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Topic: Galvani

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	Luigi Galvani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Galvani's investigations led shortly to the invention of an early battery, but not by Galvani, who did not perceive electricity as separable from biology.
		Galvani didn't see electricity as the essence or the stuff itself of life, which he regarded vitalistically.
		While, as Galvani believed, all life is indeed electrical--in that all living things are made of cells and every cell has a cell potential--biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the flow of current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be recapitulated in a way outside the body.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Luigi_Galvani (338 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		Galvani wrote, "While one of those who were assisting me touched lightly, and by chance, the point of his scalpel to the internal crural nerves of the frog, suddenly all the muscles of its limbs were seen to be so contracted that they seemed to have fallen into tonic convulsions.
		"Galvani knew that metals transmitted this mysterious substance called electricity, and came to the obvious conclusion that some kind of electricity - which he called "animal electricity" - was generated in the tissue of the frog and, flowing through the metal skewer and fence, activated the frog's muscles.
		The name Galvanization is derived from Luigi Galvani, and was once used as the name for the administration of electric shocks (also termed in the 19th century Faradism, named after Michael Faraday), this stems from Galvani's induction of twitches in severed frog's legs, by his accidental generation of electricity.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/GalvaniBio.htm (841 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Galvani, Luigi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Galvani's scientific colleagues generally accepted his views, but Alessandro Volta, the outstanding professor of physics at the University of Pavia, was not convinced by the analogy between the muscle and the Leyden jar.
		Galvani was correct in attributing muscular contractions to an electrical stimulus but wrong in identifying it as an "animal electricity." Volta correctly denied the existence of an "animal electricity" but was wrong in implying that every electrophysiological effect requires two different metals as sources of current.
		Galvani provided the major stimulus for Volta to discover a source of constant current electricity; this was the voltaic pile, or a battery, with its principles of operation combined from chemistry and physics.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/GALVANI_BIO.html (2236 words)

	Knowledge King - Luigi Galvani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Luigi Galvani (September 9 1737 - December 4 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna.
		Galvani saw electricity instead as the essence or the stuff itself of life, which he regarded vitalistically.
		While, as Galvani believed, all life is indeed electrical--in that all living things are made of cellss and every cell has a cell potential--biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the flow of current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be recapitulated in a way outside the body.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/l/lu/luigi_galvani.html (286 words)

	Luigi Galvani - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe whatever it was that activated the muscles of his specimens.
		From Luigi Galvani to Contemporary Neurobiology: Contributions to the Celebration of the IX Centenary of the University of Bologna (F I D I a Research Series)
		Galvani and Volta: A tragic and noble duel
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /luigi_galvani.htm (425 words)

	R.Smg. GALVANI
		The evening of June 23rd, unaware of the situation, the Galvani entered the gulf and the usual tanker traffic was completely absent; thereafter, the vessel was sighted by the corvette Falmouth.
		Lieutenant Commander (capitano di corvetta) Renato Spano, the captain of the Galvani, immediately ordered a crash dive, but while the boat was slow in submerging, and the stern section was still visibly out of the water and was hit by one of the shells.
		The crewmembers of the Galvani spent the rest of the war in a prisoners of war camp.
	www.regiamarina.net /subs/submarines/galvani/galvani_us.htm (1229 words)

	Electrochemistry
		In the mid-1780s, anatomist Luigi Galvani (Bologna, Italy) was studying the effects of atmospheric electrical discharge.
		Galvani proclaimed that the muscle retained a nerveo-electrical fluid” similar to that of an electric eel.
		Shortly before he died, Galvani was dismissed from his professorship at the University of Bologna, because he refused to swear allegiance to Napoleon's Republic.
	web.fccj.org /~ethall/electro/electro.htm (962 words)

	NASA Neurolab Web: Mission Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Luigi Galvani (1737-98) was born in Bologna, Papal States (Italy).
		However, in another experiment, Galvani caused muscular contraction by touching the exposed muscle of one frog with the nerve of another and thus established for the first time that bioelectric forces exist within living tissue.
		Galvani’s discoveries opened the way to new research in the physiology of muscle and nerve and pioneered the subject of electrophysiology -- the study of the connection between living organisms and electricity.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /galvani.htm (315 words)

	Luigi Galvani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the material or phenomenon that activated the muscles of his specimens.
		Galvani and contemporaries regarded muscle activation as resulting from an electrical fluid or substance in the nerves.
		Galvani's name also survives in the Galvanic cell and the term "galvanization".
	www.eurofreehost.com /lu/Luigi_Galvani.html (269 words)

	Discovery, Chance and the Scientific Method
		Galvani observed, in 1791, that frog legs hung on a wire near a metal balustrade jerked violently when the wind brought the two metals into contact with each other.
		Galvani had, purely by chance, observed the physiological result of an electric current.
		It is interesting that although Galvani correctly postulated the link between movement of muscle tissue and electrical impulses, he incorrectly dismissed the role of the two metals in the scenario which he observed.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/CC/chance.html (1673 words)

	BBC SPORT \| TENNIS \| Clockwatch: Rusedski v Galvani
		Galvani is assuming the role of aggressor and comes into the net to earn a break point.
		Galvani is beginning to take control of the long rallies and his domination at the back of the court sees him take his first lead of the match with a game to love.
		Galvani is pushed on his serve once again, but he maintains his concentration to hold after a backhand error from Rusedski.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport/low/english/tennis/newsid_1970000/1970851.stm (1109 words)

	Anthroposophie Forum - Bibliothek: Luigi Galvani
		However, Galvani chose to interpret his results in terms of “animal electricity,” which proclaimed that the structure of the muscle retained a “nerveo-electrical fluid” similar to that of an electric eel.
		Galvani apparently by accident, noticed the convulsions of frogs' legs in certain circumstances.
		Though Luigi Galvani erroneously concluded that the frog's nervous system generated an electical charge, his work stimulated much research into the electrical nature of the nervous impulse.
	www.anthroposophie.net /bibliothek/nawi/physik/galvani/bib_galvani.htm (328 words)

	Encyclopedia: Luigi Galvani
		Bioelectromagnetism (sometimes equated with bioelectricity) refers to the static voltage of biological cells and to the electric currents that flow in living tissues, such as nerves and muscles, as a result of action potentials.
		The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two metals connected by an electrolyte which forms a salt bridge between the metals.
		Galvanization, named after the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani, was originally the administration of electric shocks (in the 19th century also termed Faradism, after Michael Faraday).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Luigi-Galvani (766 words)

	Alison P. Galvani: Yale School of Public Health
		Professor Galvani’s research philosophy has been to integrate evolutionary ecology and epidemiology in order to generate predictions that could not be made by either discipline alone.
		Galvani, A.P. Age-dependent epidemiological patterns and strain diversity in helminth parasites.
		Galvani, A.P. and Slatkin, M.W. Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele.
	publichealth.yale.edu /faculty/galvani.html (249 words)

	Luigi Galvani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Luigi Galvani was professor of anatomy at University of Bologna.
		Galvani wrote a pamphlet to describe the experiment and explain his ideas.
		Galvani was wrong, the legs of dead frog twitched by the electricity produced by the contact of different kinds of metals.
	www.geocities.com /siliconvalley/circuit/1858/galvanie.htm (148 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Luigi Galvani
		Galvani's work in comparative anatomy and physiology includes a study of the kidneys of birds and of their sense of hearing.
		This theory of a nervous electric fluid, secreted by the brain, conducted by the nerves, and stored in the muscles, has been abandoned by scientists on account of later discoveries, but Galvani was led to it in a very logical manner and defended it by clever experiments, which soon bore fruit.
		His works (Opere di Luigi Galvani) were collected and published by the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna (1841-42).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06371c.htm (596 words)

	Legacy of Galvani and Volta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The exhibition "The legacy of Galvani and Volta in contemporary science" was conceived as a short historical-scientific itinerary: from the first experiments and discoveries of the two scientists and the dispute that they generated in the scientific world of their time, till the most recent researches and applications in physics and in biomedicine.
		It is true, as Galvani was saying, that animal and human organisms produce electric currents in their interior, as that which transmits the nervous impulses to the muscles.
		The academic dispute between Galvani and Volta led to the birth of a new discipline (electrophysiology), to the discovery of the pile, to reliable sources of electricity and finally to the development of electromagnetism.
	www.bo.infn.it /galvani/cultura-estero/legacy-galvani-volta.html (329 words)

	Does Galvani Current Exist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Galvani assumed that electric current springs up at the point of contact between nerves and muscles and therefore called it as "animal electricity".
		Now we know that in such devices the current is a result of electrochemical processes occured in the electrolytic solution at the electrodes made of two different metals.
		In this sence the energy of Galvani's "animal electricity" is apparently the energy of the physical vacuum and can be identified as ancient "vis vitalis".
	www.geocities.com /zhvir (994 words)

	Volta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Luigi Galvani is famous for his discovery that when a nerve was touched by a metal knife during the discharge of a nearby electrical machine, the leg would twitch.
		Volta believed that Galvani was wrong, and in his efforts to prove that the muscle was reacting to a small electrical charge, Volta developed the basic research that led directly to his development of the electric battery (the Volta pile) in 1800.
		Galvani continued his experiments and in 1794 published "Dell’ uso e dell’ attivita...
	www.sparkmuseum.com /BOOK_GALVANI.HTM (246 words)

	Bloomfield Science Museum/Luigi Galvani
		Galvani's views were generally accepted at the time, and widely acclaimed.
		Galvani had used brass skewers to attach his frogs to the iron fence.
		Galvani was essentially right in his idea that muscles are naturally activated by electricity, and even in the idea that the electricity originated in the brain.
	www.mada.org.il /website/html/eng/2_1_1-9.htm (716 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		His insistence on "animal electricity" and not metallic or atmospheric electricity was that while he could certainly make the frog legs jump when in contact with 2 metals and also during thunderstorms, there were times when the frog legs contracted on perfectly clear days without a complete arc of two metals.
		This stirred up quite a controversy with Galvani on one side and Allesandro Volta on the other in support of metalic electricity.
		Galvanized, galvanism, and galvanometer are all derived from Galvani.
	itp.nyu.edu /~nql3186/electricity/pages/galvani.html (196 words)

	Galvani, Luigi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Galvani was born and educated in Bologna, where he taught anatomy.
		In 1786 Galvani noticed that touching a frog with a metal instrument during a thunderstorm made the frog twitch.
		But by 1800, Volta had proved that Galvani had been wrong and that the source of the electricity in his experiments had been two different metals and the animal's body fluids.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/G/Galvani/1.html (191 words)

	Alumni Bulletin Boards
		Victor Galvani had not played well, and was not sure if his score of 76 at Georgetown Country Club would hold up during the qualifying for the Mass Open.
		Galvani, a Framingham native who just finished his junior year at Elon University in North Carolina, knows all about bad bounces.
		Galvani's next big test will be trying to qualify for the Mass Amateur later this month.
	sky.prohosting.com /marianhs/marian01.html (703 words)

	Item 152
		Galvani, professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, was studying the nervous system of the frog when he noted that distant electrical discharges would cause violent muscular contractions in a dissected frog if the lumbar nerve was in contact with a metal instrument.
		Galvani was in error-the phenomena he observed was caused by the generation of electricity by different metals in a moist atmosphere-but his mistake had manifold consequences.
		Galvani first published his findings in the proceedings of the Bologna Academy and Institute of Sciences and Arts in March 1791.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/treasures/html/152.html (214 words)

	A "new electricity": Galvani and Volta
		About 1791, Luigi Galvani (1737-98), an Italian anatomist at Bologna, reported a series of experiments he had been conducting since 1780 when an assistant had accidentally observed that a frog's legs violently contracted if a metal scalpel were touched to a certain leg nerve during dissection.
		In subsequent experiments, Galvani showed that the contractions occurred when the operator made contact with a nerve by means of an electrical conductor and if the frog's legs were connected by means of an electrical conductor to ground.
		In view of the shocklike aspect of the muscular contractions and the necessity of using electrical conductors, Galvani associated the phenomenon with electricity.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Physics/Electromagnetism/Electrostatics/Electricfield/Newelectricity/Newelectricity.htm (422 words)

	Galvani to Receive Young Investigators' Prize: Yale School of Public Health
		Galvani will receive her award and present a paper entitled “Epidemiology Meets Evolutionary Ecology” at ASN's joint meeting with the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Society of Systematic Biologists, to be held from June 10 to 14 at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
		Galvani's research focuses on how evolutionary forces shape the engagement between infectious agents and the immune system of individual hosts, and, more generally, how evolution affects host-parasite (with parasite defined very broadly) interactions at the population level.
		Galvani has collaborated with Merck scientists to assess the public health impact of their human papillomavirus vaccine.
	info.med.yale.edu /eph/news/may05/galvani.html (324 words)

	A Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities 1
		Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) was an Italian physician who, in the 1770's, began to investigate the nature and effects of what he conceived to be electricity in animal tissue and of muscular stimulation by electrical means.
		In his last years, Galvani refused to swear allegiance to the Cisalpine Republic established by Napoleon and he was fired from the University of Bologna.
		After his friend, Galvani, discovered that contact of two different metals with the muscle of a frog resulted in an electric current, Volta began experimenting in 1794 with metals alone and found that animal tissue was not needed to produce a current.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~taylor/frame1.htm (459 words)

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