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Topic: Galapagos Finches

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	Darwin's Finches - Page 2
		What makes Darwin's finches so difficult to identify is the variability of their beaks (which can sometimes be exacerbated by interbreeding) and the fact that the beak of one species may overlap into the range of another.
		Finch #2 is definitely a large ground finch because I photographed it on Genovesa.
		Finch #4 is definitely a small ground finch because I photographed it on Espanola.
	www.rit.edu /~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch2.html (962 words)

	finches.html
		All these birds proved to be finches, a cluster of species closely related to one another and all resembling the finches of the South American mainland.
		The simplest explaination, Darwin thought, was that a single ancestor species of finch had migrated to the islands in the past, flying across the ocean from South America..
		At the base of the tree, the ancestor to all the other finches, is a pointy-beaked warbler finch, Certhidea olivacea, with DNA very similar to warbler finches on Ecuador, 900 km away.
	www.txtwriter.com /Onscience/Articles/finches.html (848 words)

	Virtual Galápagos: Wildlife - Darwin's Finches
		The Sharp-beaked finch (Geospiza nebulosa) of the humid highlands of the central and western islands is highly endangered, unfortunately since some ornithologists believe it may be the closest to the ancestral form of all Darwin's finches.
		The Small ground finch (G. fuliginosa) is wide-spread throughout the archipelago except Genovesa and the smaller islands of the northwest, Darwin (Wenman) or Wolf; the Medium ground finch (G. fortis) is also not present on these smaller islands, Genovesa or Española (where it may be extinct).
		Both finches are found on the large prickly pear cactus of the Galápagos, eating the small insects in the flowers or the fruit itelf.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /~kpt/terraquest/galapagos/wildlife/island/finch.html (1327 words)

	Galapagos finches sing different mating songs due to evolutionary diversification of beaks, says UMass biologist
		Darwin's finches are a textbook example of what scientists call "adaptive radiation," in which a group of closely related species diversifies to exploit a wide range of habitats, Podos says.
		These food sources are diverse across the Galapagos Archipelago, and the finches have evolved an impressive array of beaks." Finches that live in the Galapagos lowlands, for example, have evolved large beaks, which are useful in cracking open the hard seeds that make up their diet.
		Charles Darwin explored the animals and plants of the Galapagos Islands in the 1830s, and based on his observations, was the first scientist to suggest that species evolve and diversify from common ancestors.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-01/UoMa-Gfsd-0901101.php (536 words)

	Darwin's Finches
		Among the Darwin's finches, there is general agreement as to the existence of 13 Galapagos species, although there may be one or two more or one or two less, depending on how one assesses several unusual populations.
		the ground finches (Geospiza), the tree finches (Camarhynchus), the warbler finch (Certhidea) and the Cocos finch (Pinaroloxias).
		As a group, the tree finches are more heterogeneous than the ground finches and it is current practice to subdivide the tree finches into three genera: Camarhynchus (the tree finches), Platyspiza (the vegetarian finch) and Cactospiza (the woodpecker and mangrove finches).
	www.rit.edu /~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.html (677 words)

	Darwin's Finches
		Although Darwin did not realize the significance of the finches until after Gould pointed it out to him in 1837, he then noted that the different species of finches were island-specific like the other Galápagos animals and suggested that they too were descendants of a mainland ancestor.
		The finches, then, did play a role in the formulation of Darwin's theory and they became an important part of his evidence for the role of natural selection in evolution; they were not a "speculative afterthought" as Wells claims.
		They have documented that the size of the finch beaks is correlated to the relative rainfall on the island, and thus to the abundance and hardness of the food.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon7finches.html (2041 words)

	Jonathan Wells and Darwin's Finches
		As we have seen, the finches of the Galapagos did play a part in guiding his thinking on a crucial aspect of his theory at a critical early point, and certainly long before 1845.
		Difference in finch beaks are correlated with different food sources and the birds are scattered among the various islands(though it is not the case that each island has its own species).
		He also knows that reproductive isolation in the finches on the Galapagos is primarily of the prezygotic type, because his sources by the Grants emphasize it over and over.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/wells/finches.html (2241 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Darwin's finches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		DARWIN'S FINCHES [Darwin's finches] or Galapagos finches, species of small finches, constituting the subfamily Geospizinae of the finch family.
		Darwin proposed that the Galapagos finches evolved on the islands from a single species of finch from mainland South America.
		Pollen digestion by Darwin's finches and its importance for early breeding.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/D/Darwinsf.asp (421 words)

	Entertainment - Home Page
		Bowman, Robert I. Morphological Differentiation and Adaptation in the Galapagos Finches.
		To the South Seas: The Cruise of the Schooner Mary Pinchot to the Galapagos, the Marquesas, the Tuamotu Islands, and Tahiti.
		This book conveys the feel of the Galapagos like no other and is a collection of what are generally considered to be the most beautiful photographs ever taken of the islands, accompanied by a sensitively written text.
	www.webpages.uidaho.edu /~walt0988/Galapagos.html (1167 words)

	Go2 Galapagos \| Darwin Finches
		Basically all Darwin finches come from one descendant who was the one who arrived to the islands, thousands of years ago, and became part of natural evolution.
		By the time Darwin arrived to Galapagos, finches were already different from one island to another, not only their finches where different, but their whole behavior.
		There is one very rare case in which, one of the finches species learned to use a little stick to drive the larvae out of their natural home inside a cactus plant.
	www.go2galapagos.com /articles/article_darwin_finches_6jan02.html (323 words)

	Galapagos Direct Operator
		Galasam Galapagos Tours with more of 25 years of experience is proud to present our fleet of 6 vessels that hold different capacities from 10 to 16 passengers, that are perfectly suited for the Islands.
		Darwin's finches or Galapagos finches are species of small finches, constituting the subfamily Geospizinae of the finch family.
		The Galapagos finches special adaptation to various habitats were important evidence considered by Charles Darwin in formulating the theory of evolution; they are a striking example of adaptive radiation.
	www.galapagos-islands.com /galapagosanimals/galapagos_finches.html (246 words)

	Galapagos
		In 1831, Charles Darwin sailed to the Galapagos Islands in the HMS Beagle.
		The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus californianus wollebacki) is found in the Galapagos Archipelago where it is one of the most conspicuous and numerous marine mammals.
		The plants of lowland Galapagos are closely related to those of the semi-desert area bordering the Gulf of Guayaquil in southern Ecuador and northern Peru.
	www.cruisesingalapagos.com /galapagosislands (6683 words)

	Geological Society - News - Darwin's finches evolve a different song
		The courting songs of Galapagos finches may be shaped by the evolutionary diversification of their beaks.
		Darwin's finches (left, in his original illustration) are a textbook example of what scientists call "adaptive radiation," in which a group of closely related species diversifies to exploit a wide range of habitats, Podos says.
		Charles Darwin (left) explored the animals and plants of the Galapagos Islands in the 1830s, and based on his observations, was the first scientist to suggest that species evolve and diversify from common ancestors.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Finches (462 words)

	Darwin's finches, the beak of the finch,galapagos finches,charles darwin,hms beagle,natural selection,evolution in real ...
		All these species are believed to be descendants of an ancestral finch species and to have diverged in character to inhabit the different ecological niches available in the islands, which are very remote, some 600 miles from Ecuador, and thus provide an undisturbed natural laboratory.
		For if all the finches on the Galapagos are merely members of the same species, then there is no meaningful sense in which they can be held up as an example of 'evolution in real time'.
		Not only did the finches in question mate successfully, their offspring proved to be among the most fertile that the Grants recorded during their twenty years on the islands.
	www.alternativescience.com /darwin's_finches.htm (1426 words)

	Evolution: Library: Finch Beak Data Sheet
		For the finches, body size and the size and shape of their beaks are traits that vary in adapting to environmental niches or changes in those niches.
		The big-beaked finches just happened to be the ones favored by the particular set of conditions Nature imposed that year.
		The Grants found that the offspring of the birds that survived the 1977 drought tended to be larger, with bigger beaks.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_01.html (488 words)

	CarlZimmer.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Ground finches have blunt beaks that are well suited for cracking small seeds of perennials, and larger individuals can break open the harder, larger seeds of a plant called the caltrop.
		Ground finches with small beaks were more efficient at eating the new seeds and had more offspring, shrinking the average beak by 2.5% within a few years.
		The reason, the Grants found, is that cactus finches have been fraternizing with ground finches--and the latter's genes are shaping the former's beaks.
	www.carlzimmer.com /articles/2002/articles_2002_4.html (903 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Nature
		INCHES belonging to Emberizidae family are not true finches, but since they have the shape and size of the bird along with the conical bill, they are called finches.
		On the island he noticed that Galapagos finches looked very similar except their beaks which had a variety of shapes and sizes.
		Another notable bird among the Galapagos finches is woodpecker finch which is perhaps the most famous of all the tool-using animals, and the first to be studied carefully.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2000/20000305/spectrum/nature.htm (675 words)

	Past and present ornithology in Galápagos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Conservation of the mangrove finch, the rarest of the Darwin's finches
		The process includes the protection of the known mangrove finch habitats, the location of other populations, control of introduced animals (rats, cats, anis, and wasps), and a study of the survival and reproduction of the bird, with particular attention given to impacts of introduced animals.
		It is possible that the distribution of the mangrove finch may be limited by the quality of the mangrove patches.
	www.darwinfoundation.org /articles/br15049807.html (4795 words)

	Galapagos finches
		Darwin's voyage on HMS Beagle, and the finches in particular, are known to have influenced his thinking so that he would later produce a basic theory of evolution by natural selection.
		Exceptions are made for the Vegetarian and Tree Finches the males never become completely fl rather they have a fl head, neck and upper breast.
		Darwin's finches look very similar; it is the variations in beak structure which set them apart.
	www.darwinadventure.com /galapagos-darwin-finches.htm (284 words)

	AMAZING DARWIN'S FINCHES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Darwin clued in on the size and shape of the 13 species of Galapagos finches to explain his astounding theory of evolution, which resulted in his furor-raising classic, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (published in 1859).
		The Darwin finches show how "bill adept" they can be by extracting the pulp from a prickly pear cactus (cactus ground finch, geospiza scandens) using their long, slender bills.
		Nicknamed the "carpenter finch" the bird uses twigs to dislodge grubs or insects from trees.
	www.travel-travel-travel.com /out/archives/16/DARWINS_FINCHES.htm (845 words)

	Beaks of Finches Lab Practice Quiz
		The medium ground finch is found on several of the Galapagos Islands.
		Medium ground finches are least likely to be found on islands with large producer populations, species of large ground finches, more variation in seed size, and abundant rainfall.
		Which finch is the common ancestor to the finch that eats fruit and the finch that eats insects?
	www.ekcsk12.org /science/lelab/beaksoffincheslabquiz.htm (768 words)

	Galapagos birdlife - Darwin´s finches - evolution - Galapagos Cruises
		Once in the Galapagos Islands the finches adapted to their habitat and the size and shape of their bills reflect their specializations.
		All of Darwin 's Finches are sparrow sized and similar in appearance with gray, brown, fl or olive feathers.
		On Isla Wolf the Sharp Beaked Ground Finch is known as the "Vampire Finch" as it jumps on the backs of Masked Boobies and Red-Footed Boobies pecking at their flesh and feeding on their blood.
	www.galapagoscruise.com.ec /index.pl/darwins-finches (423 words)

	Galapagos Islands tourist attractions & cruises, Wildlife, Land birds
		Galapagos Mockingbirds (Nesomimus Parvulus) It is one of four species of Mockingbirds inhabiting the Islands.
		Finches: There are 13 species of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos.
		The Finches of Galapagos provided important clues which helped Darwin to generate and later substantiate his theories of evolution.
	www.cruisesingalapagos.com /land-birds2.htm (156 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Galapagos finches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches: Recent data help explain how this famous group of Galapagos birds evolved, although gaps in our understanding remain.
		Protecting nature's laboratory: the Galapagos Islands are one of those 'must-see, trip-of-a-lifetime' destinations.
		Wild encounters: no matter what expectations you may have about the Galapagos Islands, the reality of a visit will surpass them.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-G1alapagoF1.asp (239 words)

	Evolution-Darwin, Darwin's finches, Galapagos Islands
		Darwin's finches are believed to have evolved form one spedies that was brought to the islands from the mainland of South America.
		The finches' amazing story of survival has been documented by Peter and Rosemary Grant, two biologists that have meticulously measured every size and beak length of every finch on the island.
		Darwin's finches- a group of 13 finch species on the Galapagos Islands named after Darwin because they were part of the inspiration in his theory of Natural Selection.
	natureniche.tripod.com /evolution2.html (997 words)

	Natural selection in Galapagos finches
		Two resident populations of finches of Daphne Major have been the subject of careful scrutiny by Grant, his wife, Rosemary, and numerous graduate students and assistants.
		From a creationist perspective, all finches derive from a handful of created kinds: interbreeding studies show that the finches form clearly-bounded families with hybridisation taking place within the family groupings and none occurring outside them.
		There is no reason to doubt that speciation within an ancestral finch population has taken place over time, and that natural selection has played a role in moulding their descendants into the different genera and species that we see today.
	www.biblicalcreation.org /scientific_issues/bcs048.html (940 words)

	California Academy of Sciences - Science Now - Headline Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The 13 species of Darwin's finches all had beaks of different designs depending on their diet, a phenomenon that helped shape Darwin's theory of evolution.
		About one-quarter of the nestlings die; however, it is unclear what the long-term impacts on finch populations may be.
		The alien pests are thought to have arrived in shipments of fruits or vegetables from the Ecuadorian mainland.
	www.calacademy.org /science_now/archive/headline_science/galapfinch.html (271 words)

	Finches on Galapagos Islands Evolving, Finches Named for Charles Darwin on Galapagos Islands Evolve Smaller Beak, ...
		Finches named for Charles Darwin on Galapagos Islands evolve smaller beak, confirming his theory
		Grant studied the finches on the Galapagos island Daphne, where the medium ground finch, Geospiza fortis, faced no competition for food, eating both small and large seeds.
		In 1982 a breeding population of large ground finches, Geospiza magnirostris, arrived on the island and began competing for the large seeds of the Tribulus plants.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2006/07/13/ap/tech/mainD8IRBBGGA.shtml (506 words)

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