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	Gamaka
		A gamaka is defined as, "swarasya kambo gamaka: srotra chitta sukhavaha:".
		Gamakas on the vina are formed in three ways; and they can be grouped under three main headings according to their modes of production.
		Those gamakas that are formed mainly by beating with the left hand middle finger on a particular swara belong to the 'sphurita' family.
	www.geocities.com /vipanchee/Gamaka.html (959 words)

	::Sangeetham Archives:: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Gamanam, meaning movement, the word gamaka could probably have been derived from this because it indicates the movement of a swara.
		It is a two dimensional gamaka indicating both an upward and a downward movement.
		The usage of gamakas reached their zenith in the compositions of the trinity and thereafter but theoretically the Dashavida gamakas (a later conception) have come to stay.
	www.sangeetham.com /others/archives/gamakas.php3 (882 words)

	India4u - Music - Carnatic Music
		Gamaka can refer to a constant deviation from the nominal swarasthana or a time dependent deviation or the path taken in reaching the nominal swara etc. Truly, gamaka is the life blood of Carnatic music and the raga system.
		Ragas are defined more by the gamakas and the way in which certain swara phrases (chain of swaras) are used than by the mere presence or absence of certain swaras.
		The use of gamaka also implies that the method used for defining nominal swara sthanas (rational or logarithmic division) is not too critical as long the correct raga swaroopam can be accommodated.
	www.india4u.com /indmusic/carnatic.asp (2311 words)

	Overview of Literature on Gamaka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		gamaka as "ornament" (used in this paper) and "embellishment" are both inadequate, to the extent that they suggest something incidental added on to what is fundamental.
		gamakas, or grace notes--the many different ways of sounding, embellishing, and resolving notes--are the subtle shadings of a tone, delicate nuances and inflections around a note that please and inspire the listener.
		gamaka) into three types: those which serve to prolong a note, those which contribute to melodic movement, and those which are specific to the technique of a particular instrument.
	www.gswift.com /article-2.html (1051 words)

	Musical Nirvana - Technical Introduction to Indian Classical Music - Raaga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Meend or Gamaka : Moving from one note to the other in a smooth manner is called Gamaka or Meend.
		In general, Carnatic uses frequent and heavy Gamakas, while in Hindustani the usage is limited.
		The default gamaka for "ri" is Sa^^Ga^^Ri i.e.
	www.musicalnirvana.com /introduction/raaga_basics2.html (826 words)

	Swaras And Swarasthanas - Page5
		Gamaka can refer to a constant deviation from the nominal swara sthana or a time dependent deviation or the path taken in reaching the nominal swara etc. Truly,
		gamaka is the life blood of Carnatic music and the raga system.
		gamaka, which leads to a mutilation of the raga swaroopa.
	www.hindubooks.org /culture/carnatic/swaras_and_swarasthanas/page5.htm (175 words)

	Welcome to Thakita.com - Brought to you by Info-Drive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Gamaka has to do with the way of rendering notes.
		The word "gamaka" refers to the way a single note or a group of notes is played or sung.
		In the past a 15-gamaka set was in use whereas now there is what is known as "dasavidha" set with 10 different gamakas.
	www.thakita.com /musicindance.asp (2217 words)

	[No title]
		Once practised with religious fervour in rural areas, gamaka was an inescapable art for a generation of boys and girls with its uncanny ability to visualise poetry with the help of its own music.
		Prasanna took to gamaka at an early age at the behest of his father, A.G.Venkatanarayanappa, a gamaka exponent.
		Rendering gamaka in the form of music (kavyavachana) and providing interpretation (vyakhyana) through art and poetry, its metre, description and objectives with proper perception demands the knowledge of history, language, and literature.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003051504560500.htm&date=2003/05/15/&prd=th& (645 words)

	Notation of South Indian Music - 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Traditionally, musical ornaments (gamaka) should be used in conformity with the "inherent form" (svarupa), that is, the characteristic sound pattern, of the raga.
		However, a performer's knowledge of raga theory alone would not suffice, because the gamaka for a particular note of a raga might differ from one phrase to another and unusual gamaka could have been chosen by a composer for a particular raga phrase.
		In vocalizations, such as cittasvara, muktayisvara and kalpanasvara, the grace notes are sung to the syllables corresponding to the main notes (sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni).
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /oideion/journal/issue04/nijenhuis/2.html (1444 words)

	Subject: Alaapana - a gentle introduction
		The next aspect of a raga is the set of "permissable gamakas" associated with the arohana and avarohana.
		Gamaka is the collective term given to the various shakes, graces, ornaments and embellishments used in Indian music.
		The arohana/avarohana and the "permissable" gamakas define the "ABCD" or alphabet of a "raga", using which you construct the essay of alaapana.
	www.carnaticcorner.com /articles/alapana.html (3220 words)

	Archives : Publication
		"The term gamaka which includes all forms of tonal movement between substantive tones, is an essential part of performance practice in North Indian Classical vocal music.
		In order to illustrate how vocal gamaka, with its many inflectional varieties, contributes to the process of creative improvisation a three level study has been conducted.
		This study shows how gamaka and ornamentation, during rendition, are accumulative and work at different levels, both to expand and to enhance structural ideas."
	www.itcsra.org /sra_story/sra_story_archives/sra_story_archives_links/sra_story_archives_docs/sra_story_publication_vol3.html (735 words)

	Notation of South Indian Music - 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Earlier attempts by Venkatesa Sastri (1892) had remained limited to the use of a few symbols, such as straight lines for the reduction of the time value of certain notes, a wavy line (varek) for the vibrato (kampita) and a curved line for the note of complement (orika).
		He did not classify some medieval vocal gamaka, as, for example mudrita and namita, since he could not find their modern instrumental equivalents, while Somanatha had already clearly specified mudra as a special left hand stopping technique and naimnya as a heavy stroke by the right hand of the vina player.
		For example, the odukkal and the nokku, respectively produced by deflection (that is, sideward pulling) and release of a string, may be regarded as stress ornaments, although they also represent the simplest form of vibrato.
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /oideion/journal/issue04/nijenhuis/1.html (1068 words)

	BZP Forums -> Bionicle: Stolen Virtues : Bionicle - BZPower News, Reference and Discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Gamaka cherished his dear innocent charges and wanted nothing other for them than the best.
		Gamaka smiled as he set his staff on his nightstand and shuffled over to his reclining couch when a slight movement caught his eye.
		The fact that Gamaka was dead didn’t bother him, but Lhikan’s words still rung in his ears.
	www.bzpower.com /forum/index.php?act=ST&f=25&t=151775&st=0 (11995 words)

	Stages of Alaap
		Alamkaaras such as meend, aash, jamjamaa, gamaka, and chut are used in large quantities.
		The gamaka is the chief form of alamkaara here, and all other alamkaaras are used in conjunction with the gamaka, making it difficult to use it in extremely slow tempo.
		Chikari is practically unused in playing gamaka jor, and this is sung or played in khaandaar vaanee.
	camitava.0catch.com /articles/stages.htm (1801 words)

	Gamakas
		Maintaining the continuity of the ragam while giving gamakas (this is the case mostly).
		It is an interesting way of figuring gamakas- Trying to maintain the continuity of the ragam, but not very accurate.
		Say you want to get gamaka for Ni (which in western tuning for "D as Sa" is C) To do this you actually spend lesser time at Ni, rather you spend more time at in the notes surrounding it..
	www.indianguitartabs.com /showthread.php?p=116141#post116141 (2634 words)

	Swaras and Swarasthanas
		Gamaka can refer to a constant deviation from the nominal swara sthana or a time dependent deviation or the path taken in reaching the nominal swara etc. Truly, gamaka is the life blood of Carnatic music and the raga system.
		In the past, Hindustani music also had complex gamaka schemes, but the acceptance of the Harmonium has caused their virtual disappearance and only a few of the gamakas remain in use.
		Further, these two swaras are usually employed without any gamakas.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/Strasse/5926/section3_3.htm (1542 words)

	POORVAKALYANI
		In the phrase G R S in the higher octave, it gives a Hindustani effect as gamakas in that system involve a glide from a higher swara to a lower one.
		The gamaka in the phrase s r is a typical Carnatic gamaka.
		In the gamaka Kandippu, the Nishada is hidden in the phrase s n d.
	www.carnatica.net /newsletter/poorvakalyani.htm (4370 words)

	what is Gamakam?
		Gamakas are svara embellishment with specific types of quivering or shaking, Inter svara transitory phrases and svara overtones etc.
		"Gamaka could be described in a lay man's term as an ornamentation of a swara" It brings out the jeevan of a raagam.
		She made a very beautiful distinction between Kalyani(carnatic style) and Yaman(Hindusthani style) by the presence and absence of gamakaas (of course, I do not mean to say that kalyani = yaman!).
	forumhub.com /indcmusic/18119.10.22.22.html (529 words)

	SRUTI-India's premier music and dance magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Subsequent publications of Carnatic music compositions generally did not have any symbols for gamaka except for an occasional wavy line to show a kampitam or a slash to show jaru.
		A simple gamaka like kampitam can have different manifestations with varying number of oscillations, anchoring on the upper or lower note and different ranges of movement.
		The durations of oscillations are also not generally equal and the voice may linger more at one end and the time taken to move up may be less than the time taken to move down.
	www.sruti.com /May03/bshelf.htm (1175 words)

	Raga Appreciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This raga relies heavily ont he gamakas and cannot be sung with out gamakas.
		Gamaka Swaram: Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni (generally Ga is used with out gamaka to create a pathos (it is what they claim))
		This raga being a ranjakatva raga is generally rendered in a very slow pace.stay on each and every swara and deliver gamaka and move.
	forumhub.mayyam.com /hub/viewlite.php?t=4095 (863 words)

	The Hindu : Entertainment / Music : Ragas delineated well
		Keyboard is considered by orthodox musicians as an instrument unsuited for Carnatic music, as it does not easily lend itself to gamaka prayoga.
		Still with judicious fingering, it is possible to produce the gamaka effect to some extent, as amply demonstrated by expert harmonium players.
		Nine-year-old Sathyanarayanan's gallant performance on the keyboard deserves appreciation for the simple reason that the essential ingredients of Carnatic music were amply present in his rendition.
	www.thehindu.com /thehindu/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121703490900.htm (805 words)

	V A S U M A T H I
		The swaras, that form the crux of all music, are rendered with a certain stress on them, polished with embellishing graces and curves.
		This distinguishing part of Carnatic music is called the gamaka -- a vital element that absorbs the plain and transforms it into a melody of beauty.
		It is an indispensable feature but which swara is to be treated with gamaka in what dosage and manner is something words cannot describe.
	www.vasumathi.net /new/article.asp?id=3&pg=1 (565 words)

	[No title]
		Perhaps this is because the krithi gave a lot more weightage to the flat D (which in turn admits only of kaisiki N gamaka in combination with it).
		Further, it is one of the sangatis where N stands independently (before falling unto the enchanting gamaka of kaisiki n) without the help of s or r (eg : sndp or rndp or rnddppS).
		But the effect is short lived as it is immediately contrasted and embellised by the lavish gamaka in the kaisiki nishadham :.
	www.carnatic-music.com /ragas/begada.txt (2640 words)

	The Hindu : Entertainment Bangalore / Music : Mixed bag
		Kavya Vachana or Gamaka Vachana is one of the oldest art forms.
		His father late M. Raghavendra Rao was one of the pioneers of gamaka in Karnataka.
		Thus it is no exaggeration to say that he has imbibed this art form by his birth.
	www.thehindu.com /thehindu/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012802360300.htm (586 words)

	[No title]
		The two sisters are propagating Gamaka Vaachana — the traditional way of interpreting Kavya across the State...
		She also stood first in the State Junior Gamaka Competition arranged in Devanoor by Lakshmeesha Gamaka Kala Parishat.
		She was also honoured by Vanashri Trust in Sagar of Shimoga district and bagged first prize at the district level Bharatanatya and Folk Dance competition held during district level Kannada Sahitya Sammelana.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003120600240300.htm&date=2003/12/06/&prd=yw& (229 words)

	Carnatic Music
		Two important features of the raga are the gamaka and brigha.
		The former refers to the frequency modulation about a particular note and the latter refers to the speed with which one performs a set of notes.
		The gamaka and the brigha adds to the beauty of the melody that is performed.
	minchu.ee.iisc.ernet.in /mirror/icm/sang4.html (747 words)

	Natyacharyas music books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This is a pratical experience only for the accompani artists (violinists) OK Without the proper gamaka if you sing in the same note also it will differ for the musical ear’s.
		It is not ahad - ahada gamaka one among the ten gamakas.
		This are known as heena gamaka raga & bahu gamaka ragas.
	forumhub.com /indcmusic/6791.28050.23.45.01.html (1727 words)

	Indian Musical Instruments :: Wind Instruments,Discover Indians,Sushira vadya, shehnai, nagasvaram, filili, fifli, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Indian music at its refined excellence is rich in fine pitch differences and ornamentations; the former are the srutis and the latter the gamakas.
		Now these are best obtained by the complicated fingering techniques, adjustments of the pressure of blowing and slight changes in the angle of the flute on the lip.
		The glide from note to note, the delicate oscillations of which there are innumerable varieties-all collectively termed gamaka-are not possible on the harmonium.
	www.4to40.com /4to40.com_non_ssl/discoverindia/index.asp?article=discoverindia_windinstruments (7136 words)

	Krishna Uvacha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Two very important qualities in carnatic music are Gamaka shudham (purity of Gamaka) and vallinam mellinam (softness and emphasis).
		Every Gamaka has a unmeasured valuation and as a musician its very hard to get the right value for a Gamaka or musical phrase.
		They wanted to learn to sing the gamakas as we do and use their voice with complete openness which is not something they do normally.
	www.tmkrishna.com /KrishnaUvacha.htm (1871 words)

	rediff.com: Dear Rediff: E-mail from readers the world over
		If it is Gamaka, then it means 'decoration and embellishment' of or to a swara and not 'innovation'.
		I think the word used to describe the concept of innovation is Manodharma Sangeetam and not Gamaka.
		Gamaka is not a recognised concept in Hindustani music either.
	www.rediff.com /news/2000/jun/23mail.htm (783 words)

	India Currents News: Karnatik Electric Guitar
		Each note in a raga has a specific gamaka that ornaments it every time it is played.
		And because those gamakas are often played very fast, it makes more sense to play them by sliding.” But don’t the guitar’s frets make it impossible to play gamakas that actually mark the notes between the notes?
		But apparently there is a way of playing the gamakas that pushes the string against the fret and produces these otherwise unobtainable notes.
	www.indiacurrents.com /news/view_article.html?article_id=57b20851eebdee387f0d4e9e5c812268 (978 words)

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