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	Gallicanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authority—often represented by the monarchs' authority or the State's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the Roman Pope's.
		Gallicanism is a rejection of Ultramontanism; it is akin to Anglicanism but is nuanced, however, in that it downplays the authority of the Roman Pope without denying that there are some authoritative elements to the office associated with being primus inter pares (first among equals).
		Gallicanism was more than pure theory — the bishops and magistrates of France used it, the former to increase power in the government of dioceses, the latter to extend their jurisdiction so as to cover ecclesiastical affairs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gallicanism (3777 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Gallicanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gallicanism was more than pure theory andmdash; the bishops and magistrates of France used it, the former to increase power in the government of dioceses, the latter to extend their jurisdiction so as to cover ecclesiastical affairs.
		For the more moderate among them, Gallican ideas and liberties were simply privileges andmdash; concessions made by the popes, who had been quite willing to divest themselves of a part of their authority in favour of the bishops or kings or France.
		It was in the name of Gallicanism that the kings of France impeded the publication of the pope's instructions, and forbade the bishops to hold provincial councils or to write against Jansenism andmdash; or at any rate, to publish charges without endorsement of the chancellor.
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=gallicanism (4819 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Gallicanism
		Political Gallicanism is traceable to the Byzantine emperors who interfered constantly in ecclesiastical affairs, to the German emperors of the Middle Ages and their neo-Cresarism, and to Philip the Fair of France and his struggle with Boniface VIII.
		The first exponents of Gallicanism were the Franciscan William of Occam, John of Jandun, and Marsilius of Padua who in the 14th century denied the divine origin of the papal primacy and subjected its exercise to the pleasure of the civil ruler.
		From France, Gallicanism spread during the 18th century into the Netherlands, thanks to the canonist Van Espen, and into Germany, through the efforts of Hontheim (Febronius); it became known as Febronianism, and Josephinism, after Joseph II of Austria, the "Sacristan Emperor." The Council of Pistoia, 1786, tried to introduce it into Italy.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd03454.htm (369 words)

	Gallicanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gallicanism's major characteristics included a certain defiance of the papacy, the defence of Gallic freedoms (which discounted the idea of absolute papal authority, in temporal or spiritual matters, over the French king and church), and the desire to ensure the Crown's full power even in the spiritual domain.
		Gallicanism flourished in New France in the latter part of the 17th century, when Intendant Jean TALON and Governor FRONTENAC sought to reduce overwhelming religious influence and make the church obey the state.
		Soon, however, extreme ultramontanes threw the epithet "Gallican" at anyone who did not think the way they did; Gallicanism as such existed to some degree but merged with Catholic liberalism, which was similarly denounced until the end of the 19th century.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003137 (307 words)

	Gallicanism: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The term gallican church usually refers to the roman catholic church in france from the time of the declaration of the clergy of france (1682) to...
		Gallicanism tended to restrain the pope's authority in favor of that of bishop bishop quick summary:
		It was to the "Gallican" bishops that Pope Damasus[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] addressed the most ancient decretal[For more, click on this link] which has been preserved to our times (Babut 1904).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/gallicanism.htm (10860 words)

	Gallicanism is the doctrine that the authority of monarch monarchs... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gallicanism is the doctrine that the authority of monarch monarchs...
		"Gallicanism" is the doctrine that the authority of monarch monarchs over the Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church in their country is of comparable magnitude to that of the Pope Pope.
		Gallicanism is intermediate between Ultramontanism Ultramontanism and Anglicanism Anglicanism, in that it downgrades the authority of the Pope without denying it entirely.
	www.biodatabase.de /Gallicanism (147 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gallicanism
		Gallicans have held that the reason of this phenomenon is to be found in the very origin and history of Gallicanism.
		The pretension implied in Gallicanism -- that only the schools and the churches of France possessed the truth as to the pope's authority, that they had been better able than any others to defend themselves against the encroachments of Rome -- was insulting to the sovereign pontiff and invidious to the other churches.
		It was in the name of Gallicanism that the kings of France impeded the publication of the pope's instructions, and forbade the bishops to hold provincial councils or to write against Jansenism -- or at any rate, to publish charges without endorsement of the chancellor.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06351a.htm (4963 words)

	AllRefer.com - Gallicanism (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Branches, Schisms, And Heresies) - Encyclopedia
		Two aspects of Gallicanism are sometimes distinguished: royal Gallicanism, which defended the special rights of the French monarch in the French church; and ecclesiastical Gallicanism, which tried to preserve for the French clergy a certain administrative independence from Rome.
		Gallicanism in both senses received its theoretical formulation during the crisis of the Great Schism through the conciliar theory, which asserted the supremacy of general councils over the pope.
		These declare that kings are not subject to the pope, that general councils supersede the pope's authority, that the pope must respect the customs of the local church, and that papal decrees do not bind unless accepted by the entire church.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Gallican.html (496 words)

	Gallicanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gallicanism is the doctrine that the authority of monarchs over the Roman Catholic Church in their country is of comparable magnitude to that of the Pope.
		Gallicanism is intermediate between Ultramontanism and Anglicanism, in that it downgrades the authority of the Pope without denying it entirely.
		The doctrine originated in France (the term derives from "Gaul"), but in the 18th century it spread to the Low Countries as well.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/g/ga/gallicanism.html (82 words)

	Gallicanism: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gallicanism was much encouraged by Jansenism and remained fashionable at court.
		Gallicanism, a compromise between French national...between Philip IV and Boniface VIII, Gallicanism culminated in the famous four Gallican...Historians usually speak of three Gallicanisms: parlementary, episcopal, and royal...
		...rejected Haek Sancta, the touchstone of Gallicanism, as the decree of one obedience in a...Baluze and Mabillon.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/gallicanism.jsp (1517 words)

	H-France Reviews
		Gallicanism, for Parsons, has long remained an elusive political philosophy for contemporary scholars, because it cannot be reduced to a specific set of positions on the mutual rights and responsibilities of the French crown, the papacy, and the Roman Catholic Church in France.
		Yet, as erudite Gallicans formulated their historical outlook in reaction to the challenges of the religious wars, the Council of Trent, the Jesuit mission, royal excommunications, and a series of jurisdictional battles over the authority of French bishops, the internal contradictions of their own views limited the efficacy and staying power of their arguments.
		Where the Gallicans used the tag “the Church is in the Republic, not the Republic in the Church” to indicate the priority of secular over ecclesiastical jurisdiction,[3] Parsons employs the phrase to suggest a number of conclusions that all stress the vital importance of the Catholic Church to the elaboration of the early modern state.
	www.h-france.net /vol5reviews/bernstein2.html (1515 words)

	Gallicanism
		Gallicanism was renewed in the beginning of the seventeenth century by Edmund Richer (1559-1631), syndic of the Paris University and editor of the works of Gerson.
		Shortly before his death in 1631 he declared in the presence of several witnesses that this submission was made freely and from conviction, but some papers written by him and discovered after his death make it very difficult to believe that these protestations were sincere.
		This Declaration (the Four Gallican Articles) was approved by the king, who ordered that it should be observed by all teachers and professors, and should be accepted by all candidates for theological decrees.
	www.worldspirituality.org /Gallicanism.html (2899 words)

	Gallicanism
		The Gallican Liberties, as Pithou's proposals came to be called, infringed on the traditional rights of the papacy in favor of increased governmental power over the church.
		Barry, "Bossuet and the Gallican Declaration of 1682," CHR 9:143-53; C.B. du Chesnay, NCE; F.P. Drouet, "Gallicanism," The New Catholic Dictionary; J.A. Hardon, Modern Catholic Dictionary, 225; W. Jervis, The Gallican Church and the Revolution.
		The articles, a classic expression of Gallicanism, i.e., French national Catholicism, were ordered by Louis XIV to be taught in all French universities; but since they were not acceptable to the papacy, a number of French bishoprics remained vacant for years.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/gallican.htm (909 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Gallicanism
		A Synod of the bishops of France in 1682 in the Declaration of the 4 Articles claimed the Gallican liberties, which in essence limit papal authority to spiritual matters and allocate the responsibility for the administration of the Church of France to the latter, i.e.
		The Synod of Pistoia 1786 adopted the Gallican liberties for the Catholic church of Tuscany.
		The Gallican churches outside of France had come into being with state support; during the Napoleonic wars, the Catholic church in all these countries suffered the secularization of much of her property.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/absolut/gallicanism.html (579 words)

	Ultramontanism Summary - Ultramontanism Information
		Originally articulated in opposition to Gallicanism, ultramontanism stressed the unity of the church centralized in Rome ("over the mountains") and its independence from nations and states.
		In the ensuing age of uncertainty, the attractiveness of the papacy as the only stable source of authority stimulated a Roman Catholic revival, of which ultramontanism was the essence.
		After 1850, the church under his leadership regarded itself as besieged and embattled, hostile to all liberalism in political and intellectual life, and concentrating in the pope himself both the devotion of the faithful and the plenitude of authority.
	www.bookrags.com /other/religion/ultramontanism-eorl-14.html (867 words)

	Is Sedevacantism Catholic? Part 3
		“Gallicanism: This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time peculiar to the Church of France, or Gallican Church, and the theological schools of that country.
		The first glimmerings of the Gallican ideas surfaced during the conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII in the 1300’s.
		Sedevacantism must be exposed and opposed, as we saw with Gallicanism, because of its disrespect for the pope and the desire for the right to judge the pope.
	www.sspx.org /miscellaneous/is_sedevacantism_catholic3.htm (2600 words)

	GALLICANISM - Online Information article about GALLICANISM
		Gallicanism had two distinct sides, a constitutional and a dogmatic, though both were generally held together, the second serving as the logical basis of the first.
		It was elaborated, and connected with dogmatic Gallicanism; by the famous theologian, Edmond Richer (1559-1631), and finally incorporated by See also:
		council is above the pope; (3) that the ancient liberties of the Gallican Church are sacred; (4) that the infallible teaching authority of the church belongs to pope and bishops jointly.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GAG_GEO/GALLICANISM.html (711 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ecclesiastical Gallicanism argued that the decisions of ecumenical councils had supremacy over the pope, that the pope was not infallible, and that all bishops were established by divine right as the successors of the apostles.
		Parlementary Gallicanism, a position of the French royal courts, or parlements, was more radical and aggressive, advocating the complete subordination of the French church to the state and, if necessary, the intervention of the government in the financial and disciplinary affairs of the clergy.
		The roots of Gallicanism can be traced back at least to the early Middle Ages and to the numerous struggles between the French kings and the popes over political authority and the power to fill clerical positions and collect certain taxes.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210031 (432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: GALLICANISM Gallicanism This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time peculiar to the Church of France, or Gallican Church, and the theological schools of that country.
		Two centuries later St. Gregory the Great pointed out the Gallican Church to his envoy Augustine, the Apostle of England, as one of those whose customs he might accept as of equal stability with those of the Roman Church or of any other whatsoever.
		Critical Examination The principal force of Gallicanism always was that which it drew from the external circumstances in which it arose and grew up: the difficulties of the Church, torn by schism; the encroachments of the civil authorities; political turmoil; the interested support of the kings of France.
	library.catholic.org /homelibr/homelibr121.txt (4737 words)

	HIV's Ministers
		The term Gallicanism derives from the expression ‘liberties of the Gallican [i.e.
		Pierre Pithou (1539-96), a Gallican theologian, published the leading principles in his treatise Les libertés de l’Église gallicane (1594), a justification for the coronation of Henri IV that year at Chartres before he had received Papal absolution ratifying his conversion to Catholicism.
		This (1) denied that the Pope had dominion (puissance) over things temopral and affirmed that kings are not subject to the authority of the Church in temporal and civil matters or to deposition by the ecclesiastical power, and that their subjects could not be dispensed by the Pope from their allegiance [e.g.
	www.le.ac.uk /hi/bon/resources/bourb/bourb9.html (2279 words)

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