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Topic: Galician literature

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Galician literature
		Portuguese-Galician (is known as Galaico-Português or Galego-Português in Portuguese and Galaico-Portugués and Galego-Portugués in Galician) was a Iberian Romance language, spoken in the Middle Ages, in the western area of the Iberian Peninsula.
		Galician literature, therefore, did not participate in the Renaissance and the Baroque periods, and its darkest period was when the Golden Age of Castilian literature overshadowed it.
		Galician society at the beginning of the twentieth century was still hampered by the concentration of economic power in minority sectors because of a feudal agricultural system and increasing emigration which was draining the countryside of its inhabitants.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Galician-literature (779 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Galician
		Galician (Galician: galego) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia.
		Portuguese-Galician (in Portuguese and Galician is known as Galaico-Português) was a Iberian Romance language, spoken in the Middle Ages, in the western area of the Iberian Peninsula.
		While the western coast, with its major population centers, and its fishing and manufacturing industries is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland— the provinces of Ourense and Lugo— suffer from the defects of an aging, unskilled population, poor soils, and tiny inviable landholdings called minifundios.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Galician (948 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Galician literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician literature has been developed both in Galician and Spanish.
		The first written Galician literature was at the beginning of 13th century.
		After the separation of Portuguese and Galician, Galician was considered provincial and was not widely used for literary or academic purposes.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Galician_literature (128 words)

	Literature - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)").
		The word "literature" as a common noun can refer to any form of writing, such as essays; "Literature" as a proper noun refers to a whole body of literary work, world-wide or relating to a specific culture.There is often confusion regarding the actual definition of literature and Literature.
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/l/i/t/Literature.html (2598 words)

	Galician_language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		'''Galician''' (Galician: ''galego'') is a language variety of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia (in the Galician language, ''Galicia'' and also ''Galiza'' are used), an autonomous community with the constitutional status of "historic nationality" located in northwestern Spain.
		Galician is spoken by more than 3 million people, including most of the people in Galicia, as well as among the many Galician immigrants in the rest of Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Biscay), elsewhere in Europe (Andorra, Geneva, London), and Iberoamerica (Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Havana).
		After the separation of Portuguese and Galician, Galician was considered provincial, and it was not widely used for literary or academic purposes until its renaissance in the mid-19th century.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Galician_language (1231 words)

	ipedia.com: Galician Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician or Galizan is a language variety of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.
		Galician or Galizan (also Galego or Gallego) is a language variety of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia (in the Galician language, Galicia or Galiza), an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.
		Galician is spoken by most of the people in Galicia and among the many Galician immigrants in the rest of Spain (Madrid, Biscay), Iberoamerica (Buenos Aires) and Europe.
	www.ipedia.com /galician.html (557 words)

	Galician language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician (''Galego'') is a language variety of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia (in the Galician language, Galicia or Galiza), an autonomous community with the constitutional status of "historic nationality" and located in northwestern Spain, and in areas in the neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla-León.
		Galician is spoken by more than 3 million people: it is spoken by most of the people in Galicia as well as among the Many Galician immigrants in the rest of Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Biscay), Iberoamerica (Buenos Aires, Montevideo, La Habana) and Europe (Andorra, Geneva, London).
		After the separation of Portuguese and Galician, Galician was considered provincial and was not widely used for literary or academic purposes until its renaissance in the mid 1800s.
	galician-language.area51.ipupdater.com (1173 words)

	Learn more about Galician in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician (also Galego or Gallego) is a language variety of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia (in the Galician language, Galicia or Galiza), an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.
		It is understood by most of the people in Galicia and among the many Galician immigrants in the rest of Spain (Madrid, Biscay), Iberoamerica (Buenos Aires) and Europe.
		For some authors, the situation of language domination in Galicia could be called "diglossia", with Galician in the lower part of the continuum and Spanish language on the top, while for others the conditions for diglossia established by Ferguson are not met.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /g/ga/galician.html (556 words)

	Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The term literature is a site of ideological conflict; it may be taken to refer exclusively to those canonical works in the established genres which 'have pleased many and pleased long' (Dr Johnson), or inclusively to the sum total of writings which are read, even the most ephemeral, such as comics and newspapers.
		Literature is a body of written (or oral) works, such as novels, poems, or plays, that use words to stimulate the imagination and confront the reader with a unique vision of life.
		Literature is often thought of as a written form of expression, but there are many strong oral traditions in both aboriginal and modern societies.
	encyclozine.com /Literature (690 words)

	HISTORY OF THE GALICIAN LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician was the only language in oral use and Latin was used to a decreasing degree in written language.
		The Galician language had not yet become widespread and this produced a backward movement in the social sphere -in the upper and middle classes- and in specific geographical and urban areas.
		On the other hand, the favourable attitude of the Galician people as a whole towards the enlargement of the social use of the Galician language has lead to the development of a number of campaigns aiming both to increase the prestige of the language and to promote the change of individual attitudes.
	usuarios.lycos.es /Celtic_Galiza/galegoh.html (3790 words)

	Galician language
		Galician or Galizan (also Galego or Gallego) isa language variety of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia (in the Galician language,Galicia or Galiza), an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.Historically, the Portuguese language originated in Galicia(the Roman Gallaecia) andbranched out in the 14th century after the Reconquista brought it southwards.
		Galician is spoken by most of the people in Galicia and among the many Galician immigrants in the rest of Spain (Madrid, Biscay), Iberoamerica (Buenos Aires)and Europe.
		For some authors, the situation of language domination in Galicia could becalled " diglossia ", with Galician in the lower part of the continuum and Spanishlanguage on the top, while for others the conditions for diglossia established by Ferguson are not met.
	www.therfcc.org /galician-language-44511.html (495 words)

	Galicia (Spain) - Slider
		Galicia (Galician: Galicia or Galiza, Spanish: Galicia, Portuguese:Galiza) is an autonomous community in the northwest of Spain.
		The Galician and Portuguese languages are derived from the early Portuguese-Galician (Galego-Português) language.
		Galician nationalist and federalist movements arose in the nineteenth century, and after the Spanish Republic was declared in 1931, Galicia approved in referendum an Autonomy Statute for becoming as an autonomous region.
	enc.slider.com /Enc/Galicia_%28Spain%29 (1447 words)

	Galiza Nova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician is a Romance language which evolved out of the Latin brought to Galicia by the Roman legionaries, settlers and traders.
		The well-known medieval Galego-portuguese literature also grew up and this, along with the other cultural landmarks of the time, are clear signs the economic prosperity and the high level of political sovereignty enjoyed by the country at that time.
		This Spanish linguistic imperialism paved the way for a series of important changes in the way the language was perceived by the population, eventually reduced the rank of a mere dialect or a corrupt form of Spanish which brought with it the dialectal split and the spanishisation of the language.
	www.galizanova.org /news.asp?id=29 (510 words)

	Galicia (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The spoken languages are Galician (Galician: ''Galego'', Spanish: ''Gallego''), the local national language derived from Latin; and Spanish (''castellano'' or ''español''), in common with the rest of Spain.
		The Galician and Portuguese languages are derived from the early Galician-Portuguese (''Galego-Português'') language, and are still considered by many but two dialects of the same Galician-Portuguese language.
		Galician nationalist and federalist movements arose in the nineteenth century, and after the second Spanish Republic was declared in 1931, Galicia became an autonomous region following a referendum.
	goc.subdomain.de /Galicia%2C_Spain (1918 words)

	Galician in Spain
		Outside the Galician administration, there are 50,000 speakers in the 18 western border unicipalities of Asturias and 25,000 in Castilla-León (11 municipalities in the Leonese Western Bierzo and 4 in the west of Zamora).
		The use of the Galician language in other subjects depends on several factors which are directly related to the teachers' efforts and dedication (the pupil's language, the teachers' linguistic competence, the existence of teaching materials, the rural or urban location of the school, etc.).
		Legislation in regards to Galician at vocational level is quite ambiguous, as there are no areas specified: "In medium and advanced professional training, pupils will be educated in the Galician language in areas of theoretical- practical knowledge which helps their integration into work and society" (Decree 247/95).
	www1.fa.knaw.nl /mercator/regionale_dossiers/regional_dossier_galician_in_spain.htm (8113 words)

	Galician (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Modern Galician is by many as a dialect of Portuguese.
		Galician is spoken by most of the in Galicia and among the many Galician in the rest of Spain (Madrid Biscay) Iberoamerica (Buenos Aires) and Europe.
		For some authors the situation of domination in Galicia could be called " diglossia " with Galician in the lower part the continuum and Spanish language on the top while for others conditions for diglossia established by Ferguson are met.
	www.freeglossary.com /Galego (573 words)

	A Brief Outline of Galician-Rusyn Literature by Vasili Romanovich Vavrik
		LITERATURE: A. Petrushevich: Perestoroha, ("Forewarning"),Lviv,1867; V. Zavitkevich: Palinodiya "Palinode"), Warsaw, 1883; K.Studensky: Perestoroha-rus'ki pamyatnik pochatka XVII vika ("Forewarning-Rusyn Memorial of the Beginning of the XVII Century''), Lviv, 1895; M. Vozniak:Pro avtorstvo Perestorohi ("Concerning the Authorship of Perestoroha"),Lviv,1940.
		From this abode he mercilessly castigated the initiators of the Church union:Michael Rogoza, the Kievan and Galician metropolitan; Ipatiy Potiy, the bishop of Brest, and Cyril Terletsky, the bishop of Lutsk, all of whom betrayed the Orthodox faith.
		The ancient Rusyn clan of Kopystensky (Kopystensky, Kopystiansky) originated in the village of Kopystno in the Dobromil' uezd (county) in Galician Rus'.
	www.lemko.org /rusyn/vavrik.html (1997 words)

	Galician Research and Publications -Hispanic Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Dr Derek Flitter, Senior Lecturer and Director of Galician Studies, is co-editor of the Galician Review, volume I of which appeared in October 1997.
		Galician Literature is one of his principal research interests, and he has published articles on Rosalía de Castro and Ramón Otero Pedrayo, amongst others.
		She has published on O vangardismo galego, namely the works of Manuel Antonio and Álvaro Cunqueiro, and was involved in organizing the international symposium on the Galician Portuguese medieval lyric, Ondas do Mar de Vigo, to celebrate O Día das Letras Galegas, 1998.
	www.hispanic.bham.ac.uk /research/galician1.htm (380 words)

	The golden age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Afonso X. This was the "golden age" of Galician literature.
		Galician became the language par excellence for lyrical poetry throughout the Iberian Peninsula, except Catalonia (troubador poetry).
		They were composed in the court of Afonso X the Wise, who not only directed their writing but even wrote parts himself.
	www.galego.org /english/history/medieval.html (309 words)

	Galician literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The poet from Granada wrote "Six Galician Poems" in Galician language.
		Día das Letras Galegas ("Galician Literature Day") on May 17
		This page was last modified 13:49, 5 September 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Galician_literature (158 words)

	USC - Learning-Galician-Native-Language-Galicia-Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Galician is a Romance tongue, like others you've probably already heard about, such as Spanish, Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, etc., and has much in common with all of them.
		Galicia offers you the opportunity to learn both Spanish and Galician at the same time, and Galician can serve as an introduction to Portuguese as they are very similar and come from the same origins: up until the late Middle Ages it was impossible to tell them apart.
		For those arriving before the beginning of the school year, Galician language and culture classes organised through the summer by the Galician Language Institute of the USC.
	www.usc.es /en/info_xeral/galego/aprender.jsp (278 words)

	The Antigonish Review 131: Michael Standaert review
		Rivas was born in 1957, long after the Spanish Civil War, and firmly in the era of dictator Francisco Franco.
		He is one of the most famous writers of contemporary Galician literature, and The Carpenter's Pencil is the most translated and best selling Galician book of all time.
		This may be your first and only introduction to Galician literature, and it should not be missed.
	www.antigonishreview.com /bi-131/131-review-michael-standaert.html (1263 words)

	Galician Studies Modules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On completion of these linked modules the student will be able to: understand written and spoken Galician in its different registers; express themselves fluently in simple conversation in the language; possess a general understanding and awareness of the distinctive elements of Galician culture.
		On completion of this module the student will be able to: Demonstrate basic competence in written and spoken Galician language, with a higher level of competence in reading and comprehension; a basic knowledge of the history of Galician language, and specific topics in Galician literature and sociolinguistics.
		The basic syntax and phonology of Galician; reading and interpretation of literary texts (short pieces of verse and prose fiction and cultural essays), and Galician sociolinguistics.
	www.hispanic.bham.ac.uk /GalicianStudies/gsmods.htm (255 words)

	The Carpenter's Pencil
		Although a bit confusing at first, this is a marvellous novel.
		Singlehandedly it puts Galician literature on the world map (it is well translated).
		It tells the story of Doctor Daniel de Barca, who is imprisoned in 1936 for his Republican sympathies, and his love affair with the beautiful Marisa Mallo.
	www.johnsandoe.com /review_3031.htm (138 words)

	Rodrigo Romaní / cdRoots / Romani
		Based on the poetry of Abiles de Taramancos, Galician composer and musician Romani offers a dramatic, folk-rooted yet modern sound with an ensemble of gaita, percussion, violins, harp, guitar, bouzouki, requinta, accordion, zanfona, a small chamber orchestra and the voice of Maria Arribe.
		Created from the poetical work of Avilés de Taramancos (who passed away ten years ago and was paid tribute to at the Day for Galician Literature 2003), 'Cantos Caucanos' is the discographical and scenic work from Rodrigo Romaní.
		He held the position of president of the Association for Galician Writers and was Cultural Advisor for Noia.
	www.cdroots.com /boa-cantos.html (722 words)

	Provencal Literature Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Provençal, or Occitan, as the language is now often called, appears to have been the first vernacular tongue used in...
		The famous early classic of Spanish literature, the sober and unornamented epic poem Cantar de...
		Provençal literature flourished from the 11th to the...
	www.oddvolumes.com /provencal-literature-spanish.html (200 words)

	GALICIAN CULTURE: Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Welcome to the Galician Culture main menu page.
		This is the real heart of the entire website and we heartfully recommend you to go thru each one of all these pages.
		Galician arts & culture live today the best moment from the 13th century, when Galician artists ruled over all Iberian Peninsula.
	usuarios.lycos.es /Celtic_Galiza/culture.html (69 words)

	Galician Literature : An interesting arena to explore. Characters and myths, national icons, subtle nuances, all appear ...
		Galician Literature : An interesting arena to explore.
		Pious brief narrative in medieval Castilian and Galician verse : from Berceo to Alfonso X
		Note: Some items may be out of stock or even out of print; prices subject to change.
	databank.oxydex.com /compendium_bibliographium/world_cultures_arts/Galician_Literature.html (307 words)

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