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Topic: Gain switching

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	Q-switching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Q is a measure of how much light from the gain medium of the laser is fed back into itself by the resonator.
		Because of the large amount of energy already stored in the gain medium, the intensity of light in the laser resonator builds up very quickly; this also causes the energy stored in the medium to be depleted almost as quickly.
		After the pulse, the absorber recovers to its high-loss state before the gain recovers, so that the next pulse is delayed until the energy in the gain medium is fully replenished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Q-switching (766 words)

	Gain-switching -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Notice the depletion in carrier density during the pulse, and its subsequent rise due to continued current injection giving rise to a smaller secondary pulse.
		Since the pump pulses are of short duration, optical gain is only present in the laser for a short time, which results in a pulsed output.
		The term gain-switching derives from the fact that the optical gain is negative when carrier density or pump intensity in the active region of the device is below threshold, and switches to a positive value when carrier density or the pump intensity exceeds the lasing threshold.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/gain-switching.htm (291 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040092238
		A device comprising: means for conditioning a wireless signal based on a gain state, the gain state being one of a plurality of discrete gain states for conditioning the signal; means for converting the conditioned signal to a digital value; and means for selecting the gain state based on the digital value.
		the gain of amplifier 22 and the gain of mixer 24.
		In that case, the gain states associated with the different gains of the conditioning components of receiver 14 would be implicit in the presence of discrete gain switching.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040092238".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040092238&RS=DN/20040092238 (6551 words)

	LEOT Laser Tutorial - Course 3: Laser Technology - Module 12: Laser Q-Switching - Giant Pulses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Equation 3 is a mathematical expression for gain in the active medium for a laser.
		The physical mechanisms for absorption and gain are the same, and the process that dominates the energy transfer depends upon the relative populations of the two energy states involved.
		This high gain results in a very quick buildup of the light signal in the cavity producing strong stimulated emission and using most of the energy stored in the active medium to produce a single short-duration, high-peak-power pulse.
	repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu /sam/CORD/leot/course03_mod12/mod03-12.html (4980 words)

	Laser Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The gain medium is a material of controlled purity, size, and shape, which uses a quantum mechanical effect called stimulated emission (discovered by Einstein while researching the photoelectric effect) to amplify the beam.
		For a laser to operate, the gain medium must be "pumped" by an external energy source, such as electricity or light (from a classical source such as a flash lamp, or another laser).
		As light circulates through the cavity, passing through the gain medium, if the gain (amplification) in the medium is stronger than the resonator losses, the power of the circulating light can rise exponentially.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Laser (3602 words)

	H2G2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Gain switching is a process where the gain of the laser is switched low, then high, then low again and so on.
		The laser generates spikes just after the gain is switched high [The 'just after' comes in because the laser takes a finite time to react to the extra gain.
		A simple method of switching the gain is to switch the pump system on and off [For more on pumping, see the entry on Lasers.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/pda/A897609?s_id=5 (192 words)

	Gain Switching
		Ideally, the gain switch would have occurred in a single discrete jump at the voltage threshold.
		A possible cause of the problematic gain switching was a time jitter in the pulses from the calibration pulser, as illustrated in Figure
		The dynamic range of the bi-gain system was taken to be that of the low gain system with the understanding that prior to the gain switch the resolution would be slightly worse.
	www.phys.ualberta.ca /~buchanan/thesis/node54.html (766 words)

	EE216 January 26, 2000
		The gain error is defined as the ratio of output voltage to input voltage in the sample mode expressed as a percent difference.
		The switching offset voltage is the change in voltage on the holding capacitor caused by charge loss or gain during switching.
		When the S/H is switched to the hold mode, the output is held and is not influenced by the input.
	www.ece.rochester.edu /users/derefink/ece16p2.html (2384 words)

	Laser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		If the light is circulating through the medium by means of a cavity resonator, and the gain (amplification) in the medium is stronger than the resonator losses, the power of the circulating light can rise exponentially.
		An unforeseen discovery counter to expected and long-held laser properties, lasing without maintaining the medium excited into a population inversion, was discovered in sodium gas in 1992 and again in 1995 each in sodium and rubidium gas by various international teams.
		gain medium through which the laser passes, it is not the laser beam itself which is visible there.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Laser.htm (2146 words)

	Page 3 of Electronic circuit schematic for audio amplifiers, free on the Internet.
		The gain for the main amp should be set at about 3 or 4 to minimize the probability of clipping by the preamp.
		With electronic switching, the input capacitors are moved ahead of all of the switches, so the voltage is centered at ground level before going through the switches.
		In the 10W amplifier which used digital switching, all of the switching circuits were put on a lower board; and only the op amps and current amplifiers were put on the upper board.
	nov55.com /amr/amf3.htm (2734 words)

	USGS Landsat Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Switching the gains in Band 6 is not a simple matter of substituting Format 1 for Format 2.
		Essentially, by switching the gain states two new bands were created, both of an intermediate gain between High and Low, and both of which were unstudied and uncalibrated at the time of the event.
		The gain states for the Band 6 data are correctly marked in the L0R metadata.
	landsat.usgs.gov /investigations/b6glitch.html (386 words)

	[No title]
		Gain switching will be necessary to accommodate the large signal range of the Ring and RTBT.
		Fast electronic switches are available which would permit gain changes during the gap time, however, the transient caused by the gain change and any signal filtering could increase the settling time thereby corrupting data during the next turn.
		By proper adjustment of the gain, via the inverting amplifier and the choice of gain in the summing stage, a voltage exactly opposite in amplitude to the output offset is added to the input signal.
	www.bnl.gov /cad/sns/diagnostics/Bcm/BIW2000SNSBCMfinal.doc (2968 words)

	p-n Junctions
		The confinement factor is defined as the ratio of the modal gain to the gain in the active medium at the wavelength of interest:
		The normalized gain spectrum is shown in Figure 4.10.4 for different values of the carrier density.
		Initially, the gain peak is linear with carrier concentration but saturates because of the constant density of states, until the gain peak associated with the second quantized level takes over.
	ece-www.colorado.edu /~bart/book/book/chapter4/ch4_10.htm (2434 words)

	elop_manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Use this switch to verify that the limiting is not messing up the original sound but enhancing it or at least levelling the volume.
		Switch to OUTPUT to show the output level as a conventional VU meter.
		This upper limit of reduction is in the area of 20 dB or at the bottom of the GR meter where the ratio becomes low again but this would be a severe setting that few engineers could use.
	www.manleylabs.com /techpage/elop_manual.html (2793 words)

	Encyclopedia: Laser
		In etymology, the process of back-formation is the creation of a neologism by reinterpreting an earlier word as a compound and removing the spuriously supposed affixes.
		The pump energy is absorbed by the laser medium to produce excited states in the medium.
		The glowing ray in the middle is an electric discharge producing light in much the same way as a neon light; though it is the gain medium through which the laser passes, it is not the laser beam itself which is visible there.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Laser (9249 words)

	Pump-probe switching in gain-switched lasers
		We report a novel pump-probe switching phenomenon exhib-ited by gain-switched vibronic lasers under dual pulse excitation.
		A spatio-temporal rate equation model reveals the mechanismresponsible, and predicts observations of pump-probe switching in a Cr:forsterite laser under pulsed 1064nm excitation.
		The sensitivity of this energy storage-extraction process to the pump and probe fluences and their temporal separation is investigated for switching in the nanosecond and microsecond excitation regimes.
	www.opticsexpress.org /abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-3-8-298 (361 words)

	Power Supply Design: Duty Cycle and DC Gain
		The sum of the on-time and off-time is the period (T), which is also the reciprocal of the switching frequency (f).
		D is often used to describe the DC Gain of a switching-mode power supply.
		DC Gain in switching-mode power supplies is defined as the (output voltage)/(input voltage) and is often described in terms of the duty cycle D and 1-D. D' is sometimes used for 1-D. For example, the DC Gain of a buck-boost converter would be expressed as D/(1-D) or D/D'.
	www.smpstech.com /mtblog/duty_cycle_and_dc_gain.html (289 words)

	AG 2000 Installation and Developer's Manual (9000-60002-14): AG 2000 Configuration Parameters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The AG 2000 supports input and output gain configuration on network voice ports (timeslots) from -6 dB to +6 dB in one dB increments.
		Input gain is applied to the signal received from the network.
		The default value for both input line gain and output line gain on the AG 2000 loop start board is nominal 0 dB.
	www.nmscommunications.com /manuals/60002-14/chap6.htm (728 words)

	Product Folder : PGA2500 - Gain Range: 0dB, and 10dB to 65dB in 1dB steps
		The wide gain range allows the PGA2500 to be used with a variety of microphones.
		Gain settings and internal functions are programmed using a 16-bit control word, which is loaded using a simple serial port interface.
		Four programmable digital outputs are provided for controlling the external switching of input pads, phantom power, high pass filters, and polarity reversal functions.
	focus.ti.com /docs/prod/folders/print/pga2500.html (487 words)

	Analog Switches Turn On
		Due to the lack of a GND pin, the switching point of the digital input is referenced predominantly to V+.
		External MOSFET switches are driven by a 6V gate-drive circuit to minimize switching and crossover conduction losses and to achieve efficiency as high as 90%.
		The high-side switch on-time is inversely proportional to the voltage applied to V
	powerelectronics.com /mag/power_analog_switches_turn (1201 words)

	EDN -- 11.09.95 circuit provides inverting/noninverting gain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The amplifier in Figure 1a is a well-known circuit that provides voltage gain of +1 or –1, depending on the logic voltage (0 or 5V) you apply to the MOSFET gate.
		You need a driving source with low output impedance, and the input impedance of the circuit is different for the two states.
		In Figure 1b, the chosen resistor values yield gains of ±2.
	www.edn.com /archives/1995/110995/23di7.htm (152 words)

	Early dietary experience influences ontogeny of intestine in response to dietary lipid changes in later life -- ...
		The highest body weight gain (g/day) in suckling rats was achieved with feeding dams the low n-6/n-3 diet (Table 2).
		Switching from the AA to the high n-6/n-3 diet increased jejunal and ileal fructose, whereas switching to the DHA diet decreased
		The lipid composition of the fatty acids in the triglycerides of the amniotic fluid was not influenced by the lipid composition
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/2/G250 (5237 words)

	Multiplexing and Gain Switching
		For the circuit corresponding to the high gain signals the S/Hs following this amplifier held the signals (one for each channel) while a comparator compared the signals to a fixed voltage (4.0 V) for the purpose of gain selection.
		The low gain circuit did not contain the gain comparison as only one of the gains was required for the gain selection process for a two gain system.
		The switch at E was used to select the appropriate gain from either SCA, corresponding either to the high gain or low gain signals.
	www.phys.ualberta.ca /~buchanan/thesis/node31.html (442 words)

	Sabre
		There are two completely separate channels, each featuring Gain, Bass, Middle, Treble, and Master controls, with a common Presence control, as well as two separate effects loops allowing individual effects to be used for each channel.
		There is also a bright switch for channel 1, a channel select switch, a gain boost switch for channel 2 (footswitchable), and a red and green LED to indicate which channel is active.
		Rear panel controls/connections: AC mains input, international voltage selector switch allowing operation at 100V/120V/200V/220V/230V/240V 50/60Hz, impedance selector switch for 4, 8, or 16 ohm operation, two 1/4" speaker jacks, and a footswitch jack to control the channel-switching and channel 2 gain boost functions.
	www.aikenamps.com /Sabre_MKII.html (447 words)

	Compact Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The difference between the counting efficiency that occurs when the gain is "clipped" can be so great, that a large discrepancy occurs and inaccuracies in the count statistics may be introduced.
		Changing the gain substantially can cause ill effects on the PMT and may create big problems in low count rate sample results.
		Changing the detector gain "on the fly" may induce this effect.
	www.labtechinc.com /productsservices/acculyte10/dynamicrange.htm (358 words)

	Head-Fi (Headphone Hi-Fi and Portable Audio) - Grace m902 Initial Impressions
		I guess the switching is to keep the noise levels down for the lower dBL levels.
		Otherwise, hitting the gain switch in the 901 adds noise, but only because it is increasing the gain across the board.
		The clicking doesn't bother me, funny thing is that I'll bet they chose to have HI gain mode (switching resistors?) kick at higher volumes rather than simply two levels of gain like the 901.
	www.head-fi.org /forums/printthread.php?t=100991 (2857 words)

	LEOS 2000 Main Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Using the measured gain and spontaneous emission spectra we determine the performance of InGaAs quantum dot lasers in the ideal limit of purely radiative recombination.
		Switching delays of 4-10 ns were measured when driving the back grating section current for jumps spanning one to six modes.
		The polarization switching bandwidth and the width of the bistability loop are linearly increasing with the injection power at lower injection power and saturate at higher injection powers.
	www.ieee.org /organizations/society/leos/LEOSCONF/LEO/l2sl.html (4448 words)

	DBL: Musings: The end of innocence
		Yes, the Fenders have less gain than the Boogies.
		The right balance changes from song to song, and depends upon what the rest of the band is doing.
		The trick is to set up your amp to get a good lead sound with your guitar wide open and really digging in with your picking hand.
	psg.com /~dlamkins/Articles/end-of-innocence.php?cat=musings (676 words)

	AG 2000 Installation and Developer's Manual (6498-13): AG 2000 Configuration Parameters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Local device configuration on the AG 2000 board is controlled by the CT Access Switching service.
		The Switching service provides generic API functions for accessing device configuration parameters defined by the underlying hardware and device driver.
		Refer to the AG 2000 switch model presented in Section 5.2.
	www.nmscommunications.com /manuals/6498-13/chap6.htm (745 words)

	Model 540 - Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Important features of the Model 540 are its high data output rate and the offset and gain switching capabilities.
		Gain switching to increase the gain by 1, 10, or 100 is also activated via the serial port.
		The noise level of the system (in 100X gain mode) is 0.5nT.
	www.appliedphysics.com /540_D.html (294 words)

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