gaia Theory posits that organic and inorganic components of Earth operate together as a single living system that is self-generating and self-regulating.
		To explore the broad implications of the Gaia Theory and the connections it reveals between science, culture, economics, politics, education and other aspects of human life.
	www.gaiatheory.org /background.htm (335 words)

	Amazon.com: Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species: Books: Lynn Margulis,Dorion Sagan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To Margulis and Sagan, the neo-Darwinist model, which asserts random gene mutation as the source of inherited variations, is "wildly overemphasized," and to support their view, they delve deeply into the world of microbes.
		Margulis went on to develop her Serial Endosymbiosis Theory, which attempted to trace the development of all creatures with nucleated cells, from yeasts to humans, to a series of genetic mergers between different kinds of organisms.
		Margulis reveals a hidden side of nature, in which microbes have generated most if not all of life's metabolic machinery, in which vastly different life-forms consort in a myriad of ways, and in which the acquisition of entire genomes provides the raw material for great evolutionary leaps.
	www.amazon.com /Acquiring-Genomes-Theory-Origins-Species/dp/0465043917 (3079 words)

	Acceptance Doesn
		As a woman, Dr. Lynn Margulis was told to stay away from science, but she instead drove right into science against others' opinions.
		Her theory suggests that maybe an oxygen breathing bacteria was eaten, or ingested, by an anaerobic bacteria that had amoeba-like features.
		After the proposal of the endosymbiotic theory, Margulis predicted that if organelles were prokaryotic symbionts, then the organelles will have their own DNA that would be different from the DNA of the cell.
	www.immaculata.edu /bioinformatics/Summer_2001/Students/esehi/lynn%20margulis.htm (757 words)

	Lynn Margulis — Illahee (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Margulis overturned the historic three-kingdom classification of organisms, worked with Dr. James Lovelock to develop the Gaia Hypothesis, and first posited the endosymbiotic basis of cellular evolution.
		Margulis is a Distinguished University Professor of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
		Margulis is Member of the National Academy of Science, obtaining her A.B., University of Chicago in 1957, an M.S. at the University of Wisconsin in 1960, Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1963.
	www.illahee.org /lectures/archive/lynnmargulislecture (866 words)

	The Gaia Hypothesis - Dr James Lovelock & Dr Lynn Margulis
		Dr Lynn Margulis had much to reply in this area regarding the systematics of Darwinian evolution in regard to the smallest and earliest of living things upon the earth.
		His contructive criticism was that the Gaia Hypothesis may be better viewed as a collection of related hypotheses, which could be classified within a spectrum from weak Gaia (which related to the known evidence of biochemical cycles) to strong (as a form of global physiology).
		James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis coined the phrase the Gaia hypothesis to suggest not only that life has a greater influence on the evolution of the Earth than is typically assumed across most earth science disciplines but also that life serves as an active control system.
	www.mountainman.com.au /gaia_jim.html (4580 words)

	BLOWBACK - Gaia Theory
		According to the Gaia Theory, the Earth's living qualities emerge from the interactions of all living beings with each other and with other non-living parts of the environment, such as the rocks, the atmosphere and oceans.
		The Gaia Theory continues to suggest that the sum of all the Earth's living organisms creates a single living system, in which all the parts are interconnected and everything we do resonated with the whole.
		Founders of the Gaia Theory, atmospheric chemist James Lovelock and evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, also asserted that the Earth, as a living organism, has the ability to self-regulate critical characteristics of its environment, such as mixture of gases, average temperature and the salinity of the oceans.
	www.blowbacknet.com /info_files_gaia_theory.html (567 words)

	Gaia Theory: Science of the Living Earth
		Margulis was studying the processes by which living organisms produce and remove gases from the atmosphere.
		In a way these photographs were to the Gaia idea what computers were to chaos theory; they allowed one to see what was going on, and therefore brought the subject alive to a great many people.
		Gaia theory has already had a huge impact on science, and has changed the way we view our place in the world.
	www.gaianet.fsbusiness.co.uk /gaiatheory.html (2703 words)

	Lynn Margulis - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lynn Margulis was the developer of the endosymbiotic theory that claims organelles in eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote organisms that had been ingested by larger cells and came to live symbiotically with them.
		Her theory (or hypothesis) was for several years rejected.
		Margulis is also a supporter of the Gaia theory which was originally proposed by James Lovelock.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Lynn_Margulis (80 words)

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