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Topic: Gallienus

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gallienus
		Gallienus took the western half of the empire and his father the eastern portion, in 255.
		Gallienus defeated the enemy at Milan, but made an alliance with one of the chiefs of the Marcomanni, and gave him Upper Pannonia.
		Gallienus was assassinated by his officers while this siege was going on.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06366a.htm (522 words)

	Emperor Gallienus
		Gallienus was still fighting along the Danube, when message reached him that further west the Juthungi (Jutes) and the Alemanni had crossed the river a were descending into Italy.
		With Gallienus occupied with Regalianus, the command of the Rhine armies was left to Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus, governor of Lower Germany, with the emperor's son Saloninus, guarded by the praetorian prefect Silvanus, staying at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne).
		Gallienus however sent his general Domitianus against them and they were defeated and killed in the Balkans.
	www.roman-empire.net /decline/gallienus.html (1752 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR valerian and gallienus
		Gallienus put down these rebellions by 260 and secured stability in the region by concluding an alliance with the Marcomannic king, whose daughter Pipa the emperor apparently accepted as his concubine although he was still married to Cornelia Salonina.
		Gallienus' exclusion of senators from military command further broke down class distinctions because sons of centurions were by this time regularly given equestrian rank and the move further accelerated the alienation of Rome as center of the Empire.
		Gallienus sent Aureolus to defeat Macrianus and one son in the area of Illyria and Thrace; Odenathus of Palmyra defeated the other son and restored stability in Syria and, with Gallienus' approval, followed that up with a victory over the Persians.
	www.roman-emperors.org /gallval.htm (2624 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gallienus was born around 218 to Valerian and Mariniana, a woman possibly of senatorial rank and daughter of Egnatius Victor Marinianus.
		Gallienus' wife, Cornelia Salonina, had given him three sons: Valerianus (who died in 258), Saloninus (who, after becoming co-emperor, died in 260 by the hand of his tutor Postumus), and Egnatius Marinianus (consul in 268).
		Gallienus was the father of some important reforms, including the creation of a more mobile cavalry, which could better deal with sudden security threats.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Gallienus (1637 words)

	(120) Gallienus
		Gallienus was first co-emperor with his father, Valerian.
		In A.D. 260 Valerian, who was fighting the Persians in the East, was captured by the Persians, and Gallienus began his sole reign amid chaos, with a series of revolts in several regions and the usurper Postumus in control of much of Germany (see no. 121).
		Gallienus' last major victory, over the Heruli in the Danube region in A.D. 266, appeared so decisive that the emperor celebrated the victory with a depiction of Victoria and a declaration of universal peace on the reverse of this coin.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/art/buerger/catalogue/120.html (295 words)

	Gallienus, Roman Imperial Coins of, at WildWinds.com
		Gallienus AE 26 of the Province of Dacia.
		Gallienus Æ 28mm [8 assaria] of Irenopolis-Neronias, Cilicia.
		Gallienus Æ 29mm [11 assaria] of Syedra, Cilicia.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/ric/gallienus/i.html (5959 words)

	Gallienus - Portrait Gallery of Roman Emperors on Coins
		Gallienus was born in the year of Rome 971 = AD 218, the son of the Emperor Valerianus and his first wife, who was probably called Galliena.
		When his father Valerian was captured by the Persians in AD 260, Gallienus failed to avenge his captivity, and it is believed that he saw it to be to his advantage.
		During the reign of Gallienus, from about AD 260, the silver coinage was completely debased, and hyper-inflation occurred.
	www.24carat.co.uk /gallienus.html (552 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR usurpers under gallienus
		It took some time before Gallienus was able to regain power.
		The revolt of the Macriani resulted from the fact that the emperor Valerian was caught by the Persians and that his son and coregent, Gallienus, was far away in the west.
		During the sole reign of Gallienus (A.D. 260-268), Trebellianus is said to have been proclaimed emperor in Isauria (Asia minor).
	www.roman-emperors.org /galusurp.htm (3042 words)

	Portraits of the Mid Third Centu
		During the reign of Gallienus, the emperor's portraiture returned to the Classical style except that he was shown in an even more angelic form.
		Gallienus' eyes were often shown looking to the heavens (later, Christian art adopted this to portray the piety of martyrs, and was also used to depict the devotion of Constantine on coins) and sometimes he wore the crown of Ceres.
		The realism in art reached a peak in the 250's, and Gallienus' portraits were perfect in natural form although shown in a glorifying manner.
	www.sonic.net /~rbeale/mysite/Art.htm (354 words)

	Gallienus
		Bis zur Gefangennahme des Valerianus 260 konnte Gallienus zwar Ingenuus bezwingen, doch ein neuer Ursupator namens Regalianus versuchte in Oberpannonien an die Macht zu kommen.
		Doch nun reformierte Gallienus Staat und Gesellschaft in ungeheurem Maße.
		Während Gallienus daraufhin Mailand belagerte, wurde er von einer Gruppe illyrischer Offiziere ermordet.
	www.antoninian.com /Liste_der_Kaiser/Gallienus/gallienus.html (479 words)

	Gallienus — FactMonster.com
		When his father was in the East, Gallienus checked the Alemanni near Milan, and even after the capture of Valerian he was successful.
		Gallienus himself was murdered by his men at Milan, where he was resisting a revolt, which was eventually suppressed by his successor
		Claudius II During his reign Gallienus had reversed his father's program of persecuting the Christians and had managed to bring the empire through a crucial period of history without complete disaster.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0820070.html (174 words)

	Gallienus
		From 253 to 260 he reigned conjointly with his father, during which time he gave proof of military ability and bravery.
		But when his father was taken prisoner by Shapur I of Persia in 260, Gallienus made no effort to obtain his release, or to withstand the incursions of the invaders who threatened the empire from all sides.
		Gallienus was killed at Mediolanum by his own soldiers while besieging Aureolus, who was proclaimed emperor by the Illyrian legions.
	www.nndb.com /people/597/000104285 (254 words)

	Gallienus
		Gallienus, now devoid of offspring, gave the task of dealing with the revolt of Quietus and Macrinus to Aureolus, his general.
		Gallienus and Claudius II defeated the invaders at Naissus.
		With Gallienus dead, Claudius II paid off the soldiers, was proclaimed emperor, finished the siege of Milan, executed Aureolus, joined the senate and proceeded to massacre Gallienus' family and associates in Rome in spite for Gallienus' policy of disallowing senatorial command posts in the army.
	www.beastcoins.com /RomanImperial/V-I/Gallienus/Gallienus.htm (5590 words)

	Gallienus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gallienus made several attempts to to remove Postumus who had set up a Gallic Empire in Germania, Gaul, Britain, and Spain but was unsuccessful.
		In the last attempt Gallienus was injured by an arrow and was forced to retreat, he never gained the personal revenge that, according to one source, drove him to challenge Postumus to single combat and he never was able to reunify the empire during his lifetime.
		Gallienus patronized a cultural movement which collectively is known as the Gallienic Renaissance which saw a renewed affinity with Hellenistic culture and Neo-Platonic philosophy.
	www.cachecoins.org /gallienus2.htm (531 words)

	Gallienus Information
		Be that as it may, Claudius spared the lives of Gallienus' family — Gallienus' wife, Cornelia Salonina, had given him three sons: Valerianus (who died in 258), Saloninus (died in 260 after becoming co-emperor), and Egnatius Marinianus — and had the emperor deified.
		Gallienus was the father of some important reforms, including the creation of a more mobile cavalry, which could better deal with sudden security threats.
		During Gallienus' reign, the Emperor's patronage of the philosopher Plotinus allowed for the teachings of Neoplatonism to thrive.
	www.bookrags.com /Gallienus (924 words)

	The History of the Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire - Vol 1 - Chapter XI Part I
		Under the deplorable reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, the empire was oppressed and almost destroyed by the soldiers, the tyrants, and the barbarians.
		The death of Gallienus was resolved; and notwithstanding their desire of first terminating the siege of Milan, the extreme danger which accompanied every moment's delay obliged them to hasten the execution of their daring purpose.
		By such arts Gallienus softened the indignation and dispelled the fears of his Illyrian general; and during the remainder of that reign, the formidable sword of Claudius was always drawn in the cause of a master whom he despised.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-1/chap30.html (3322 words)

	Gallienus: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gallienus himself was murdered by his men at Milan, where he was resisting a revolt, which was eventually suppressed by his successor Claudius II.
		During his reign Gallienus had reversed his father's program of persecuting the Christians and had managed to bring the empire through a crucial period of history without complete disaster.
		Valerian died in captivity and was succeeded by Gallienus.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/gallienus.jsp?l=G&p=1 (873 words)

	Gallienus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A force sent by Gallienus against Zenobia was defeated.
		Gallienus himself was murdered by his men at Milan, where he was resisting a revolt, which was eventually suppressed by his successor Claudius II.
		During his reign Gallienus had reversed his father’s program of persecuting the Christians and had managed to bring the empire through a crucial period of history without complete disaster.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ga/Gallienu.html (184 words)

	Gallienus Biography
		Gallienus (218-268), Roman Emperor (260-268) took control of the Roman Empire at a time when the empire was undergoing great crisis.
		An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus.
		Gallienus took pains to make sure that he was regularly represented as victorius, merciful, and pious.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Gallienus.html (624 words)

	Gallienus
		Bereits von 254 bis 258 musste Gallienus an Rhein und Donau sein militärisches Geschick unter Beweis stellen, indem er Germanen und Karpen in die Schranken verwies.
		Schließlich musste Gallienus akzeptieren, dass die Markomannen nördlich der Donau in gefährlicher Nähe der römischen Grenze ein neues Königreich errichteten.
		Gallienus interessierte sich auch für griechische Lebensart, Kunst, Religion (als letzter Kaiser ließ er sich in die Mysterien von Eleusis einweihen) und Philosophie - er stand in Kontakt mit Plotin -, und versuchte offenbar eine bewußte Rückwendung hin zu den Formen des 1.
	www.kalkriese.de /Gallienus.html (2575 words)

	Chapter Emperors Decius, Gallus, Æmilianus, Valerian And Gallienus. of History of The Decline And Fall of The ...
		Italy, Rome, and the senate, constantly adhered to the cause of Gallienus, and he alone was considered as the sovereign of the empire.
		The bravest usurpers were compelled, by the perplexity of their situation, to conclude ignominious treaties with the common enemy, to purchase with oppressive tributes the neutrality or services of the Barbarians, and to introduce hostile and independent nations into the heart of the Roman monarchy.
		Such were the barbarians, and such the tyrants, who, under the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, dismembered the provinces, and reduced the empire to the lowest pitch of disgrace and ruin, from whence it seemed impossible that it should ever emerge.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25652/17.html (770 words)

	Gallienus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is said that upon hearing the news that his father, Valerian had died, Gallienus experienced a silent joy.
		Gallienus never tried to assert his authority to the rebels unless he felt personally endangered.
		During one of these campaigns, Gallienus was subduing the rebel Aureolus when he was struck with an arrow and died.
	library.thinkquest.org /26907/emperors/gallienus.htm (140 words)

	Chapter Emperors Decius, Gallus, Æmilianus, Valerian And Gallienus. of History of The Decline And Fall of The ...
		Several of the pretenders, who raised the standard of rebellion against the emperor Gallienus, were shining models of virtue, and almost all possessed a considerable share of vigor and ability.
		The usurper Valens, by whose order he was killed, confessed, with deep remorse, that even an enemy ought to have respected the sanctity of Piso; and although he died in arms against Gallienus, the senate, with the emperor's generous permission, decreed the triumphal ornaments to the memory of so virtuous a rebel.
		If the dangerous favor of the army had imprudently declared them deserving of the purple, they were marked for sure destruction; and even prudence would counsel them to secure a short enjoyment of empire, and rather to try the fortune of war than to expect the hand of an executioner.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25652/16.html (830 words)

	Gallienus - Definition, explanation
		The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes.
		Gallienus's chief method of reinforcing his position is seen in the coinage produced during his reign (see Roman currency).
		Devastation of the Goths in the Reign of Gallienus, 260-268 CE
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/ga/gallienus.php (910 words)

	The History of the Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire - Vol 1 - Chapter X Part III
		Whilst that prince, and his infant son Salonius, displayed, in the court of Treves, the majesty of the empire its armies were ably conducted by their general, Posthumus, who, though he afterwards betrayed the family of Valerian, was ever faithful to the great interests of the monarchy.
		When Gallienus received the intelligence that his capital was delivered from the barbarians, he was much less delighted than alarmed with the courage of the senate, since it might one day prompt them to rescue the public from domestic tyranny as well as from foreign invasion.
		Under the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, the frontier of the last-mentioned river was perpetually infested by the inroads of Germans and Sarmatians; but it was defended by the Romans with more than usual firmness and success.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-1/chap28.html (3476 words)

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