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Topic: Gakkel Ridge

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	Gakkel Ridge -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Gakkel Ridge is the slowest spreading ridge on earth.
		Until 1999, when scientists, operating from a nuclear submarine, discovered active volcanos along this ridge, the Gakkel Ridge was believed to be non-volcanic.
		In 2001 two research icebreakers, the German (additional info and facts about Polarstern) Polarstern and the US (additional info and facts about Healy) Healy, with several groups of scientists, were sent to the Gakkel Ridge to explore the ridge and to collect petrological samples.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/gakkel_ridge.htm (123 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gakkel Ridge extends eastward into the Laptev Margin where Russian scientists are studying volcanism produced by the ridge at the De Long archipelago.
		Concurrently, scientists from Germany and the United States are studying the petrology, geochemistry hydrothermal activity and tectonics of western Gakkel Ridge using data and samples from the international Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition (AMORE) of 2001 and the 1998-99 U.S. SCICEX submarine cruise.
		The recent explorations of the western Gakkel Ridge and Laptev Sea show that this ridge is very active hydrothermally, with the potential that there may be large massive sulphide deposits and long-lived hot springs up and down its length.
	www.ipy.org /development/eoi/details.php?id=319 (1249 words)

	The University of Tulsa >> News/Events/Publications
		He is one of the main authors of the Nature paper, titled "Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Artic Ocean." The principal author is H. Edmonds with the University of Texas Marine Science Institute.
		The vents — evidence that the ridge is volcanically active — are chimney-like structures composed of deposits of precipitated sulfide minerals that have been dissolved from the ocean crust by seawater that has been heated to some 400 degrees Celsius by molten rock.
		For Gakkel Ridge, the seafloor spreading rate is about one centimeter per year, the slowest on Earth, compared to other ridges that spread at up to 20 centimeters per year.
	www.utulsa.edu /news/article.asp?Key=805 (551 words)

	Columbia News ::: Evidence of Recent Volcanic Activity Found along the Slow Spreading Gakkel Ridge
		A team of researchers from Columbia, the University of Hawaii at Manoa and Tulane collected data along the Gakkel Ridge, the Earth's slowest spreading MOR, which was thought to be non-volcanic.
		Bathymetric data and sidescan images of the ultra-slow spreading (approximately one centimeter per year) eastern Gakkel Ridge depict two young volcanoes covering approximately 447 square miles of the seafloor.
		Three profiles across the axis of Gakkel Ridge depict a central high on the axial valley floor that may be a constructional ridge similar to those observed on the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/01/03/gakkel.html (795 words)

	Scientists Excited by Arctic Ocean Ridge Finds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The ridge is a volcanically active mountain range, 52,000 miles (84,000 kilometers) long, that runs beneath the North and South Atlantic Oceans, the Arctic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific.
		The Gakkel Ridge is the deepest and most remote portion of the global mid-ocean ridge system.
		The Gakkel Ridge is the slowest spreading ridge in the world, spreading at a rate of one centimeter (less than half an inch) a year.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2001/11/1129_icebreaker.html (686 words)

	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Gakkel Ridge poses unique scientific opportunities as the slowest-moving ridge on earth, and as a result scientists expect this expedition to yield discoveries of rocks that have never been seen before.
		Ridges are the elevated boundaries—like underwater mountain ranges — between the Earth's tectonic plates.
		"Ridges that spread at the slowest end have not been able to be investigated," said Charles Langmuir, Arthur Storke Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /news/2001/09-06-01_gakkel_ridge.htm (793 words)

	East Gakkel Ridge Volcanoes - John Seach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gakkel Ridge is one of the least explored places on our world.
		It is the deepest and most remote mid-ocean ridge on our planet - a place where the sea floor is being pushed apart by upwellings of magma from inside the Earth.
		Gakkel Ridge, however, expands very slowly - at less than one centimetre a year.
	www.volcanolive.com /gakkel.html (131 words)

	ARK XVII-2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The volcanoes on the mid-ocean ridges are normally underlain by magma chambers, reservoirs filled with melt and crystals in which melts from the mantle are collected and mixed with one another before eruption.
		Sampling of the Gakkel Ridge should therefore provide a view deep into the Earth´s interior, irrespective of whether the seafloor is composed of basalts or mantle rocks.
		To achieve a consistent geophysical/petrological model for the ultra-slow Gakkel Ridge sufficient information on the crustal thickness and the composition of the upper mantle beneath the rift valley and its flanks is required.
	www.palmod.uni-bremen.de /FB5/Ozeankruste/DeRidge/ARK_XVII_2.html (1195 words)

	Geological Society - News - No hole at the Pole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Through the central fissures of the Mid Ocean Ridges magma forms in the earth's mantle and extrudes on to the sea floor, thus forming new oceanic crust.
		The Gakkel Ridge, situated in the central part of the eastern north Polar Sea forms the most northerly boundary between Eurasia and North America.
		The Gakkel Ridge is the ideal place to test present models of global sea floor spreading on ultra slow ridges, says Dr. Wilfried Jokat (AWI).
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Gakkel (1179 words)

	Geological Society - News - AMORE learns to love the Gakkel Ridge
		Because the southern end of the ridge is spreading relatively quickly and the northern end extremely slowly, the researchers expected volcanic activity to gradually die out as they sailed north.
		AMORE mapped and sampled the Gakkel Ridge which, extends 1100 miles from north of Greenland to Siberia, all of it beneath the Arctic ice cap.
		The ridge is the deepest and most remote portion of the global mid-ocean ridge system, where new ocean crust is continuously created as seafloor spreading takes place through volcanic activity.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Gakkel2 (766 words)

	Seismic Arctic Earthquakes G.P. Avetisov.
		This is confirmed by geomorphological characteristics of ridges as well: their narrowness (not more than 200-250 km), drastic rising over adjacent abyssal (500-1500 m), and existence along nearly the entire length of the ridges of a narrow (1-5 to 10-30 km) and deep rift valley.
		In contrast to near equator area of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the combination of transform and rifting mode takes place, but their activity is laterally spread (partial alternation of transform faults and displaced fragments of the ridge), in the area of the Knipovich Ridge each element of the lithosphere is involved in the complex movement.
		The former is a high level of activity of the Mohns and Kolbeinsey ridges in comparison with the Gakkel Ridge, and maximum levels of activity of the Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen fracture zones.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/avetisov/CHAP5.htm (13481 words)

	Arctic Gakkel Ridge eruption reveals magma from Earth's mantle
		Even better is discovering that the USS Hawkbill, a submarine equipped with scientific mapping tools, just happened to have passed by at the same time and recorded the event while the scientists on board were completely unaware of the eruption.
		Gakkel Ridge, the slowest spreading ridge in the world, is located in the Arctic Basin.
		Tolstoy happened to discover the Gakkel eruptions in the summer of 1999 when she was looking at Arctic seismic data for a hydroacoustic monitoring project.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-12/gsoa-agr120301.php (637 words)

	News Release 01/2003: Marine scientists discover first hydrothermal vents in Arctic Ocean
		About half as many vents were expected to be found along the Gakkel Ridge, an underwater volcanic mountain chain that snakes for 1,100 miles from north of Greenland to Siberia.
		Because the Gakkel Ridge is isolated from its counterparts in other oceans, these new Arctic ecosystems also likely contain previously unidentified organisms, which Edmonds and other scientists hope to discover during future expeditions.
		The Gakkel Ridge, which is the slowest spreading of all mid-ocean ridges, was expected to have about four vents based on a previous theory.
	www.utexas.edu /opa/news/03newsreleases/nr_200301/nr_edmonds030115.html (938 words)

	The Gakkel Ridge: Bathymetry, gravity anomalies, and crustal accretion at extremely slow spreading rates
		Swath bathymetry and gravity data for an 850 km long section of the Gakkel Ridge from 5°E to 97°E were obtained from the U.S. Navy submarine USS Hawkbill.
		Abundant small-scale volcanism characteristic of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is absent.
		Changes in ridge trend at 32°E and 63°E are associated with a set of bathymetric features that are very similar to each other and to inside/outside corner complexes observed at the MAR including highstanding “inside corner” ridges, which gravity data show to be of tectonic rather than magmatic origin.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JB001830.shtml (528 words)

	Max Planck Society - Press Release
		The Gakkel ridge is a gigantic volcanic mountain chain stretching beneath the Arctic Ocean.
		Instead, surprisingly strong magmatic activity in the West and the East of the ridge and one of the strongest hydrothermal activities ever seen at mid-ocean ridges were found.
		It is the northernmost portion of the mid-ocean ridge system, the global 75,000 kilometer long volcanic chain where the ocean crust is generated by erupting magma.
	www.mpg.de /english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2003/pressRelease20030718 (782 words)

	Newswise
		Their focus will be the Gakkel Ridge, three miles beneath the ocean surface, the slowest spreading ridge on earth.
		Energy is transferred along the ridges from the earth's interior to the surface, helping the planet cool itself but also resulting in volcanic activity and the formation of hydrothermal vents with their exotic marine life.
		The Gakkel Ridge is an ultra slow spreading ridge, meaning it is spreading less than one centimeter a year, as compared to the fastest spreading ridges in the Pacific Ocean, which spread 20 times faster, or about as fast as your fingernails grow.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=GAKKEL.WHO (1080 words)

	WHOI : Publications : Currents Vol. 10 No. 3 : Rewriting the Story of Earth's Formation...Slowly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dick believed a similar process was at work in the Gakkel Ridge, but studying the seafloor three miles beneath the ice cap of the Arctic Ocean was a challenge.
		They proved that Gakkel Ridge is volcanically active, but also found that the ridge spreads so slowly that large chunks of Earth's mantle, instead of volcanic magma, are deposited directly onto the seafloor.
		In fast-spreading and even slow-spreading ridges, magma rises to the seafloor through submarine volcanoes and fractures in the crust, filling in the gaps as the plates move apart.
	www.whoi.edu /home/about/currents10_no3_earthformation.html (848 words)

	[No title]
		The new results, which come from a study of the Gakkel Ridge, one of the slowest spreading ridges on Earth, have broad implications for the understanding of the globe-encircling mid-ocean ridge system where melting of the underlying mantle creates the ocean floor.
		The researchers obtained high-resolution, well-navigated maps of the entire portion of the ridge, collected thousands of samples by dredging the sea floor, explored for regional anomalies in the water column that would indicate the amount and location of deep hydrothermal vents surrounded by ecosystems that thrive in the absence of sunlight.
		Based on the picture the Gakkel data painted, factors other than spreading rate must be taken into account when characterising the likelihood of a given area's volcanic activity.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003072400050200.htm&date=2003/07/24/&prd=seta& (494 words)

	Newswise
		The mid-ocean ridge is where the Earth's crust is continually created by seafloor spreading, says Michael.
		Gakkel Ridge is special because its seafloor spreading rate is about one centimeter per year, the slowest on earth, compared to other ridges that spread at up to 18 centimeters per year.
		Scientists previously thought there was little volcanic activity along Gakkel Ridge, but in the summer of 1999 a submarine hydrophone detected possible volcanic activity near the east end of the ridge.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=POLAR.TUL (953 words)

	Geology Speaker - Langmuir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Gakkel Ridge is particularly important to study because it is the slowest spreading ridge of the global mid-ocean ridge system, and many hypotheses can be uniquely tested there.
		Abundant fresh volcanic rock samples were collected, which permitted testing of numerous hypotheses of ocean ridge formation, and to the surprise of all participants, there was abundant evidence of hydrothermal activity.
		The Ridge 2000 Program is funded by the National Science Foundation to study mid-ocean ridge processes and gain a comprehensive, integrated understanding of the relationships that support life at the bottom of the oceans where tectonic plates spread and planetary renewal occurs.
	www.wwu.edu /depts/scholars/langmuirgeol.html (326 words)

	TEA: Tea_adamsfrontpage
		Gakkel Ridge is a very special part of the global mid-ocean ridge system, which is the plate tectonic boundary where ocean crust is created.
		It is the slowest spreading mid-ocean ridge, its basaltic crust is extremely thin, and it has an exceptionally deep and straight rift axis.
		There is recent volcanic activity at 90°E on Gakkel Ridge, and there may be hydrothermal vents there.
	tea.armadaproject.org /tea_adamsfrontpage.html (617 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hydroacoustic techniques have been applied very successfully in the northeast Pacific, where thousands of mid-ocean ridge tectonic and volcanic episodes, too small to be detected by local land seismic stations in the Pacific northwest, have been detected and localized with hydrophone data, including the first ever real-time seismic data from seafloor spreading events.
		The Gakkel Ridge is an enigmatic feature with an apparent lack of transform offsets, anomalously large free-water gravity anomalies, and the slowest spreading plate boundary in the world.
		Because the deployment of local seismic arrays on the Gakkel Ridge is logistically difficult and expensive, hydroacoustic techniques may provide the most cost-effective means to study this region.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/O_D/OPP.O_D.a9813140.txt (450 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 1081)
		Hydrothermal vents, first discovered in 1976 on the Galapagos Ridge in the Pacific Ocean, are seafloor hot springs found along the 30,000 miles of global mid-ocean ridge that forms the Earth’s largest volcano.
		During a side-by-side expedition of the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Healy and the German Polastern icebreakers, which were conducting petrological sampling and geophysical surveys along the ridge in 2001, the scientists deployed MAPRs on all dredges and rock cores.
		Baker and his colleagues suggest that since the Gakkel Ridge is not connected to other parts of the mid-ocean ridge system south of Iceland, it is likely that new species of vent marine life await discovery.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories/s1081.htm (603 words)

	Scientific American: Scientific Cruise Yields Wealth of Information about Arctic Seafloor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Gakkel Ridge extends 1,100 miles from north of Greenland to Siberia and is the deepest and most remote mid-ocean ridge.
		New ocean crust is created at mid-ocean ridges as the seafloor spreads apart and melted magma from the earth's mantle reaches the surface.
		The Gakkel Ridge is one of the slowest spreading mid-ocean ridges and, as such, was not expected to contain many of the deep-sea hot springs that host abundant life on the seafloor.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00015177-1DC5-1C68-B882809EC588ED9F (353 words)

	Gakkel Ridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Gakkel Ridge (GR) basalts are fairly primitive, with high MgO and Ni (i.e., mg > 70, MgO > 9 wt%, Ni > 165 ppm).
		During the ARCTIC ´91 expedition aboard RV ´Polarstern´; (ARK VIII/3) to the Central Arctic Ocean, a box corer sample on the Gakkel Ridge at 87° N and 60° E yielded a layer of sand-sized dark-brown volcanic glass shards at the surface of the sediment core.
		Mühe, R., Devey, C.W. and Bohrmann, H. Isotope and trace element geochemistry of MORB from the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge at 86° North.
	www.palmod.uni-bremen.de /FB5/Ozeankruste/DeRidge/Gakkel.html (796 words)

	GEBCO (1979) and IBCAO (2000) maps, selective comparisons
		The Gakkel Ridge is a spreading ridge that separates the Nansen and Amundsen Basins.
		Measuring about 1700 km in length, the Lomonosov Ridge is considered to be of continental origin, a sliver that was separated from the Kara and Barents shelves and transported to its present position by sea-floor spreading (e.g., Sweeney et al., 1982; Kristoffersen, 1990).
		On the GEBCO map, the Lomonosov Ridge is a continuous feature that extends from the continental shelf off Ellesmere Island towards the North Pole, where it changes direction slightly and continues along the 140°E meridian to the continental shelf off the New Siberian Islands.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/bathymetry/arctic/ibcao_gebco_comp.html (1154 words)

	MBARI - Research
		The nature of hydrothermal circulation along the Gakkel Ridge in the eastern Arctic Basin is presently unknown, but the limited data acquired to date is enigmatic.
		Thermal and particulate signatures indicative of hydrothermal fluids were found in nearly 80% of the CTD casts from the recent AMORE expedition to the ridge, an astonishing number considering that hydrothermal activity is generally expected to decrease as the spreading rate, and hence thermal structure, of a ridge decreases.
		Vent fauna on the Gakkel Ridge constitute the last major piece of the global biogeographic puzzle, with implications that extend beyond domain characterization.
	www.mbari.org /rd/ArcticInstrumentationWorkshop/AbstractsPresentation/Reves-Sohn-Abstract.htm (388 words)

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