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Topic: Gambel oak

	Gambel Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This shrubby oak with the deep-lobed leaves is the common oak of the southern Rockies, and is found throughout western and southern Colorado, and in adjacent areas of Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, covering nearly 10 million acres all told, among the lower mountains, hillsides, and canyons.
		Gambel oak is found in dry locations from 4000 to 8500 or even 10500 feet elevation.
		Commonly known as Scrub oak, it grows as shrubs as low as 4 to 6 feet high, or as trees to 20 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 6 to 8 inches; rarely it may reach 50 feet high and a diameter of 2 feet.
	home.earthlink.net /~swier/GambelOak.html (476 words)

	Trees - Nature in the Cerrillos Hills Historic Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gambel Oaks typically grow from 2 to 20 feet tall in dense many-trunked thickets where they spread by underground runners, but a big separate tree may be as tall as 50 feet, and may live up to 120 years.
		Gambel oak acorns are a major food source for native turkeys and pigeons, and are common forage for deer and elk.
		Gambel oak acorns are sweet and unusually low in tannin (the bitter component that requires most acorn meal to be leached for hours in water before being eaten), and they can be consumed raw with no ill effects.
	www.cerrilloshills.org /nature/trees.htm (3659 words)

	USDA ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory - Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gambel oak, also called scrub oak, is found throughout the central part of the western states.
		Oak is most dangerous in the budding and leafing stages and when acorns are available.
		Oak toxins are incompletely identified, but are most likely a gallotannin or a combination of gallic acid and tannic acid.
	www.pprl.ars.usda.gov /oak.htm (471 words)

	Species: Quercus gambelii
		Gambel oak consistently sprouted adjacent to slash windrows in a ponderosa pine clearcut in Arizona [193].
		Acorns of Gambel oak are dispersed by rodents and birds [6].
		Populations of Gambel oak increase with disturbance in ponderosa pine woodlands [90].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/quegam/all.html (10093 words)

	Colorado Partners in Flight
		Gambel oak is a large shrub or small tree and is probably the best known of the mountain shrubs in Colorado.
		Gambel oak is widely distributed throughout the Southern and Central Rocky Mountains.
		Gambel oak is extremely fire tolerant, vigorously re-sprouting from stem bases or from underground tubers and rhizomes following fire.
	www.rmbo.org /pif/bcp/phy62/mt-shrub.htm (563 words)

	47. RED OAK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Oak is most dangerous early in the spring when the leaves and buds are the highest in toxicity and when there is little else to eat.
		The toxins in oak are called gallotoxins and are converted in the body to tannic acid, gallic acid and pyrogallol, all of which are very toxic to the kidney.
		Animals tend to eat oak only out of necessity, therefore by providing adequate and nutritious feed in the spring when the oak leaves bud out and again in the fall when leaves and acorns drop, the incidence of toxicosis should be minimized or eliminated.
	www.vet.purdue.edu /depts/addl/toxic/plant47.htm (605 words)

	AllRefer - Species: Shrub Live Oak \| Quercus turbinella
		Use of shrub live oak by desert mule deer is described as "low to high" in winter, "low" in spring, "moderate to high" during summer, and "low" in the fall [44].
		Where less than 50% of the shrub live oak cover was removed, the basal cover of weeping lovegrass remained constant for 3 years, but where more than 50% of the basal cover was removed, weeping lovegrass continued to increase during the 2nd and 3rd years [68].
		Shrub live oak seeds tend to be somewhat heavy, weighing an average of 0.046 to 0.053 ounce (1.3-1.5 g) per seed [30], and are consequently not transported long distances by most seed-dispersing animals.
	reference.allrefer.com /wildlife-plants-animals/plants/tree/quetur/all.html (6682 words)

	Oak
		The white oaks are further subdivided into the chestnut oaks and the rest of the white oaks, while the red oaks are further subdivided into the live oaks and the rest of the red oaks.
		Of the North American oaks, the most prized of the red oak group for lumber, all of which is marketed as red oak regardless of the species of origin, is that of the northern red oak, Quercus rubra (aka Quercus borealis).
		Quercus canariensis - Algerian oak or Canary oak
	www.backyardagora.com /glossary/oak.htm (352 words)

	Habitats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Deseret Oak habitat in Utah consists of, Gambel oak, shrub live-oak, and shinnery oak, and related hybrid forms (wavyleaf oak and shrub live-oak) co-occurring with various shrubs.
		In the southwestern portion of Utah, the predominant nominate oaks are Gambel oak and shrub liveoak.
		In the southeastern Utah, the predominant nominate oaks are Gambel oak and shinnery oak.
	www.utahnature.com /bbs/desertoak.html (494 words)

	Gambel Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gambel oak flowers March to April, the fruits mature in the autumn of the first year after flowering.
		Gambel oak is widespread at low elevations (4,000 to 8,000 feet) throughout central and southern Utah.
		Gambel Oak provides fair forage for all classes of livestock, as well as for deer, elk, and small wild mammals.
	extension.usu.edu /rangeplants/Woody/gambeloak.htm (465 words)

	Sierra Madre
		Oak woodland vegetation is widely distributed at elevations above desert, grassland, thornscrub, or tropical deciduous forest, but below pine-oak woodland or pine forest.
		Oak woodland in southeastern Sonora and Southwestern Chihuahua, called Oak Forest by Gentry (1942), shows considerable tropical affinity, At its lower limits it borders tropical deciduous forest.
		The abundance of oaks may be in part a consequence of overharvesting of pines.
	www.biopark.org /sierramadre.html (1144 words)

	Timpanogos Cave National Monument - Nature & Science
		Gambel Oak: This tree often appears shrubby and is therefore commonly known as Shrub Oak.
		Gambel Oak is often found in groups of at least a dozen trees.
		In the summer and fall, Gambel Oak’s acorns are an important source of food for mule deer and elk.
	www.nps.gov /tica/pphtml/subplants21.html (584 words)

	The University of Arizona Press/Arizona Weeds/Fly Mushroom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		DESCRIPTION-One of the two oaks in Arizona which sheds its leaves each fall, Gambel oak is a shrub, often forming small dense thickets, or a tree, 6 1/2 to sometimes 50 feet high.
		Gambel oak is the principal offender in oak poisoning in Arizona, especially among cattle.
		Gambel oak poisoning occurs in the Prescott area, and other areas where dense stands are formed.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /onlinebks/weeds/gambelok.htm (223 words)

	Gambel Oak -- Utah Trees
		The female flowers (which later develop into acorns) are very small and are located in the leaf axils.
		This is the most common and widespread species of oak in Utah and adjoining states.
		The species was named in honor of William Gambel, an American naturalist who died in 1849 (at the age of only 28) while attempting to cross the Sierras in winter.
	www.softcom.net /users/naturenotes/oak.htm (144 words)

	- Topic Pages
		Gambel Oak are valued as examples of the natural beauty of our hillside areas, and some homeowners are dismayed to be losing their beloved trees.
		First of all, Gambel Oak are clonal in nature, so genetic vulnerabilities will tend to run in groups.
		Coupled with all this is the 80-100 year life span of Gambel Oak: some groups may be showing signs of age.
	www.springsgov.com /Page.asp?NavID=5176 (693 words)

	List of Quercus species
		A large group of evergreen oaks in east Asia with clustered acorns and the scales on the acorn cups in distinct concrescent rings (see photo, top right on the Quercus main page); often treated as a separate genus Cyclobalanopsis.
		Quercus glauca - Glaucous-leaf oak # - southeastern Asia
		Quercus kerrii - Kerr's oak # - southeastern Asia
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/list_of_quercus_species (918 words)

	Friends of Saguaro National Park - About Us: About Saguaro National Park: Gambel Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gambel Oak is often found in lush habitats of Saguaro National Park in higher elevations above the desert floor below.
		The oak flat is a dense bushy environment that provides cover for animals and their young, including chipmunks, rock squirrels, and mountain bluebirds.
		The high tannin content of Gambel oak doesn't seem to bother the mule deer who flourish here, browsing year-round on its foliage.
	www.friendsofsaguaro.org /oak-gambel.html (213 words)

	[No title]
		On Red Mountain in West Glenwood Springs, fresh shoots from charred Gambel oak are poking through dirt at the base of the trees and are leafing out with new growth.
		While spotted knapweed and yellow toadflax are non-native species, Gambel oak is very much a native to Colorado and the Western Slope.
		Urbina said the new oak will grow back from the sprouts that are only a few inches tall right now, but the burned parts of the tree won't leaf out again.
	www.tahoe.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?Site=GP&Date=20020725&Category=VALLEYNEWS&ArtNo=207240014&Ref=AR (683 words)

	Red Butte Garden in Salt Lake City, Utah
		The vegetation that burned was mostly Gambel Oak, but also included some large patches of Bigtooth Maple and some grasses.
		Gambel Oak in this region are very resistant to fire, as they sprout from underground rhizomes (modified roots).
		The experimental design is be a split-plot, with two conditions within the Gambel oak community: burned and unburned.
	www.redbuttegarden.org /Gardening?c=Fire_Research.inc (1561 words)

	[No title]
		A brush mower operated by Dominic Lente, with the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ Southern Ute Agency in Ignacio, shreds Gambel oak, brush and full-grown trees that have been marked for removal May 6 near Devil Mountain Road in Archuleta County, east of Bayfield.
		Brush mowers chewed up the Gambel oak and other brush May 6 in a 100-acre target area along Devil Mountain Road north of Chimney Rock.
		Gambel oak and other brush, which can be ladder fuels, are mowed.
	www.durangoherald.com /earth/earth040513.htm (809 words)

	After the fires: Mesa Verde National Park
		Not only was the weather hot and dry, but two lightning-ignited fires roared through forests of pinon pine, Utah juniper and Gambel oak, scorching 21,061 acres in the park and another 7,786 acres nearby.
		Much of the vegetation in the park is Gambel oak, pinon and juniper forests.
		Typically, dense, high Gambel oak within 20 meters of the alcoves is trimmed, sometimes to root level.
	www.cyberwest.com /cw20/mesa_verde_fires.html (1721 words)

	AllRefer - Species: Interior Ponderosa Pine \| Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum
		Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) are overstory associates [50].
		The authors [40] attributed increased growth of interior ponderosa pine associated with Gambel oak to better soil nutrient status conferred by oak litter and/or increased density of interior ponderosa pine facilitated by Gambel oak nurse trees.
		Klemmedson [181] also noted the benefit of Gambel oak litter to soil nutrient status and interior ponderosa pine growth.
	reference.allrefer.com /wildlife-plants-animals/plants/tree/pinpons/all.html (10991 words)

	Plants Belonging to the Genus 'Quercus' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Quercus acuminata synonym of Quercus muehlenbergii (Chinkapin Oak, Chestnut Oak)
		Quercus alexanderi synonym of Quercus muehlenbergii (Chinkapin Oak, Chestnut Oak)
		Quercus prinoides synonym of Quercus muehlenbergii (Chinkapin Oak, Chestnut Oak)
	www.desert-tropicals.com /Plants/Fagaceae/Quercus.html (411 words)

	High Altitude Gardening - Propagating Native Shrubs, Gambel Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This is the only year I have observed gambel oaks in our area producing acorns.
		I do not know why the gambel oaks produce acorns so infrequently or what conditions cause them to decide to produce their acorns.
		This photograph was taken in June 2001 of gambel oaks that had been growing in the garden bed since 2000.
	home.earthlink.net /~tillerbee/PropagatingNativeShrubs/GambelOak/gambelOak.html (343 words)

	NICC Incident Management Report 17-Jun-02
		This fire is 15 miles northeast of Durango, CO and is burning in gambel oak, ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forest.
		This fire is burning six miles northwest of Lake George, CO in ponderosa pine, gambel oak and mixed conifer forest.
		This fire is burning four miles west of Glenwood Springs, CO in gambel oak, pinyon pine, juniper and decadent spruce.
	www.cidi.org /wildfire/0206/ixl16.html (2233 words)

	Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Oaks are an important plant for watershed protection, wildlife and human food, and shelter.
		Oak woodlands, as well as Pinyon-Juniper forests, are important winter range areas for deer herds.
		Another important food source for birds are the insects which live out their life cycles in the Oak such as the Fall Canker Worm and Gall Flies.
	people.westminstercollege.edu /faculty/tharrison/hiddenhollow/mfh7156/Web_Page.htm (1313 words)

	Colorado Partners in Flight
		Description and Ecology: The shrubs that form dominant stands in mountain shrubland are mountain mahogany, serviceberry, and/or Gambel oak.
		Gambel oak vigorously re-sprouts from stem bases or from underground tubers and rhizomes following fire.
		Gambel oak can recover to original heights from a fire in 30 to 40 years.
	www.rmbo.org /pif/bcp/phy87/mt-shrub.htm (217 words)

	Prescribed burn heals habitat along Utah's Wasatch Range (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gambel oak communities in northern Utah provide critical food and shelter for a host of wildlife species.
		Historically, oak brush communities burned at 20-year intervals, but as a result of decades of fire suppression in the Cascade Springs area, much of the brush grows in thickets over 100 years old.
		However, oak is most valuable to big game at a younger stage, when its brushy growth provides browse during the winter months.
	www.rmef.org /pages/JF03UT.html (491 words)

	Gambel Oak
		Gambel Oak is a tree of distinctive leaves and variable growth.
		Gambel oak bark is gray, fissured and hard.
		Gambel oak is Arizona's only oak with oakish leaves: 2 to 6 inches long and deeply lobed like an eastern oak.
	www.canyondave.com /Gambel.html (308 words)

	AllRefer.com - chaparral, Environment (Environmental Studies) - Encyclopedia
		Among the chief species of plants in these regions are Gambel oak (Quercus utahensis), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifolius), squawbush (Rhus trilobata), western chokeberry (Prunus demissa), western serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa).
		Evergreen shrubs are characteristic of the chaparral found in the southern half of California, especially near the coast, and extending into Nevada and Arizona.
		A species of scrub oak (Quercus dumosa) is the chief deciduous form.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/chaparra.html (350 words)

	Search for products to control Gambel Oak based upon pesticides registered in various states to control Gambel Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gambel Oak is a 'pest' (an unwanted organism) that can be controlled through the use of pesticides.
		Pesticides, such as products to control Gambel Oak, are regulated by State Departments of Agriculture.
		To find all products ever registered at EPA to control Gambel Oak: www.kellysolutions.com/epadata (login as username: 'Guest' and password: 'Guest' - your results will be limited to 5 items).
	www.kellysolutions.com /searchpests/Gambel_Oak.htm (421 words)

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