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Topic: Gallican Liberties

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	http://www.TraditionalCatholic.net
		The Liberties were so called, because the innovations constituted conditions of servitude with which the popes had burdened the Church, and their legality resulted from the fact that the extension given by the popes to their own primacy was founded not upon Divine institution, but upon the false Decretals.
		Together with the restoration of the "Ancient Liberties" the assembly of the clergy in 1406 intended to maintain the superiority of the council to the pope, and the fallibility of the latter.
		The principal force of Gallicanism always was that which it drew from the external circumstances in which it arose and grew up: the difficulties of the Church, torn by schism; the encroachments of the civil authorities; political turmoil; the interested support of the kings of France.
	www.traditionalcatholic.net /Tradition/Encyclopedia/Gallicanism.html (4858 words)

	GALLICANISM - LoveToKnow Article on GALLICANISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gallicanism had two distinct sides, a constitutional and a dogmatic, though both were generally held together, the second serving as the logical basis of the first.
		Gallicanism answered that kings held their power directly of God; hence their temporal concerns lay altogether outside the jurisdiction of the pope.
		This document lays down: (I) that the temporal sovereignty of kings is independent of the pope; (2) that a general council is above the pope; (3) that the ancient liberties of the Gallican Church are sacred; (4) that the infallible teaching authority of the church belongs to pope and bishops jointly.
	8.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GA/GALLICANISM.htm (479 words)

	Gallicanism - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gallicanism is the belief that monarchs' authority over the Roman Catholic Church is comparable to that of the Pope's.
		Gallicanism is intermediate between Ultramontanism and Anglicanism, in that it downplays the authority of the Pope without denying it entirely.
		Gallicanism was more than pure theory — the bishops and magistrates of France used it, the former to increase power in the government of dioceses, the latter to extend their jurisdiction so as to cover ecclesiastical affairs.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Gallicanism (4882 words)

	Unigenitus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several bishops forbade it to be read, and Clement XI condemned it in a brief, July 13, 1708, which was, however, not accepted in France, because its wording and its manner of publication were not in harmony with the accepted prerogatives of the Gallican church.
		Noailles, who had become Archbishop of Paris and cardinal meanwhile, and who in 1702 discarded a relic that had long been venerated at Chalons as the umbelical cord of Jesus, was not prepared to withdraw the approbation which he had given to the book, and Jansenism again raised its head.
		The Bull would have to avoid every expression contrary to the "Gallican Liberties" and to be submitted to the French government before publication.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unigenitus (893 words)

	Gallicanism
		Gallicanism was renewed in the beginning of the seventeenth century by Edmund Richer (1559-1631), syndic of the Paris University and editor of the works of Gerson.
		But the Pope, more concerned for the liberty of the French bishops than they were themselves, reminded them sharply of their duty to the Church, while at the same time he refused to follow their advice.
		This Declaration (the Four Gallican Articles) was approved by the king, who ordered that it should be observed by all teachers and professors, and should be accepted by all candidates for theological decrees.
	www.worldspirituality.org /Gallicanism.html (2899 words)

	H-France Reviews
		Gallicanism, for Parsons, has long remained an elusive political philosophy for contemporary scholars, because it cannot be reduced to a specific set of positions on the mutual rights and responsibilities of the French crown, the papacy, and the Roman Catholic Church in France.
		Yet, as erudite Gallicans formulated their historical outlook in reaction to the challenges of the religious wars, the Council of Trent, the Jesuit mission, royal excommunications, and a series of jurisdictional battles over the authority of French bishops, the internal contradictions of their own views limited the efficacy and staying power of their arguments.
		Where the Gallicans used the tag “the Church is in the Republic, not the Republic in the Church” to indicate the priority of secular over ecclesiastical jurisdiction,[3] Parsons employs the phrase to suggest a number of conclusions that all stress the vital importance of the Catholic Church to the elaboration of the early modern state.
	www.h-france.net /vol5reviews/bernstein2.html (1500 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: GALLICANISM Gallicanism This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time peculiar to the Church of France, or Gallican Church, and the theological schools of that country.
		These Liberties, which are enumerated in a collection, or corpus, drawn up by the jurisconsults Guy Coquille and Pierre Pithou, were, according to the latter, eighty- three in number.
		Critical Examination The principal force of Gallicanism always was that which it drew from the external circumstances in which it arose and grew up: the difficulties of the Church, torn by schism; the encroachments of the civil authorities; political turmoil; the interested support of the kings of France.
	library.catholic.org /homelibr/homelibr121.txt (4737 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Gallicanism
		A Synod of the bishops of France in 1682 in the Declaration of the 4 Articles claimed the Gallican liberties, which in essence limit papal authority to spiritual matters and allocate the responsibility for the administration of the Church of France to the latter, i.e.
		The Gallican liberties were not drawn up in 1682, but are based on the transactions of the Council of Constance (1414-1418), the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) and other documents.
		The Synod of Pistoia 1786 adopted the Gallican liberties for the Catholic church of Tuscany.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/absolut/gallicanism.html (579 words)

	Louis and Heresies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Presently, in December, 1667, nineteen bishops wrote to the king that the appointment of such a commission by the pope was contrary to the Gallican liberties.
		At the same time, he brought to his warfare against Jansenism a Gallican spirit, making concessions and displays of politeness to the Holy See when the conduct of the struggle required, but on other occasions using methods and terms to which Rome, rightly impatient of Gallican pretensions, was obliged to take exception.
		On the other hand, article xii of the edict provided that subjects could not be molested in their liberty or their property on account of the "alleged reformed" religion, so that, in theory, it was still permitted to anyone to be individually a Protestant.
	www.louis-xiv.de /louisold/Religion/Heresie.html (1386 words)

	The Age of Absolutism and Unbelief: Gallicanism @ ELCore.Net
		The opponents of the Sorbonne, hastening to avenge this first defeat, denounced the defence of a somewhat similar thesis by a Cistercian student as a violation of the prohibition.
		Throughout the whole controversy Bossuet had shown himself too accommodating to the crown, though at the same time he was not unfriendly to the claims of the Holy See, nor inclined to favour such extreme measures as most of his episcopal colleagues.
		Acting on the request of the king he prepared a defence of the Gallican Articles, which was not published till long after his death.
	catholicity.elcore.net /MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter07a.html (2977 words)

	General Councils
		Such pressure and restriction of liberty, proceeding from the internal, natural principle of order through the use of lawful power, does not amount to external, unnatural coercion, and, therefore, does not invalidate the Acts due to its exercise.
		The Councils of Constance and of Basle affirmed with great emphasis that an Ecumenical council is superior in authority to the pope, and French theologians have adopted that proposition as one of the famous four Gallican Liberties.
		The leading exponents of the Gallican doctrine are: Dupin (1657-1719), professor at the Sorbonne in Paris ("Dissertatio de concilii generalis supra Romanum Pontificem auctoritate", in his book on the ancient discipline of the Church, "De antiquâ Ecclesiae disciplinâ; dissertationes historicae"); and Natalis Alexander, 0.P. (1639-1724), in the ninth volume of his great "Historia Ecclesiastica" (Diss.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/councils,general.html (12437 words)

	CMH5
		It may be described as a generalisation of the ancient Gallican Liberties, evolved as a counterblast to Ultra-niontanism.
		Theological Gallicanism maintained that the supreme infallible authority of the Church was committed to Pope and Bishops jointly.
		To the Richelieus and Colberts Gallicanism was a mere device for snuffing out clerical opposition; in the hands of Richer and his successors it became an honest attempt to solve the great problem of the age, and show Frenchmen how to be at once good citizens and good Catholics.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh504.html (9520 words)

	Gallican Church - TheBestLinks.com - Gallican church, France, French Revolution, Monarch, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gallican church, Gallican Church, France, French Revolution, Monarch, Pope...
		The term Gallican Church usually refers to the Roman Catholic Church in France from the time of the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682) to that of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) during the French Revolution.
		The related term Gallicanism usually refers not so much to this Church itself as to the doctrine that the power of monarchs is independent of the power of popes, and that the church of each country should be under the joint control of the pope and the monarch.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Gallican_church.html (348 words)

	Gallicanism
		The Gallican Liberties, as Pithou's proposals came to be called, infringed on the traditional rights of the papacy in favor of increased governmental power over the church.
		Barry, "Bossuet and the Gallican Declaration of 1682," CHR 9:143-53; C.B. du Chesnay, NCE; F.P. Drouet, "Gallicanism," The New Catholic Dictionary; J.A. Hardon, Modern Catholic Dictionary, 225; W. Jervis, The Gallican Church and the Revolution.
		The articles, a classic expression of Gallicanism, i.e., French national Catholicism, were ordered by Louis XIV to be taught in all French universities; but since they were not acceptable to the papacy, a number of French bishoprics remained vacant for years.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/gallican.htm (909 words)

	Jansenism, Again
		The controversy on the Gallican Liberties complicated the issue very considerably, and made it impossible for the Pope to exercise his authority.
		The bishops appealed to the king to defend the liberty of the Church, but the Parliament asserted its jurisdiction by depriving the Archbishop of Paris of his temporalities and by endeavoring to have him cited before the civil courts.
		From that time Jansenism declined rapidly in France, but the followers of the sect united with the Gallicans of the Parliament to enslave the Church, and with the Rationalists to procure the suppression of the Jesuits, whom they regarded as their most powerful opponents.
	www.worldspirituality.org /jansenism-again.html (2392 words)

	Collegiality
		Gallicanism of course takes it name from the Eldest Daughter of the Church, who was not always as dutiful to her mother as she might have been ("Exhibeamus no Gallos, et non gallinas!").
		However it became a kind of charter of Gallican patriotism, and was revived in the Constitution civile du Clerge of 1790-the schismatic, collegial, secularized and short-lived counter-church of the Revolution.
		Vatican I marked the end of Gallicanism as such, which henceforth could only be seen as a condemned heresy, In fact, what remained of it was eventually absorbed into Modernism, that dustbin of all heresies.
	www.sspx.org /miscellaneous/collegiality1.htm (3272 words)

	Church and Magistrate Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The nature and extent of the so-called “liberties of the Gallican Church” were vital issues in early modern France.
		The Gallican jurists soon clashed with the French higher clergy, bent on guarding its own prerogatives and on introducing the universalizing and very public Tridentine reformation.
		Conflict between Gallican magistrates and a Church confident of its own authority, each supporting the monarch to further its own agenda, became a fixture of old-regime political culture, disappearing only when Enlightenment undermined that culture’s foundations.
	www.home.duq.edu /~parsonsj/documents/diss_abs.html (262 words)

	GALLICANISM - Online Information article about GALLICANISM
		Dogmatic Gallicanism was concerned with the question of ecclesiastical See also:
		It was elaborated, and connected with dogmatic Gallicanism; by the famous theologian, Edmond Richer (1559-1631), and finally incorporated by See also:
		council is above the pope; (3) that the ancient liberties of the Gallican Church are sacred; (4) that the infallible teaching authority of the church belongs to pope and bishops jointly.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GAG_GEO/GALLICANISM.html (675 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Gallican Liberties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1594 a famous Parisian jurisconsult, Pierre Pithou, published a book entitled "The Liberties of the Gallican Church." It was directed both against the pope, whose authority was limited in favor of the bishops, and against the bishops who, in the discharge of their duties, were unduly subjected to the royal power.
		Among so-called "Liberties," the following may be noted: the kings have the right to assemble councils and to make laws concerning ecclesiastical affairs; the pope's legates cannot be sent to France nor,
		These pretensions were embodied again in the book of the brothers, Pierre and Jacques Dupuy, "The Rights and Liberties of the Gallican Church, with their proofs" (1636).
	www.catholic-forum.com /Saints/ncd03455.htm (145 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Unigenitus
		The papal Brief was, however, not accepted in France because its wording and its manner of publication were not in harmoy with the "Gallican Liberties".
		To avoid further scandal, the pope yielded to these humiliating conditions, and in Feb., 1712, appointed a special congregation of cardinals and theologians to cull from the work of Quesnel such propositions as were deserving of ecclesiastical censure.
		Both Briefs were put in the hand of the king, with the request to deliver the less severe in case there was well-founded hope of the cardinal's speedy submission, but the more severe if he continued in his obstinacy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15128a.htm (1621 words)

	On Collegiality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However it became a kind of charter of Gallican patriotism, and was revived in the Constitution civile du Clerge of 1790—the schismatic, collegial, secularized and short-lived counter-church of the Revolution
		Europe was about to receive an even severer lesson at the forthcoming dawn of "liberty, equality, fraternity"—with the tumbrel and the guillotine.
		The most eminent champion of Roman orthodoxy in that period was the unhappy Felicite de Eamennais, who afterwards went to the opposite extreme of liberal rationalism and republican socialism and left the Church.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1984_August/On_Collegiality.htm (3210 words)

	[No title]
		Gallicanism This term refers to the teachings in a work The Gallican Liberties (1682), and has its origins in France.
		It was the antithesis of the Gallican movement which would at its extreme set up independent national churches almost entirely independent of Rome (a possible analogy would be the role of the Queen in the Commonwealth).
		He was 65 when he came to the throne; a sound administrator and a conscientious man, combated both the Encyoplaedists and the Gallican bishops in France and established the Feast of the Sacred Heart.
	www.rosmini.org /docs/History.doc (5609 words)

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