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Topic: Gaia theory biology

	Gaia philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gaia philosophy (named after Gaia, the Greek goddess of the Earth) is a broadly inclusive term for related concepts that living organisms on a planet will affect the nature of their environment – to make it more suitable for life.
		While there were a number of precursors to Gaia theory, the first scientific form of this idea was proposed as the Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock, a UK chemist, in 1970.
		The Gaia hypothesis deals with the concept of homeostasis, and claim the resident life forms of a host planet coupled with their environment have acted and act as a single, self-regulating system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaia_philosophy (1763 words)

	Gaia theory (science) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gaia theory is a class of scientific models of the geo-biosphere in which life as a whole fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by helping to create an environment on Earth suitable for its continuity.
		The first such theory was created by the English independent atmospheric scientist and chemist, Sir James Lovelock, who developed his theories in the 1960s before formally publishing them, first in the New Scientist of February 13, 1975 and then in the 1979 book "Quest for Gaia".
		This theory is based on the simple idea that the biomass self-regulates the conditions on the planet to make its physical environment (in particular temperature and chemistry of the atmosphere) on the planet more hospitable to the species which constitute its "life".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaia_theory_(science) (2839 words)

	Gaia theory (science) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In science, a Gaia theory is a class of scientific models of the biosphere in which life fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by affecting Earth's environment.
		This theory is based on the idea that the biomass self-regulates the conditions on the planet to make its physical environment (in particular temperature and chemistry of the atmosphere) on the planet more hospitable to the species which constitute its "life".
		Gaia hypothesis led to the new science called biogeography, or even geophysiology, which take into account the interactions between biota, the oceans and the atmosphere.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/g/ga/gaia_theory__science_.html (2466 words)

	THE GAIA HYPOTHESIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR A CHRISTIAN POLITICAL THEOLOGY OF THE ENVIRONMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gaia is significant because it fuses scientific insight and religious imagination in a potentially energizing and transformative way, challenging persons across a broad spectrum of disciplines to deal in an integrative fashion with the ecological crisis.
		Though a scientific theory, the Gaia hypothesis has, since its initial articulation in 1969, sparked a swirl of religious, New Age, and philosophical reflection, and challenged certain long-held assumptions about evolution, the importance of the human in determining environmental change, and the relationship between life and the environment.
		For Thomas Berry, a Passionist priest and "geologian," the wellsprings of the Gaia theory are part of a continuum through which a new sense of the sacredness of the cosmos is emanating from modern science.
	www.crosscurrents.org /Gaia.htm (5505 words)

	David Spangler - The Meaning Of Gaia
		In ritual and song, the participants called upon the "Spirit of Gaia" to heighten their awareness of their connections with the earth and to fill them with love and compassion for all creatures and for the physical environment as a whole.
		Fourth, Gaia does inspire us to think of the spirituality of the earth and to explore an "eco-theology." Such a spirituality is important, for beyond ecology and conservation lies a deeper dimension of spiritual interaction and communion with our environment that is mutually important for ourselves and for nature.
		Gaia is an important idea, both as a scientific hypothesis and as a spiritual image.
	www.context.org /ICLIB/IC24/Spangler.htm (2979 words)

	The Gaia Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The theory of plate tectonics, as it is now known, embodies a century or more of scientific research, bringing together the efforts of oceanographers, geophysicists, climatologists, palenotologists and more.
		Lovelock defines Gaia "as a complex entity involving the Earth's biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet." Through Gaia, the Earth sustains a kind of homeostasis, the maintenance of relatively constant conditions.
		This is the crux of the Gaia hypothesis.
	www.oceansonline.com /gaiaho.htm (4185 words)

	WDN \| Gaia theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gaia theory has already had a huge impact on science, and has changed the way we view our place in the world.
		The Gaia Theory, first proposed by British scientist James Lovelock in the early 1970's, is gaining an increasing number of advocates throughout the world's scientific community.
		Gaian theory holds that the Earth can be described as a vast, autopoietic system of many components, all of which have evolved together to enhance and regulate conditions for the perpetuation of life.
	www.wwdemocracy.nildram.co.uk /gaian_democracies/gaia_theory.html (2195 words)

	Lecture 1 - The Evolving Gaia Theory
		The two theories, Hutton's and Darwin's, were radical and they appeared in a cultural environment where the scriptural dogma of the act of creation was still widely held to be true.
		They are sometimes sufficiently irritated by Gaia theory to comment that the material conditions of the Earth were all explained completely by the abundance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.
		Gaia theory predicted that gaseous compounds of these elements would be dissolved in the ocean surface and present in the air above.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/lecture1.html (5212 words)

	[WikiEN-l] Response to Anthere; the many Gaia articles
		Because there are currently 3 articles whose names begin with [[Gaia...]] (not counting [[Gaia]] itself, which is completely different).
		AMAZINGLY IDENTICAL >Oh, Anthere, that is very misleading; most of these Gaia >articles were NOT redirects at the time this started.
		No one in science has >separate discussion on the Gaia Hypothesis (capital H), >Gaia Theory (capital-case T), Gaia theory (lowercase t), >Gaia theory (homeostasis), etc. Your are fooling yourself, >or are not widely read.
	mail.wikipedia.org /pipermail/wikien-l/2003-June/004222.html (860 words)

	Gaia Theory & Mother Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gaia hypothesis, now Gaia theory, was invented by British atmospheric chemist James Lovelock and US microbiologist Lynn Margulis.
		An evolving overview of Gaia theory, including what it is, evidence for existence of Gaia, scientific and philosophical implications, and a bibliography, is here.
		That is, Gaia theory cannot even be discussed, let alone understood, without knowledge of complexity, especially the concept of autopoiesis.
	www.prototista.org /E-Zine/GaiaTheoryMotherEarth.htm (1586 words)

	Resurgence issue 211 - WHAT IS GAIA? by James Lovelock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Following the model, the Gaia hypothesis was restated as follows: "The evolution of organisms and their material environment proceeds as a single tight-coupled process from which self-regulation of the environment at a habitable state appears as an emergent phenomenon."
		Despite this, in the biological community Gaia Theory was almost wholly rejected, and Earth system science was ignored so far as evolution was concerned.
		Gaia theory is not contrary to Darwin’s great vision; it is like neo-Darwinism, a new look at Darwin’s evolutionary theory.
	www.resurgence.org /resurgence/issues/lovelock211.htm (1562 words)

	Schumacher college - From Gaia Theory to Deep Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The word 'ecology' is used by Western scientists to refer to the branch of biology that examines interactions determining the distribution and abundance of living beings.
		Scientific orthodoxy has rejected the most radical interpretation of Gaia Theory - that it is Gaia herself (the living organism of Earth) that is doing the regulating, for the benefit of life as a whole.
		In Gaia terms, the coccolithophores are therefore a crucial part of a living process which helps cool the whole planet - the clouds reflect the sun's energy away.
	www.schumachercollege.org.uk /articles/college-articles/stephan/fromgaiatheory.html (2056 words)

	Biology Event - Kalamazoo College
		She is best known for her theory of symbiogenesis, which challenges a central tenet of neodarwinism.
		Gaia theory posits that the Earth’s surface interactions among living beings sediment, air, and water have created a vast self-regulating system.
		The Diebold Symposium, sponsored by the Biology Department of Kalamazoo College, is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Frances "Dieb" Diebold (1900-1989), a member of the Kalamazoo College Biology Department for 44 years.
	www.kzoo.edu /biology/news/Margulis.html (510 words)

	Philosophical implications of the Gaia Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gaia theory suggests that, in some sense, the earth is "alive".
		I am of course prejudiced in favor of Gaia and have filled my life for the past twenty-five years with the thought that Earth may be alive: not as the ancients saw her—a sentient Goddess with a purpose and foresight—but alive like a tree.
		Gaia, goddess and earth mother, the Anima Mundi - the "world soul", the idea of "spirit" in things - we have only lost this understanding since Descartes and the coming of objective science.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /esp_gaia07.htm (1839 words)

	Gaia: The Wisdom of the Earth
		The object of this activity is to introduce students to a controversial new theory that offers an explanation for the organization and function of the Earth.
		Activities associated with Gaia include the construction and monitoring of environmental chambers containing plants and other organisms (including simple systems that can be enclosed in plastic bottles), outdoor environmental monitoring and sampling, and population studies with simple organisms such as earthworms, planaria, and pill bugs.
		It is a concept that lends itself to a class or to the curriculum of an entire school.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEPC/WWC/1991/gaia.html (1163 words)

	[WikiEN-l] Anthere's Gaia obsession.
		Actually, between you and I. That is far enough not to add the rest of the world :-) Plus Wapcaplet who had a third opinion, different from mine, and different from yours.
		This is so scary > Anthere has created, or supported the creation of: > > [[Gaia hypothesis]] > [[Gaia theory]] (lower case t) > [[Gaia Theory]] (upper case T) > [[Gaia theory (biology]] > [[Gaia theory (homeostais)]] > (And a few more!) Sure.
		But I really don't think I created this article :-) Gaia theory (biology) was created today, and not by me.
	mail.wikipedia.org /pipermail/wikien-l/2003-June/004199.html (1143 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Category:Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms; how individuals come into existence, and how species evolve; and the interactions they have with each other and with their environment.
		Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often considered independent disciplines many of which are listed below as subcategories.
		For more information, see the article about Biology.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Category:Biology (97 words)

	MSN Encarta - Sidebar - Gaia Theory
		In this Point/Counterpoint Sidebar, scientist James Lovelock presents his case for Gaia theory.
		The theory maintains that Earth is an interrelated system in which living things, together with Earth’s surface and atmosphere, evolve as a single entity.
		Earth scientist James W. Kirchner agrees that life on Earth is part of an interrelated system, but he argues that the factors regulating the environment are more complex than can be accounted for by Gaia theory.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_701616168/Gaia_Theory.html (179 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In this context, the astrophysicist James Lovelock proposed the famous GAIA theory which considers the earth as a living organism.
		Biology by itself is not competent to adjudicate on matters which are philosophical and ethical, such as the status of the human fetus and the use of genetic screening or engineering.
		The outlook of the lawless biology is yet another major concern since the notion of discipline may vanish and that will augment the lawlessness of the twenty-first generation of science students.
	www.csu.edu.au /learning/eubios/EJ55E.html (2189 words)

	The Evolution of Altruism
		Despite the overwhelming success Darwin’s theory has had in explaining a wide variety of natural phenomena, great debate continues over the theory’s application in explaining the evolution of an aspect of animal behavior known as altruism.
		Although the problem of altruism was largely ignored by early evolutionary theory, over the past several decades it has risen to become a central issue in the debate over the level at which natural selection operates - whether that be the level of the gene, individual, kin group, or even an entire population.
		One of the great problems of Darwin’s theory of evolution was its apparent inability to explain the development of sterile worker castes among the social insects.
	endeavor.med.nyu.edu /~strone01/altruism.html (3896 words)

	20th WCP: Biology, Pragmatism and the Question of Contradiction
		Moreover, he rejects Falibilism as an appropriate criterion to appreciate and describe the scientific knowledge because it ignores the biology of the observer and consequently ignores its own object of study - the possibility of the operation of Science.
		He claims that our biology is our condition of possibility, but he does not do that with a transcendental meaning as in Kantian Philosophy.
		Conversely to what is done with the pragmatics' sentences, nobody can say that we are being contradictory at this moment, because even if he or she ignores the terms employed by Maturana, such as his definition of language, he or she could not point a negative self-reference.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/TKno/TKnoGrac.htm (3289 words)

	Earthdance: Foreword
		The Gaia hypothesis, now accorded the status of Gaia theory, is maturing with experience and the tests of time, not unlike the humans of this book.
		This theory sees the evolution of the material environment and the evolution of organisms as tightly coupled into a single and indivisible process or domain.
		Gaia, with its capacity for homeostasis, is an emergent property of this domain.
	www.ratical.org /LifeWeb/Erthdnce/foreword.html (1121 words)

	Gaia \| Bullfrog Films
		A portrait of James Lovelock, originator of the theory that the earth is a living organism.
		The Gaia Hypothesis is one of the most exciting new scientific theories to emerge in the 20th century.
		The Gaia Hypothesis gives us a completely new view of the evolution of the Earth and may well be an incredibly productive tool for studying the complex ecological interrelationships that allow life to exist on our planet.
	www.bullfrogfilms.com /catalog/gaia.html (431 words)

	Biology Daily - Thousands of Articles on Biology
		Biology Daily - Thousands of Articles on Biology
		The science of life and of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.
		The life processes or characteristic phenomena of a group or category of living organisms.
	www.biologydaily.com (48 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Gaian Hypotheses
		Together, these two scientists conceived the Gaia theory, that the interactions of not only all the organisms on Earth but also all of the environments of Earth put together makes the Earth 'alive'.
		This bold claim is explained by saying that these interactions can control the average temperature of the surface, the salinity of the oceans and the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere and keep them constant via a intricate network of negative feedback cycles.
		The moderate Gaia hypothesis is that the Earth behaves as if it were a living organism, but it isn't actually one.
	www.ibiblio.org /astrobiology/index.php?page=planet06 (652 words)

	Second Reading Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An example of this is the “Philosophy of Biology.” This work deals with implications and belief structures based on the empirical evidence provided by biologists.
		As Recsher puts it, “This outcome seems unlikely because theory and fact – philosophy and science – intermingle and interpenetrate in their bearing upon the big philosophical issues that arise within natural science, political philosophy, psychology and other fields,” (35).
		Biologists, psychologists and metaphysicians, at least on the academic level, construct theories in their fields as part of their work.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /morourke/_disc-ss/00000003.htm (646 words)

	awake
		Gaia, as I see her, is no doting mother tolerant of misdemeanours,
		Gaia is 'a self-regulating entity with the capacity
		Gaia theory is as out of tune with the broader humanist world as it is
	www.gaiaguys.net /awake.htm (3485 words)

	MkzdK Earth Alive! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gaia Hypothesis: About one billion years after it's formation, our planet was occupied by a meta-life form which launched an explosion of richly relating diversities we call life forms, transforming the surface of the planet into its own complex dynamical substance.
		All the life forms of the planet are part of Gaia- sharing the same DNA, not only the coding language, but also much of the basic genome across all species.
		That the very makeup of the atmosphere, seas, and even the terrestrial crust is the result of radical interventions carried out by Gaia through the evolving diversity of living creatures, including, ultimately, ourselves.
	www.mkzdk.org /twitcher/gaiacosm.html (1380 words)

	NYU \| Department of Biology \| Faculty \| Tyler Volk
		Most recently, I have been active in what might be called biosphere theory, or Gaia theory (with "biosphere" or "Gaia" defined as the system of atmosphere, ocean, soil, and life).
		Past work in Gaia theory has primarily focused on the state of the global environment that surrounds living things, for example, on the chemistry or temperature of atmosphere or ocean.
		I am exploring how this metric could be useful for biosphere theory, as a way of comparing systems with life across different scales of space, essential nutrients, and evolutionary time.
	www.nyu.edu /fas/dept/biology/faculty/volk (1396 words)

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