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| | The Sport Journal: Volume7, Number1,Winter 2004:Sport in Turkey: the Post-Islamic Republican Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14) |
 | | The first clubs to be organized were "The Black Stockings in 1899, Besiktas in 1903, Galatasaray in 1905 and Fenerbahce in 1907" (Fisek 256). |
 | | Despite the fact that the sports clubs were formed back to back, however, their actual organized athletics were not begun until after the declaration of the second Mesrutiyet (adoption of constitution) in 1908, which granted more personal freedoms to citizens. |
 | | Those schools were "Kuleli Idadisi, Mekteb-i Sultani or Galatasaray Lisesi, Mektebi Bahriye and Mektebi Harbiye' (San, 12), the last two of which were military academies. |
| www.thesportjournal.org /2004Journal/Vol7-No1/yurdadon.asp (6005 words) |
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