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Topic: Galerina

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	Galerina marginata ("Galerina autumnalis") (MushroomExpert.Com)
		One of the deadliest mushrooms on the planet, Galerina marginata should be thoroughly learned by anyone planning on collecting wild mushrooms for the table.
		Galerina marginata contains amatoxins--the same poisons found in Amanita phalloides, the Death Cap.
		Galerina marginata can be found just about any time during the year, though it is more prevalent in the fall.
	www.mushroomexpert.com /galerina_marginata.html (381 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina: rusty-brown spores; stature mycenoid, collybioid, or galerinoid.
		In species of Galerina, the pileus is bald, moist to lubricous, thin-fleshed, shiny (typically not dull), translucent-striate (the gills can be seen through the thin pileus) to the disc, hygrophanous, and colored yellow-red to orange-brown.
		Species of Conocybe are similar in appearence to species of Galerina; however, Conocybe species have a pileus that at first has a hoary (with a silvery sheen, as if coated by frost) sheen and that becomes atomate (dull and covered by minute, dry, particles) when dry.
	www.humboldt.edu /~dll2/bot360/genera/galerina.htm (119 words)

	psilocybin mushrooms: lancemiller.org
		The general form of Galerinas closely parallels that of the Psilocybes, differing to the unaided eye only in the overall color of the spores and to a lesser degree in the color of the caps.
		Galerina spores are rusty brown in deposit, while Psilocybe spores are purplish brown.
		All programming source code and documentation on lancemiller.org (and subdomains) are free software; you can redistribute it and / or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	www.lancemiller.org /psilocybin/notes/deadly.php?source=explain_thyself (337 words)

	Galerina Earle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		On the identity on the new taxa of Galerina (Agaricales), provisionally described by J. Barkman.
		Mycena metata and Galerina atkinsoniana, was isolated from spores or fruitbodies.
		Seven new records of macromycetes from Mexico were studied, four of them (Galerina autumnalis, Lepiota alopochroa, Pluteus chrysophlebius and P. harrisii) are reported for the first time from Mexico and the remaining (Schizophyllum umbrinum, Hohenbuehelia angustata and Cystoderma fallax) are new for the State of Jalisco mycobiota.
	ccfb.cornell.edu /lit/galerina.html (1120 words)

	Mushrooms - Simon's Rock College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina is almost always an LBM (little brown mushroom).
		Galerina is especially common during dry spells when other mushrooms are scarce (Arora, 1986).
		G. autumnalis is quite common in the fall in the Berkshires, and it deadly poisonous.
	mushrooms.simons-rock.edu /genus/Galerina (146 words)

	California Fungi: Galerina autumnalis
		A Mongraph on the Genus Galerina Earle: 246.
		Galerina autumnalis and its close relatives Galerina marginata and Galerina venenata have been mistaken in the past with representatives of the genus Psilocybe by those interested in collecting hallucinogenic mushrooms.
		This has resulted in several poisonings and at least one death.
	www.mykoweb.com /CAF/species/Galerina_autumnalis.html (236 words)

	Galerina paludosa (University of Paisley: Biodiversity Reference) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina is a fairly large large genus in Britain, with 49 species listed by Watling and Gregory (1993) and with more undoubtedly awaiting discovery.
		Most are delicate, "mycenoid" species of mossy grassland, often northern or at altitude, and seem to be mostly saprotrophic or weakly parasitic on dead or dying mosses.
		The spore surface in Galerina is minutely roughened or ornamented, but this not always visible with a standard microscope.
	environment.paisley.ac.uk /bioref/Fungi_basidiomycetes/Galerina_paludosa.html (260 words)

	The Ultimate Field Guide to Magic Mushrooms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The young girl failed to receive proper medical attention in time because she feared that she and her friends, who also became ill, would be prosecuted for their illegal activities involving the illicit use of the mushrooms.
		Recently, a newly reported species of Galerina from Germany Galerina steglichii Besl was identified as a psilocybian mushroom.
		This in itself is a good reason not to collect Galerina or Inocybe species because of their relationship to many toxic species which contain either amatoxins and or large amounts of muscarine.
	www.mushroomjohn.com /guidetext4.htm (1484 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The highest concentrations of these alkaloids were found in naturally grown and cultivated fruit bodies of Psilocybe azurenscens which is an indigenous species of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. The relative alkaloidal content of psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin found in Galerina steglichii from Germany was similar to that measured in Psilocybe nataliensis.
		Recently, the qualitative detection of psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin in extracts of Galerina steglichii BESL has been described (BESL, 1993).
		Psilocybin was also found to be present in the blueing mycelium of Galerina steglichii grown on agar over a 4 week period.
	www.tacethno.com /info/psilocybe/gartz2.txt (1805 words)

	POISONOUS AND HALLUCINOGENIC MUSHROOMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina autumnalis is fairly small and so has not frequently been collected for the table, though careless collectors have mistaken it for the much larger honey mushrooms, Armillaria mellea, etc.
		Galerina poisonings, including at least one fatality, have occurred to seekers of hallucinogenic mushrooms.
		The size is roughly the same and the typical darkening at the base of the stem of Galerinas can be mistaken for the bluing reaction of Psilocybes.
	www.evergreen.edu /mushrooms/phm/s8.htm (139 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		DNA studies for G. autumnalis, G. marginata, G. oregonensis, G. unicolor and G. venenata (section Naucoriopsis) determined that these species are the same, supporting the concept of Galerina marginata complex.
		The amanitin amounts from certain Galerina specimens were higher than those from some A. phalloides basidiomes.
		Relationship between the amanitin distribution and the chemical composition of substrate was underlined and statistically validated for the white-rot G. marginata.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/latest04/04_10enjal1.htm (305 words)

	Canada's Polar Life - Fungi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		All species of Galerina and Phaeogalerina have constant associations with mosses and strong host preferences.
		The attachment of the fungus to the moss suggests that it is actually decomposing dead and older portions of the moss.
		More than 15 species of Galerina and Phaeogalerina have been described in the Canadian High Arctic, and many of these have circumpolar or bipolar distributions.
	www.arctic.uoguelph.ca /cpl/organisms/Fungi/galerina_phaeo.htm (78 words)

	Galerina autumnalis, the deadly Galerina. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for May 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina seems to colonize the wood only in the wake of other fungi that have already partially broken it down.
		Galerina autumnalis can be identified by its brown cap, with a relatively small fragile annulus (ring) on the stipe (stem).
		The major danger with Galerina is accidentally and carelessly placing some Galerina fruiting bodies into your collecting basket along with mushrooms they superficially resemble, such as Armillaria gallica, the honey mushroom or Flammulina velutipes, the velvet stem mushroom.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/may2003.html (1235 words)

	Psilocybe Cyanescens
		One of the most interesting things I found, was that the deadly poisonous Galerina mushroom was growing right next to the p.
		The galerina's always had a orangeish/brown color stem and veils, and the cap was orangeish brown as well.
		But none the less in alder mulch, grass, everywhere the galerinas were very close by.
	www.thehawkseye.com /pcyan/pcyan.html (1516 words)

	Introduction to Fall Mushrooms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina autumnalis, The Deadly Galerina, is a species that grows in clumps on wood or can occur singly on the ground and is widespread throughout North America.
		Galerina autumnalis is a small mushroom with a brown spore print.
		Galerina autumnalis is yet another reason why I do not eat brown spored mushrooms.
	www.evergreen.edu /mushrooms/ifm/s42.htm (99 words)

	Deadly Poisonous Galerina venenata - Shroomery Message Board
		The texture of the stem is all wrong and if you ever pick one of the galerinas you know it before you can pull it out of the ground.
		These Galerinas have been observed fruiting in the middle of small colonies of P. cyanescens and P. stuntzii, expecially the latter which has a broader variety of colors in their caps.
		And it was a 16-year-old girl and two 17-year-old boys, who in 1982, on Christmas day, the girl died after her and her two friends ate a bunch of Galerina autmnalis shrooms and for three days did not go to the hospital for treatment after becoming deadly sick from eating them.
	www.shroomery.org /forums/showflat.php/Number/2000718 (909 words)

	Detection and Identification of Amanitins in the Wood-Rotting Fungi Galerina fasciculata and Galerina helvoliceps -- ...
		Detection and Identification of Amanitins in the Wood-Rotting Fungi Galerina fasciculata and Galerina helvoliceps -- Muraoka et al.
		Detection and Identification of Amanitins in the Wood-Rotting Fungi Galerina fasciculata and Galerina helvoliceps
		in the genera Lepiota and Galerina, identification of amanitins
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/9/4207 (1934 words)

	Galerina Autumnalis/Ps. Cyan look alike - Shroomery Message Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		My audobon field books says the print would be rust on a galerina, and I have read that on the boards before too.
		If your mushroom had a white spore print, then it was not a Galerina.
		If it looked like a Galerina but had a white spore print, then it was most likely a Mycena.
	www.shroomery.org /forums/showflat.php/Number/2171756 (494 words)

	Galerina autumnalis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina autumnalis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		A terribly poisonous mushroom found throughout America, in habitats as diverse as rain forests and suburban front lawns.
		Often mistaken for psychedelic Psylocybe species by teenagers, one small Galerina mushroom may cause death due to (Click link for more info and facts about amanitin) amanitin's toxic effects.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/galerina_autumnalis.htm (55 words)

	the Lycaeum - Drug Archives
		Cultivation and analysis of Psilocybe species and an investigation of Galerina steglichi.
		In contrast to earlier experiments (BESL, 1993) the own isolated mycelia grew as a fast pace on 6% malt agar.
		STAMETS P. A new caeulescent Psilocybe from the Pacific coast of Northwestern America.
	www.lycaeum.org /drugs/plants/mushrooms/gartz2.html (1862 words)

	University of Paisley: Biodiversity Reference: Conocybe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A number grow amongst herbs in woodlands and a few occupy other habitats, such as sand dunes, or are coprophilous on dung.
		A very similar, though unrelated, genus is Galerina, both genera having rust-brown spores and the same delicate habit.
		Conocybe species occur on fertile, often base-rich soils, whereas Galerina species are more characteristic of acid, base-poor soils.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /bioref/Fungi_basidiomycetes/Conocybe.html (266 words)

	Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina antheliae Gulden – Murmansk area (northern part of the Kola Peninsula, including Khibin Mountains): Khibiny Mts., Polar Ural, Chukotka peninsula.
		Galerina norvegica A.H.Smith –Murmansk area (northern part of the Kola Peninsula, including Khibin Mountains): Khibiny Mts.
		Galerina pumila (Pers.: Fr.) M. Lange ex Sing.
	www.binran.spb.ru /infsys/ra_fun/G.fungi.html (589 words)

	Norwegian fungus of the month May 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		moelleri) is one of the larger Galerina species.
		and Hallgrímsson, H. The genera Galerina Earle and Phaeogaera Kühner (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) in Iceland.
		Gulden, G., Dunham, S. and Stockman, J. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex.
	www.uio.no /conferences/imc7/NFotm2001/May2001.htm (428 words)

	Family: Cortinariaceae
		Fungi:> Basidiomycota:> Basidiomycetes:> Agaricales:> Cortinariaceae:> Cortinarius, Crepidotus, Cuphocybe, Dermocybe, Galerina, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Rapacea, Thaxterogaster, Unidentified
		This group are typically recognised by the presence of a cortina.
		Young fruiting bodies, Often found growing on Pine tree stumps in large numbers as well as some Eucalyptus species.
	www.hiddenforest.co.nz /fungi/family/cortinariaceae/cortinariaceae.htm (108 words)

	Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata -- Enjalbert et al. 96 (4): 720 -- Mycologia
		Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata -- Enjalbert et al.
		from certain Galerina specimens were higher than those from
		Galerina Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/abstract/96/4/720 (313 words)

	California Academy of Sciences - Science Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		But unlike the portabella, oyster, and button shrooms that you can pick up from Safeway and pop on a pizza, some of the wild species that grow in the area can cause grave injury if consumed.
		The three most common offenders in the Bay Area are Death Cap (Amanita phalloides), Destroying Angel (Amanita ocreata), and Deadly Galerina (Galerina autumnalis), all of which have caused fatalities.
		While the former two can be mistaken for edible amanitas and accidentally, though innocently, consumed, the latter mimics the "magic mushrooms" containing the hallucinogen psilocibin that some seek out for psychedelic trips.
	www.calacademy.org /science_now/archive/wild_lives/shrooms.html (231 words)

	News Release: In Backyards and on Lawns, There's Fungus Among Us
		But some species are so toxic that ingesting a single cap could kill you.
		Some of the more deadly mushrooms occurring in North Carolina include the destroying angel (Amanita virosa) and the galerina (Galerina autumnalis).
		There is no universal rule for distinguishing poisonous from edible mushrooms, warns Grand.
	www.ncsu.edu /news/press_releases/03_07/183.htm (502 words)

	Deadly Little Brown Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Galerina venenata Small mushroom with reddish-brown cap, fading to buff, in lawns.
		Galerina Autumnalis and Galerina marginata both deadly, grow on decaying wood
		Book#5 has a photo of this growing side by side with P.Stuntzii
	thrashinc.dynu.com /drugs/deadlook.html (150 words)

	lookalikes1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Many of the deadly Galerina mushrooms and Conocybe filaris
		deadly Galerina growing right in amongst the colony.
		Now here are three images of the deadly Galerina Autumnalis in woodchips
	www.mushroomjohn.com /lookalikes1.htm (231 words)

	Fungus Gallery :: Galerina
		\r\nVästergötland, Gärdhem, Lextorps motionsspår', CAPTION, 'Galerina calyptrata', CENTER, WIDTH, 196);" onmouseout="return nd();">
		\r\nVästergötland, Västra Tunhem, Hunneberg, Maden N', CAPTION, 'Galerina camerina', CENTER, WIDTH, 196);" onmouseout="return nd();">
		\r\nVästergötland, Västra Tunhem, Hunneberg, Fagerhult N', CAPTION, 'Galerina paludosa', CENTER, WIDTH, 196);" onmouseout="return nd();">
	www.stridvall.se /fungi/gallery/Galerina (81 words)

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