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Topic: Game semantics

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Semantics

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	Semantics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Semantics is often opposed to syntax, in which case the former pertains to what something means while the latter pertains to the formal structure/patterns in which something is expressed (for example written or spoken).
		Semantics is distinguished from ontology (knowledge of existence) in being about the use of a word more than the nature of the entity referenced by the word.
		Semantics is a subfield of linguistics that is traditionally defined as the study of meaning of (parts of) words, phrases, sentences, and texts.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Semantics (409 words)

	Game semantics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Game semantics (German: Dialogische Logik) is an approach to the semantics of logic that bases the concepts of truth or validity on game-theoretic concepts, such as the existence of a winning strategy for a player.
		Since then, numerous sorts of game semantics have been introduced and studied in logic, and have been applied to the formal semantics of programming languages.
		Japaridze started treating games as foundational entities in their own right, elaborating a concept of games that formalizes the intuitive notion of interactive computational problems, and basing his computability logic on such games.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Game_semantics (343 words)

	Semantics - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In general, semantics (from the Greek semantikos, or "significant meaning," derived from sema, sign) is the study of meaning, in some sense of that term.
		Semantics is often opposed to syntax, in which case the former pertains to what something means while the latter pertains to the formal structure/patterns in which something is expressed (e.g.
		An area of study is the meaning of compounds, another is the study of relations between different linguistic expressions (homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy, holonymy, exocentric, and endocentric).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Semantics (282 words)

	Game theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that uses models to study interactions with formalised incentive structures ("games").
		Game theorists study the predicted and actual behaviour of individuals in games, as well as optimal strategies.
		Though touched on by earlier mathematical results, modern game theory became a prominent branch of mathematics in the 1940s, especially after the 1944 publication of The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Game_theory (2403 words)

	Computability logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are formalized as games played by a machine against its environment, and computability means existence of a machine that wins the game against any possible behavior by the environment.
		Besides classical logic, linear logic (understood in a relaxed sense) and intuitionistic logic also turn out to be natural fragments of computability logic.
		Being semantically constructed, as yet computability logic does not have a fully developed proof theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computability_logic (315 words)

	Game - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All through human history, people have played games to entertain themselves and others, and there is an enormous variety of games types; for specific information about any type, see links at the end of this article.
		In Philosophical Investigations, philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that the concept "game" could not be contained by any single definition, but that games must be looked at as a series of definitions that share a "family resemblance" to one another.
		Many technical fields are often applied to the study of games, including probability, statistics, economics, ethnomathematics, and game theory.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Game (257 words)

	[No title]
		Game Logic is used to study the general structure of arbitrary determined two-player games.
		Game interpretation of the operators of Linear Logic Since the goal of the introduction of the game semantics is its adaptation to the Game Logic, we will make the following definitions on the special manner that could be considered as transitional.
		Game Logic arose from Propositional Dynamic Logic and was introduced by Parikh (1985) as a language to explore games.
	www.illc.uva.nl /Publications/ResearchReports/MoL-2001-02.text.doc (8767 words)

	GDV 2004 - Games In Design and Verification - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Game semantics is a way of giving meanings to programming languages (and to logical systems) using basic and intuitive notions of game playing.
		Compared to other semantics of programming languages, a striking feature of game semantics is that it is denotational (and so admits compositional methods) and yet has clear operational content; further it gives rise to accurate (fully abstract) models for a wide range of programming languages.
		A recent development in game semantics is concerned with the algorithmic representation of fully abstract game semantics, with a view to applications in software model checking and program analysis.
	www.cse.ucsc.edu /gdv04/abstract-ong.html (176 words)

	Game Semantics or Linear Logic?
		Logical operators are understood as operations on such tasks/resources/games, atoms as variables ranging over tasks/resources/games, and validity of a logical formula as existence of a machine that always (under every particular intretpretation of atoms and against any possible behavior by the environment) successfully accomplishes/provides/wins the task/resource/game represented by the formula.
		With this semantics, computability logic is a formal theory of computability in the same sense as classical logic is a formal theory of truth.
		Technically it is always possible to come up with some sort of a formal semantics that matches a given target syntactic construction, but the whole question is how natural and meaningful such a semantics is in its own right, and how adequately it captures the logic's underlying philosophy and ambitions.
	www.csc.villanova.edu /~japaridz/CL/gsoll.html (641 words)

	System X Specification: Section 0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A game system's "syntactic elements" are defined as the parts of a game that give it a structure and define the "grammar" by which the game is played.
		Games that use the above trademarks to claim a degree of compliancy to the specification must also state to which version(s) of the specification they are compliant.
		Games may also list any sources that have independently judged the game's level of compliance, but if they do so, they must list the judgments in a clear, unambiguous fashion complete with the date and place of publication (if any) of the judgment.
	mnemosyne.csl.psyc.memphis.edu /home/chipmanp/systemx/sxs-1.htm (624 words)

	PlanetMath: IF-logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From a game theoretical point of view, games in which some moves must be made without depending on some of the earlier moves are called informationally incomplete games, and they occur very commonly.
		Bridge is such a game, for example, and usually real examples of such games have ``players'' being actually teams made up of several people.
		This is quite unsurprising since games of imperfect information are very seldom determined in the sense that either the verifier or the falsisifer has a winning strategy.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/IndependenceFriendlyLogic.html (1367 words)

	Logic and Games
		Games between two players, of the kind where one player wins and one loses, became a familiar tool in many branches of logic during the second half of the twentieth century.
		Important examples are semantic games used to define truth, back-and-forth games used to compare structures, and dialogue games to express (and perhaps explain) formal proofs.
		Each game G has a dual game which is the same as G except that the players ∀ and ∃ are transposed in both the rules for playing and the rules for winning.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-games (7050 words)

	Foundation of the Formal Sciences V: Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Semantical games for first order logic are finite two-player games, and like the majority of games that are used for the semantics of logical calculi, they are of perfect information.
		In the dialogue game played by a proponent and an opponent, the question whether a logically complex proposition asserted by the proponent is justifiable or not can be reduced stepwise to the question, whether certain logically prime propositions contained in the complex one are justifiable or not.
		The standard situation is that the acceptance games associated with a certain kind of automaton, is of the same kind as the evaluation game associated with a formula of the corresponding logic.
	www.math.uni-bonn.de /people/fotfs/V/abstracts.html (3735 words)

	A Fully Abstract Game Semantics for Finite Nondeterminism - Harmer, McCusker (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Abstract: A game semantics of finite nondeterminism is proposed.
		A substantial survey of the state of the art of Game Semantics circa 1997 was given in a previous Marktoberdorf volume [6]...
		19 A mathematical semantics for a nondeterministic typed -calcu..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /harmer99fully.html (618 words)

	Game-Theoretical Semantics as a Challenge to Proof Theory
		The theory known as game-theoretical semantics (GTS) is revolutionizing logic and the foundations of mathematics.
		Since they realize that this pious belief is threatened by game-theoretical semantics and IF logic, they have resorted to desperate and in the last analysis dishonest efforts to force game-theoretical semantics to the procrustean bed of Frege-Russell logic and compositional semantics.
		For instance, the law of excluded middle is seen to be merely the assumption that semantical games are determinate, which games often are not.
	www.hf.uio.no /filosofi/njpl/vol4no2/gamesem/node1.html (5322 words)

	Lambda the Ultimate \| Programming Languages Weblog
		In the past decade game semantics has emerged as a new and successful paradigm in the field of semantics of logics and programming languages.
		Game semantics made its breakthrough in computer science in the early 90s, providing an innovative set of methods and techniques for the analysis of logical systems.
		There are also emerging connections between game semantics and other semantic theories, notably theories of concurrency such as the pi-calculus, and traditional tree-based semantics of lambda calculi.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /archive/2005/4/2 (335 words)

	Model Checking Algol-like Languages using Game Semantics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Game Semantics has emerged as a powerful paradigm for giving accurate semantics to a variety of programming languages and logical systems.
		In the game reading, types (or specifications) are interpreted as games, and programs (or implementations) as strategies on games.
		Games are played between two players, known as P and O: P's perspective is that of the system (or program) being modelled, and O's is that of the environment (or program context).
	users.comlab.ox.ac.uk /luke.ong/research/ags/ong/ong.html (131 words)

	System X Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most games will be very light on the interpretation rules, as they tend to fall into the realm of kludges if there are too many of them.
		System X compliant games define a critical success as a +10 margin and a critical failure as a —10 margin, but other games may choose to do other things with them.
		Compatible games are a bit more restricted, as they have to use the CRM as written and also have to have Skills and Attributes that are added together to produce a Skill Value.
	mnemosyne.csl.psyc.memphis.edu /home/chipmanp/systemx/sysxintro.htm (2624 words)

	Game Semantics, a reading course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Game semantics and linear logic are two related fields of research which try to get to the heart of the nature of computation.
		Game models have recently become popular after the constructions of fully abstract models of PCF by Abramsky, Jagadeesan and Malacaria, and by Hyland and Ong.
		Game Semantics (lecture notes from the Semantics of Computation Summer School at the Newton Institute 1995), Martin Hyland.
	www.cs.chalmers.se /~peterd/kurser/games (365 words)

	Research Grant: Algorithmic Game Semantics and its Applications
		Game Semantics has emerged as a powerful paradigm for giving semantics to a variety of programming languages and logical systems.
		This project aims to develop Game Semantics in a new, algorithmic direction, with a view to applications in computer-assisted verification and program analysis.
		The promise of this approach is to carry over the methods of model checking based on automata-theoretic representations, which has been so effective in the analysis of circuit designs and communications protocols, to much more structured programming situations, in which data-types and control flow are important.
	web.comlab.ox.ac.uk /oucl/research/grants/bz.html (233 words)

	Department of Computer Science Colloquia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Game semantics is a way of understanding computing and other interaction systems by using elementary ideas of game playing as conceptual and analytical tools.
		It is an unusual denotational semantics in that it captures the algorithmic and dynamical aspects of the system.
		This makes it an ideal semantic framework in which to seek to unify the analyses of both the qualitative (semantics) and the quantitative (complexity) aspects of computing systems, while keeping them separate.
	www.swan.ac.uk /compsci/collsem/abstracts/ong.html (109 words)

	Game semantics for the -calculus and linear logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A key interest of game semantics is that it provides a framework within which one may conciliate dynamic and static aspects of meaning.
		It is expected that such semantics can help in complexity theory on the one hand and in extending denotational semantics to model concurrent and distributed languages (so-called process-calculi).
		This work was presented in invited talks given at the Workshop on ``Problems and Advance in the Semantics of Linear Logic'' held in Utrecht, November 28th and 29th 1997, and at the Amsterdam Colloquium, December 17-20 1997.
	para.inria.fr /~levy/confer/ppr1/node74.html (511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Games have been used successfully as models for logic and as a universe to do semantics.
		These games are typically given via trees (or sometimes graphs) which give the information of whose turn it is, and what moves they can make at any given time.
		Drawing these game sensibly is not easy, and it would be nice to have a package which allows the user to input a game and draw it, and which draws the result of the various combinations of two games which have been input already.
	www.cs.manchester.ac.uk /mscprojects/projects.02/acs.html (252 words)

	Abstract of: Game logic for game theorists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Game Logic (GL), introduced in (Parikh, 1985), is examined from a game-theoretic perspective.
		A new semantics for GL is proposed in terms of untyped games which are closely related to extensive game forms of perfect information.
		An example is given of how GL can be used as a formal model of game situations, and some metatheoretic results are presented in the context of their game-theoretic relevance.
	db.cwi.nl /rapporten/abstract.php?abstractnr=621 (77 words)

	1.11.3 Game Semantics -- Prof Abramsky -- 16 HT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This perspective on computation and logic can be made precise using ideas from game theory, and leads to a mathematically rich and fruitful approach which has already led to a number of interesting applications.
		In this course we shall introduce the basic ideas of game semantics, together with some necessary background in elementary category theory and proof theory, and show how these ideas can be applied to modelling and reasoning about programming languages.
		Basic concepts of game semantics: games, strategies, interaction, categories of games, games as models for logics, type theories and programming lanmguages.
	www.maths.ox.ac.uk /current-students/undergraduates/handbooks-synopses/2001/html/sect-c-01/node44.html (352 words)

	Fields'03 - Game Semantics Workshop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The aim of this Workshop is to bring together researchers working on Game Semantics and its applications.
		Game Semantics has been used over the past decade to model a wide range of computational effects in programming languages, and a variety of logics.
		The workshop will focus on current research frontiers, with likely topics including: game semantics for object-oriented and concurrent languages; algorithmic game semantics and applications to software model-checking; connections between game semantics and more abstract formalisms such as domain theory and category theory; games and quantum computation; games and the computational content of classical proofs.
	www.mathstat.uottawa.ca /lfc/fields2003/games.html (131 words)

	Articles - Semantics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Semantics can be approached from a theoretical as well as an empirical (for example psycholinguistic and neuroscientific) point of view.
		An area of study is the meaning of compounds, another is the study of relations between different linguistic expressions (homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, paronyms, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy, metonymy, holonymy, exocentric, and endocentric).
		Pragmatics is often considered a part of semantics, but otherwise is treated as a branch of its own.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Semantics?mySession=0e074693ab51dee5ba8a7d543d1ca99e (365 words)

	Main Game Page
		controversial array of philosophical systems) proposed that a statement could be viewed the object of a game: there would be one player defending the statement, and another attacking it.
		Games, like NIM and TIC-TAC-TOE were shown to have interesting number-theoretic properties, and thus worthy of study,
		Games in logic are probably ancient: people have been making wagers, and worrying about how wagers work, for a long time.
	www.math.usf.edu /~mccolm/RGintro.html (1080 words)

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