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Topic: Galaxy merger

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	Headlines@Hopkins: Johns Hopkins University News Releases
		"This adds a nice example in the local universe to the growing evidence that galaxy halos are built up from the accretion of dwarf satellite galaxies," said Eric Peng, a graduate student in astronomy in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at The Johns Hopkins University and lead author of the new paper.
		At 10 million light years from our galaxy, Centaurus A (which is visible with binoculars in the southern hemisphere's night sky, but not visible at all in the northern hemisphere) is quite close in galactic terms.
		The galaxy's most prominent features include a central lane of dust and debris, and signs of violent activity on its perimeter that are suggestive of a prior galactic merger.
	www.jhu.edu /news_info/news/home02/oct02/galaxy.html (833 words)

	galaxy merger
		If the galaxies become caught in one another's gravitational field they do not simply make a close pass, undergo galaxy interaction, and continue their separate ways into intergalactic space.
		The huge gravitational fields of the galaxies, however, distort their shapes and the close stellar encounters swing the stars into randomly orientated orbits.
		As the galaxies become closer and closer, long tails of stars are strung out in their wake.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/galaxy_merger.html (226 words)

	[No title]
		The galaxy merger, which occurred about 1 billion years ago, triggered an infall of the gas which fueled the birth of new stars around the center of the galaxy.
		The galaxy has a pair of long tails that are unambiguous evidence of the effects of gravitational tidal forces from a galaxy merger.
		The galaxy NGC 7252 is nicknamed the "Atoms-for-Peace" galaxy because its stars form a bizarre loop-like structure that resembles a schematic diagram of an electron orbiting and an atomic nucleus.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r93-97 (900 words)

	Cosmology - Galaxy Mergers
		It seems strange that the smaller galaxy would cause such distortions in a larger galaxy, but in this case the lower galaxy is an AGN (not seen in this image).
		This irregular shaped galaxy is the result of a smaller galaxy that has merged near the core of the larger galaxy that has not only created the single galaxy we see, but intense star formation in the heart of the galaxy.
		In reality, the galaxy in the lower left of the image is a part of the observed cluster but is not a physical member of the cluster - as measure by redshift.
	astronomyonline.org /Cosmology/GalaxyMergers.asp (532 words)

	Bekki Papers
		The remnant of a multiple galaxy merger with massive starbursts is found to have a metal-poor gaseous halo that is formed by tidal stripping during the merging.
		For example, in merger models with the cut off radius of halo ISM four times larger than initial disk radius, the fractional mass of halo ISM that is tidally stripped during galaxy merging is 0.52 for a merger with m_{2}=0.3 and 0.73 for that with m_{2}=1.0.
		We particularly consider that the star formation history of galaxy mergers is a crucial determinant of the nature of stellar populations of merger remnants, and therefore we investigate how the difference in star formation history between galaxy mergers affects the chemical evolution of galaxy mergers.
	www.noao.edu /staff/morrison/home/notes/BEKKI.html (5711 words)

	Supercomputers Simulate Galaxy Mergers
		Now, using supercomputers to simulate galaxy mergers, scientists at Stanford and elsewhere have seen the formation of a new type of structure -- a central disk of gas that can be from a hundred to a few thousand light years wide and from a few hundred million to a billion solar masses.
		This paper reports the first time that a galactic merger is followed through the formation of a gravitationally bound SMBH binary and down to scales of only a few light years.
		While the merger that the scientists simulated -- one where both galaxies have equal mass -- is less probable than a merger of unequal galaxies, it's not at all improbable, Kazantzidis said.
	www.hpcwire.com /hpc/1603398.html (1204 words)

	ScienceDaily: Galaxy Merger Leaves Behind Telltale Blue Arc
		Galaxy formation and evolution -- The formation of galaxies is still one of the most active research areas in astrophysics; and, to some extent, this is also true for galaxy...
		Barred spiral galaxy -- A barred spiral galaxy is a spiral galaxy with a band of bright stars emerging from the center and running across the middle of the...
		Galaxy -- A galaxy is a huge gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas and dust, plasma, and (possibly) unseen dark matter.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/10/021018080449.htm (1988 words)

	Galaxy Quasar Merger (SEDS HST Archive 33 of 135) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Galaxy Quasar Merger (SEDS HST Archive 33 of 135)
		This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image shows evidence fo r a merger between a quasar and a companion galaxy.
		The two wisps on the (left) of the bright central object are remnants of a bright galaxy that have been disrupted by the mutual gravitational attraction between the quasar and the companion galaxy.
	www.seds.org /hst/PKS2349.html (198 words)

	Scottish Radio Holdings plc and GWR Group plc and Galaxy Radio Wales and the West Limited
		Galaxy was a subsidiary of Chrysalis Group plc, and the holding company for a Galaxy station, called Galaxy 101, holding the FM licence serving the Severn Estuary licence area, which includes the Bristol and Bath, and Taunton and Yeovil areas.
		We found that a merger situation qualifying for investigation exists in that, before the merger, GWR accounted for more than 25 per cent of local radio advertising services in the Severn Estuary licence area, a substantial part of the UK, and as a result of the merger, that share is increased.
		Before the merger, Galaxy 101’s share, particularly of advertising by local advertisers, had declined, from 9 per cent share of such revenues in Bristol and Bath in 2000 and 2001 to 4 per cent in 2002; and from 8 per cent in Taunton and Yeovil to 2 per cent.
	www.competition-commission.org.uk /rep_pub/reports/2003/479radio.htm (1243 words)

	MPA Simulations - Documentation
		The merger tree structure of halos extracted from the raw simulaiton results, is used as the skeleton for semi-analytical galaxy formation (SAGF) routines from which synthetic galaxy catalogues are constructed.
		However, in order to simplify further processing, the merger tree is reorganized in a further step such that distinct pieces of the tree (corresponding to merger trees of halos found at the final time) are stored separately, in a form that makes it convenient to walk these trees.
		Because the physical model for the cooling rate of gas (needed when the galaxy population of a halo is evolved in time) starts out with an inventory of all the baryons in a given FOF-group, one needs to know the present state of all the galaxies in a given FOF group to compute this...
	www.g-vo.org /mpasims/pages/QueryForm_help.jsp (3358 words)

	NGC 1316: A Merger in Progress (1Jun95)
		NGC 1316: A Merger in Progress (1Jun95) (from NOAO HIGHLIGHTS!, NOAO Newsletter No. 42, June 1995) Glen Mackie and Giuseppina Fabbiano (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) used the CTIO Schmidt telescope to show that the elliptical galaxy NGC 1316 may be the site of a galaxy-merger in progress.
		However, simulations of low-mass mergers (Weil and Hernquist 1993, ApJ, 405, 142) suggests that the separate stellar and gaseous components of low-mass mergers rapidly segregate, with the gas flowing quickly into the nucleus of the primary galaxy.
		The morphology and optical luminosity of the tidal tail imply the progenitor was at least a 3 X 10^9 L_o disk galaxy.
	www.noao.edu /noao/noaonews/jun95/art3.html (806 words)

	[115.07] Warm molecular gas in galaxy-galaxy merger NGC6090 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This is the first results of both the CO 3-2 and CO 2-1 on merging galaxies at such high resolution of about 2".We observed the CO J=3-2 and J=2-1 lines toward the merging galaxy pair NGC6090 with the SMA.
		The CO 3-2/2-1 ratio shows that the gas associated with the face-on galaxy to the northwest is cold, while both the overlap region and the edge-on galaxy to the south are warmer.
		The SMA is a joint project of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v35n5/aas203/943.htm (206 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Galactic impact makes black holes
		The spectacular structure is thought to represent the aftermath of the destruction of a smaller galaxy that was pulled apart by gravitational tidal forces as it fell into NGC 4261.
		As the doomed galaxy fell into the larger one, streams of gas were pulled out into long tidal tails.
		As these tidal trails fell on to the larger galaxy, shock waves triggered the formation of large numbers of massive stars, which over the course of a few million years evolved into neutron stars or fl holes.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3303855.stm (391 words)

	Three-Galaxy Merger in HCG 95?
		The system is composed of a bright elliptical galaxy, HCG 95A, and two smaller disk galaxies originally classified as a single galaxy, HCG 95C in Hickson (1982).
		A patch of dust occupying the eastern side of the elliptical galaxy could be the cause of such color gradient, since the amount of the color difference observed is consistent with what would be expected for a standard extinction law (a detailed analysis can be found in Iglesias-Páramo and Vílchez 1997b).
		Further spectroscopic observations are needed in order to study the influence of the accretion event in the core of the elliptical galaxy; such effects include the presence of a counterrotating disk, as have been detected in some galaxies in compact groups (Rubin, Hunter, and Ford 1991).
	ecf.hq.eso.org /~ralbrech/sepdec97apjl/975342.html (2785 words)

	NASA - Top Story - MASSIVE MERGER OF GALAXIES IS THE MOST POWERFUL ON RECORD - September 23, 2004
		The galaxies themselves are difficult to identify; the image highlights the hot "invisible" gas between the clusters heated by shock waves.
		The galaxies themselves are confined within a region around the two "spots" of white.
		The filamentary structure of the Universe is apparent, and we believe that mergers happen at the intersection of the filaments.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/2004/0831galaxymerger_media.html (907 words)

	Miscellaneous References
		Bryant, P.M. and Scoville, N.Z., ``High-Resolution CO Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy Markarian 231,'' 1996, ApJ, 457, 678.
		Sargent, A., Scoville, N.Z., ``Anatomy of a merger - CO in Arp 299 (IC 694-NGC 3690),'' 1991, ApJL, 366 1.
		Mihos, J.C., and Hernquist, L., ``Induced population gradients in galaxy merger remnants,'' 1994, ApJ, 427, 112.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~gruendl/LIRG/ref_misc.html (2339 words)

	galaxy merger concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		galaxy merger concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		physical phenomena > process > physical process > motion > mass motion > merger > galaxy merger
		has definition The formation of a galaxy from the collision of two or more separate galaxies.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/galaxymerger.html (41 words)

	GPX Merger and Equity Recap
		TM Capital's expertise in negotiating and structuring complex transactions assured a seamless merger, and their deep roster of relationships and experience in the private equity marketplace resulted in highly attractive recapitalization terms.
		Galaxy retained TM Capital to advise it on alternatives to build critical mass in the global specialty tire industry
		TM assisted Galaxy in structuring and negotiating a merger with Dynamic Tire Corp., a Canadian global leader in specialty tire sourcing and design that has grown rapidly since its founding in 1997
	www.tmcapital.com /Transaction.144/current_category.0/transactions_detail.html (222 words)

	Titanic merger of galaxy clusters revealed
		For me it is surprising that the simulation shows the generation of two tidal tails (upper and lower), as in case of the collision between two galaxies with similar masses (the "antennae" galaxies are a beautiful example of this phenomenon).
		They believe that the cluster is undergoing a merger with another cluster, and this is provoking an enhancement of the star formation rate, so the surplus of radio emitting galaxies is explained.
		Due to the size of a galaxy compared to the space between the galaxies in a cluster, not many galaxy-galaxy mergers occur.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=44536 (1356 words)

	APOD: 2003 January 16 - NGC 1700: Elliptical Galaxy and Rotating Disk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Explanation: In spiral galaxies, majestic winding arms of young stars and interstellar gas and dust rotate in a disk around a bulging galactic nucleus.
		Elliptical galaxies seem to be simpler, randomly swarming with old stars and lacking gas and dust.
		Theories about the origin of the disk suggest that NGC 1700 may be the result of a cosmic scale galactic merger, perhaps between a spiral and elliptical galaxy.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap030116.html (208 words)

	APOD: 2002 May 6 - NGC 4676: When Mice Collide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
		The Mice" because they have such long tails, each spiral galaxy has likely already passed through the other and will probably collide again and again until they coalesce.
		The camera's increased sensitivity has imaged, serendipitously, galaxies far in the distance scattered about the frame.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap020506.html (168 words)

	SDSC Blue Horizon Simulations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Colliding galaxies also tend to merge with one another and the final outcome after some violent convulsions lasting a few hundred million years is another kind of galaxy called an elliptical.
		Galaxy interactions are not that common an event in the local neighbourhood (maybe one in a hundred galaxies) but the rates of merging and interaction is much larger at early times in the universe.
		Galaxy merging is fundamental to building up structure in the universe and explains many of the peculiar features of young galaxies seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.cita.utoronto.ca /~dubinski/tflops (1196 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Titanic merger of galaxy clusters revealed
		One of the hottest, most energetic mergers of two colossal galaxy clusters has been imaged in exquisite detail by an X-ray observatory in space, astronomers announced on Thursday.
		The cluster is relatively close to Earth at 800 million light-years away and, unlike other energetic mergers, does not lie in the plane of the Milky Way, making it easier to observe.
		It appears to be made up of two smaller galaxy clusters, one crammed with 1000 galaxies and the other with 300.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6443 (597 words)

	Galaxy Transformations
		Before their collision, two disk galaxies are rotated about their vertical axis.
		Just after the merger, the remnant is rotated about the vertical axis to illustrate the shells, plumes, and tails typical of very young merger remnants.
		Parabolic encounter and merger of two disk galaxies with mass ratios of 3:1.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /faculty/barnes/transform.html (941 words)

	science.ca View question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		When a galaxy merger happens, stars will not collide together, because the spaces between the stars are immense compared to the sizes of stars (to visualize this, imagine that the Sun were scaled down to be the size of a basketball.
		For example, the merging pair of galaxies known as the Antennae galaxies are currently undergoing a starburst (see the Hubble Space Telescope picture of this).
		The timescale between the start of a 'burst' in one part of a galaxy and the the start of a 'burst' in another part of a galaxy can be very long, more than 100 million years.
	www.science.ca /askascientist/viewquestion.php?qID=2712 (666 words)

	Galaxy Gallery Page IV: The Movies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		As this movie shows the response of the gas (each colored dot is gas), the dwarf galaxy does not appear in the movie, only its gravity is reflected.
		This movie shows how the UV appearance of a galaxy, in this case M81, and the Red appearance of the galaxy, are very different.
		The UV light comes from stars that are about 1 million years old, the Red light comes from stars that are 5 Billion years old.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /movie.html (156 words)

	The Chandra X-ray Observatory Center :: Gateway to the Universe of X-ray Astronomy! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A merger of two galaxies in broadcast quality
		A compact group of galaxies about 280 million light years from Earth.
		This animated artist's concept shows how the "distressed" galaxy C153 is being stripped of hydrogen from its spiral arms.
	chandra.harvard.edu (258 words)

	Cluster Simulations on the PSC Cray T3E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A simulation of a cluster of galaxies using the parallel treecode on the Cray T3E at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.
		The cluster center is dominated by a massive, bright elliptical galaxy which forms early on through the runaway merger of several galaxies and closely resembles the bright central galaxies seen in real galaxy clusters.
		The first 3 movies cover the evolution of the cluster over 10 billion years and the last 2 are rotations of the cluster at z=0.35 and z=0.
	www.cita.utoronto.ca /~dubinski/bigcluster.html (224 words)

	Movies of Simulated Galaxy Collisions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		While we aren't able to watch an actual merger sequence taking place in nature, it is possible to simulate what a merger might look like.
		John Dubinski of the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) has produced a number of simulations of galaxy mergers.
		The movie is a simulation of the formation of a galaxy with a violent merger history.
	astrowww.phys.uvic.ca /~patton/openhouse/movies.html (195 words)

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