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Topic: Galvanic series

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	Galvanic series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Galvanic series relationships are useful as a guide for selecting metals to be joined, will help the selection of metals having minimal tendency to interact galvanically, or will indicate the need or degree of protection to be applied to lessen the expected potential interactions.
		In general, the further apart the materials are in the galvanic series, the higher the risk of galvanic corrosion, which should be prevented by design.
		The use of the galvanic series has to be done with caution and a basic knowledge of the environments that is a necessary part of this serious form of corrosion.
	corrosion-doctors.org /Aircraft/galvseri.htm (338 words)

	MAS Note-Galvanic Corrosion
		Galvanic corrosion, often misnamed "electrolysis," is one common form of corrosion in marine environments.
		The two major factors affecting the severity of galvanic corrosion are (1) the voltage difference between the two metals on the Galvanic Series, and (2) the size of the exposed area of cathodic metal relative to that of the anodic metal.
		When the two metals in a galvanic couple are close together on the series, such as manganese bronze and silicon bronze, their voltage ranges overlap, and either one can be the anode, depending on the exact exposure conditions.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /seagrant/publications/corrosion.html (1223 words)

	The Hendrix Group - corrosion of brass and brass alloys
		In gunmetal valves the galvanic action between an HTB spindle and the valve body causes accelerated dezincification of the spindle, but in a cast iron valve the galvanic action reduces the corrosion of the spindle and this combination is generally satisfactory in service.
		The possibility of galvanically accelerated dezincification of an alpha-beta brass valve bolted to a flange on a large copper vessel is not eliminated, or even reduced, simply by fitting an insulating gasket between the two, since they will remain connected through the bolts.
		Whenever steps are taken to insulate the two members of a potential galvanic couple from one another it is important to check, before they are brought in contact with the water or other electrolyte for which they are to be used, that the desired absence of electrical continuity between them has been achieved.
	www.hghouston.com /coppers/brass78.htm (1169 words)

	Dissimilar Metals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hot-dip galvanized steel is well suited for use in a variety of environments and fabrications, and sometimes is placed in contact with different metals including, among others, stainless steel, aluminum, copper and weathering steel.
		Generally, as the separation between metals in the series increases, the corroding effect on the metal higher in the series increases as well.
		Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals are in contact in a corrosive environment: one of the metals experiences an accelerated corrosion rate.
	www.galvanizeit.org /showContent,173,215.cfm (492 words)

	Galvanic Corrosion
		Galvanic attack can be uniform in nature or localized at the junction between the alloys depending on service conditions.
		Galvanic corrosion can be particularly severe under conditions where protective corrosion films do not form or where they are removed by conditions of erosion corrosion.
		While the potential serves as a measure of the thermodynamic driving force for galvanic corrosion, it is the galvanic corrosion current that indicates the acceleration of corrosion by the influence of the galvanic couple.
	www.mtec.or.th /th/research/famd/corro/galvanic.htm (347 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This series should be constructed for materials of interest according to their potential as measured in a specific electrolyte.
		Galvanic effect from carbon-based materials is common in chemical equipment due to their popularity and the availability of various forms.
		Galvanic corrosion is not a common concern for zirconium because of its inherent advantages, such as the nobility in many galvanic series and the nonconductive nature of its oxide film.
	www.twca.com /WahChang/pages/outlook/html/bkissues/16_03.htm (1996 words)

	Corrosion
		Galvanic corrosion or electrochemical corrosion, often misnamed "electrolysis," is one common form of corrosion in marine environments.
		When a galvanic couple forms, a low electric current flows from the metal having the high potential (Anodic) on the galvanic series to the metal having the lower potential (Cathodic).
		The voltage difference between the two metals on the Galvanic Series, the greater the distance between the two metal on the chart, the greater the effect.
	www.rcboataholic.com /faq/corrosion.htm (405 words)

	Go Boating America
		Galvanic corrosion -- sometimes incorrectly called electrolysis -- is the best-known form of marine corrosion.
		Galvanic corrosion can also occur when a boat is hooked up to a dockside shore power system.
		As the green ground wire of a shore power cable is connected to the boat's ground, a galvanic cell condition may be established between the boat's underwater fittings and the underwater fittings of another boat or boats -- wired in the same manner to the same dockside power system.
	www.goboatingamerica.com /main/article.asp?id=2032 (854 words)

	Corrosion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Galvanic protection relies on a sacrificial anode with a more "active" voltage (technically a more negative electrochemical potential) than the metal to be protected (typically steel).
		The polarization is caused by the current flow from the anode to the cathode, driven by the difference in electrochemical potential between the anode and the cathode.
		This creates a galvanic couple with the well-protected alloy nearby, which leads to weld decay (corrosion of the grain boundaries near welds) in highly corrosive environments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corrosion (2270 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Galvanic corrosion is a specific type of corrosion that can be defined as the accelerated electrochemical corrosion produced when one metal is in electrical contact with another, more noble metal.
		With knowledge of the galvanic corrosion behavior of different metals and alloys in a particular environment, it is possible to construct a series which will indicate their general tendencies to form galvanic cells and to predict the probable direction of the reaction.
		When galvanically coupled to the steel, the corrosion rate of the tin is greatly reduced while the steel corrodes preferentially and at an accelerated rate, when compared with its corrosion rate in the absence of the tin.
	www.tu-darmstadt.de /fb/ms/student/fs/german/lab/w10/mse10-3.htm (2125 words)

	Kelley Technical Coatings - Olympic: Technical Bulletins
		Galvanic corrosion is self-generated activity resulting from differences in potential which develop when metal is placed in an electrolyte.
		Is an electrolytic cell, the anode is the positive terminal, and in a galvanic cell the anode is the negative terminal.
		We have learned from experience to arrange the metals in a series, call galvanic series or electromotive series, which helped us predict which metals are relatively safe to use in contact with one another, and which metals ar apt to produce strong galvanic corrosion on each other.
	www.kelleytech.com /olympic/olympic-techbulletin-view.asp?ID=38 (1570 words)

	Precourt Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The term anneal refers to the heat treatment given all 300 series stainless and most 400 series stainless by the steel mill after the raw material has been completed but before fittings are manufactured.
		GALVANIC CORROSION: An accelerated degree of corrosion occurring when two different metals are in contact with moisture, particularly seawater.
		To prevent galvanic corrosion, use insulation, paint or coatings when separating dissimilar metals; or put the metal to be protected next to a metal which is not important in the assembly, so it can corrode sacrificially.
	www.precourt.ca /c_hints2.htm (1141 words)

	Kennedy Space Center Corrosion Technology Testbed -- Galvanic Corrosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical action of two dissimilar metals in the presence of an electrolyte and an electron conductive path.
		The farther apart the metals are in the galvanic series, the greater the galvanic corrosion effect or rate will be.
		Control of galvanic corrosion is achieved by using metals closer to each other in the galvanic series or by electrically isolating metals from each other.
	corrosion.ksc.nasa.gov /html/galcorr.htm (375 words)

	Corrosion Control - Galvanic Table
		A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution; hence for each specific solution which is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue.
		The sea water galvanic series is the most complete series that I know and I have not seen another series published by either the Army, Navy, or Air Force.
		Corollary II - The larger the relative anode area, the lower the galvanic current density on the anode, the lesser the attack.
	www.eaa1000.av.org /technicl/corrosion/galvanic.htm (1063 words)

	Galvanic corrosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Galvanic corrosion (also called ' dissimilar metal corrosion' or wrongly 'electrolysis') refers to corrosion damage induced when two dissimilar materials are coupled in a corrosive electrolyte.
		Galvanic corrosion problems should be solved by designing to avoid these problems in the first place.
		Galvanic corrosion cells can be set up on the macroscopic level or on the microscopic level.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Aircraft/galvdefi.htm (550 words)

	Articles - Galvanic series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The galvanic series determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals.
		Galvanic reaction is the principle which batteries are based on.
		The following is the galvanic series for stagnant (that is, low oxygen content) seawater.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Galvanic_series?mySession=235d9bba8dad63657da5186ba8904951 (117 words)

	Understanding How Metals Corrode Can Help Build Better Structures
		Galvanic corrosion is a form of electrochemical corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals come together in the presence of an electrolyte to form an electrical couple, known as a galvanic couple.
		The farther apart the two metals are on the Galvanic Series, the greater the potential for corrosion (see Table 2).
		Galvanizing means simply overlaying steel with zinc, either by plating or by dipping the steel in molten zinc.
	www.mtec.or.th /th/research/famd/corro\howmetals.htm (1165 words)

	Iano's backfill: 12 Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction
		In this case, the surface area of the anode (the copper fasteners) is very small in relation to the surface area of the cathode (the stainless steel roof metal), the flow of electrons from the anodes is highly concentrated, and rapid corrosion of the fasteners is expected.
		In this case, dissolved zinc (from the galvanized coating on the steel) is carried into the copper gutter, where the zinc will act as the anode in the galvanic pair.
		Galvanized steel (a zinc metal coating on steel) reacts according to the electrical potential of zinc.
	www.ianosbackfill.com /12_light_gauge_steel_frame_construction (4702 words)

	Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion in Fresh Water - page 5
		This is similar to the electrochemical series shown in Table 11, except that the latter is based on thermodynamically reversible reactions, which are not practically attainable.
		I have discussed the galvanic cell in considerable detail because it is well suited to explain the electrochemical nature of corrosion.
		Note that the chemical reactions involved are precisely the same as those that occur in a galvanic cell, and since voltage produced by the cell is determined by the chemical reactions, the potential of any oxygen concentration cell will be exactly the same as in a galvanic cell where the corroding metal is the anode.
	www.roscoemoss.com /tech_manuals/fmcf/p5.html (592 words)

	Corrosion, stainless steel
		Referring to the galvanic chart you will note that passivated 316 stainless steel is located nine lines from the bottom and active 316 stainless steel is located thirteen lines from the top.
		Pit type corrosion is therefore simple galvanic corrosion, as the small active area is being attacked by the large passivated area.
		The 300 series is the one most commonly used in the process industry because of its good corrosion resistant proprieties.
	www.mcnallyinstitute.com /04-html/4-1.html (2466 words)

	UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
		Galvanic Cell: A cell consisting of two dissimilar metals in contact with each other and with a common electrolyte (sometimes refers to two similar metals in contact with each other but with dissimilar electrolytes; differences can be small and more specifically defined as a concentration cell).
		In the EMF series the metals are arranged according to the potentials developed when immersed in a solution of their own ions of prescribed composition as to strength and chemical nature.
		The corrosion of galvanized steel anchor rods may be caused by dissimilar metal affects (galvanic couples), soil conditions (differential salt concentration or differential aeration) or by stray currents.
	www.usda.gov /rus/telecom/publications/html/1751f670.htm (9706 words)

	STANDING - Online Information article about STANDING
		positions of lines of levelling and cross sections are marked; (2) a longitudinal section and numerous cross sections of the river; (3) a series of gaugings of the discharge at different points and in different conditions of the river.
		Then the depth of the water is determined at a series of points (if silt periodically overflows its banks, it deposits silt over the area river.
		Determination of the Coefficients of the Current Meter.—Suppose a series of observations has been made by towing the meter in still water at different speeds, and that it is required to ascertain from these the constants of the meter.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SOU_STE/STANDING.html (8091 words)

	Sealtight Self-Sealing Fasteners, O'rings, and Sealing Products: Galvanic Series for Metals
		Galvanic corrosion occurs when dissimilar metals or alloys are in intimate contact near to or in an electrolyte.
		When it is necessary to use dissimilar metals within a system the materials should be selected as near to each other on the galvanic series list as possible to reduce the potential voltage between the materials.
		The galvanic series is a list of metals in descending order of electrical potential.
	www.sealtightsolution.com /html/galvanic.htm (278 words)

	American Metal Market: Zinc healthfully curbs metal weight loss - zinc galvanically protects steel - Brief Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In a galvanic cell, current is generated internally by physical and chemical reactions occurring among the components of the cell.
		The galvanic series is a table of metals and alloys listed in decreasing order of electrical activity.
		If it is correct that metals and alloys higher on the galvanic series lose electrons to protect metals lower in the series in a galvanic cell, that should be provable by joining different metals or alloys, immersing them in an electrolyte and measuring the weight change of a control.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3MKT/is_58_108/ai_61031407 (735 words)

	galvanic corrosion
		Galvanic corrosion tends to occur when dissimilar conducting materials are connected electrically and exposed to an electrolyte.
		When placed in an electrolyte, different metals/alloys assume different corrosion potentials (refer to the galvanic series in seawater).
		Galvanic current flow can be monitored using electrochemical sensors and the zero resistance ammetry (ZRA) technique.
	www.corrosion-club.com /galvanic.htm (638 words)

	RE: Re: Galvanic Series
		Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals make electrical contact in the presence of an electrolyte.
		The rate of galvanic corrosion also depends on the size of the parts in contact.
		If the surface area of the corroding metal (the anode) is smaller than the surface area of the less active metal (the cathode), corrosion will be rapid and severe.
	www.mail-archive.com /lancair.list@olsusa.com/msg08004.html (257 words)

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