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	Gametocyte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametes.
		The development of gametogonia to primary gametocytes and of primary gametocytes to secondary gametocytes is called gametocytogenesis.
		The term gametocyte is used, for example, when talking about gametocytes of four species of the genus Plasmodium which transmit malaria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gametocyte (100 words)

	Monograph
		Gametocytes are the stages in the malaria parasite’s life cycle that give rise to the sexual reproduction phase in the intestine of Anopheles mosquitoes.
		Gametocyte clearance time is defined as the time from the start of treatment in patients who are gametocyte-positive in blood smears at the beginning of a trial, until the first time blood films are negative, and remain so for at least 48 hours.
		Gametocyte clearance time was also faster with coartemether than with chloroquine in a comparative trial in 114 evaluable patients in India.
	www.malariaandhealth.com /professional/monograph/page4.htm (316 words)

	The Plasmodium berghei research model of malaria - Chapter 4
		Gametocytes have a survival time of 24-30 hour after which they degenerate and are removed from the circulation.
		Infection rates of mosquitoes are dependent on the number of gametocytes present in the blood and the infectivity of the gametocytes (see above; in the later stages of an infection infectivity decreases as a result of inhibiting factors present in the blood).
		Gametocyte infectivity decreases later in infection resulting in lower rate of fertilization and ookinete development in the midgut of mosquitoes.
	www.lumc.nl /1040/research/malaria/model04.html (2929 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| Plasmodium falciparumgametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western Kenya
		Gametocyte and asexual parasite densities were assessed by counting against 500 and 200 leukocytes, respectively, and converted to numbers of parasites per μl by assuming a standard leukocyte count of 8,000/μl.
		Gametocyte prevalence at enrolment was 33.8% (22/65) in children below five years of age and was negatively associated with age (table 1).
		The high gametocyte prevalence in young children is in line with previous findings [6,11], although the longer duration of gametocytaemia for this age group has not been reported before.
	www.malariajournal.com /content/3/1/18 (2743 words)

	A Model for Sequestration of the Transmission Stages of Plasmodium falciparum: Adhesion of Gametocyte-Infected ...
		Cytoadherence of gametocytes and asexual parasites to trHBMEC.
		The gametocyte numbers are the means of triplicate wells in a single experiment, and the error bars represent standard errors of the mean.
		and that ICAM-1 on trHBMEC is a receptor for gametocytes.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/6/3455 (4645 words)

	Gametocytogenesis : the puberty of Plasmodium falciparum \| Malaria Journal, Volume 3 - Mirror @ Uni Potsdam
		A similar phenomenon is also observed in maturing gametocytes: stages I to IV are sequestered preferentially in the bone marrow and spleen [50,51], whilst stage V are released in the peripheral circulation and only become infectious to mosquitoes after a further two or three days of circulation [10,52].
		Anaemia of the host is also a risk factor associated with gametocyte carriage; as anaemia is usually due to long term poorly treated or untreated infections, increased gametocyte density might be the result of the length of the infection more than that of an adaptive mechanism for optimization of sexual stage development [87,88].
		All the gametocytes produced from one sexually committed schizont are of the same sex, suggesting that sex is determined at the very beginning of sexual development [14].
	bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de /1475-2875-3-24/text.htm (7311 words)

	NSDL Metadata Record -- <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in ...
		gametocyte development and dynamics have almost exclusively focused on patients treated with antimalarial drugs, while the majority of parasite carriers in endemic areas are asymptomatic.
		Gametocyte prevalence at enrolment was 33.8% in children below five years of age and decreased with age.
		Age, high asexual parasite density and gametocyte presence at enrolment were predictive factors for gametocytaemia.
	nsdl.org /mr/981171 (278 words)

	Gametocyte Carriage Studies
		gametocytes are the biological agents necessary for malaria transmission between vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors.
		The rate at which drug resistance spreads is influenced by the relative reproductive rates of drug sensitive versus drug resistant parasites, the ability of gametocytes to infect mosquitoes, intensity of transmission, levels of immunity in the human population and patterns of antimalarial use.
		In the proposed study, gametocytes will be harvested from patients recruited for the multi-centre in vivo malaria monotherapy resistance studies and subsequent study of the in vivo effectiveness of Artesunate plus SP combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Africa.
	www.malaria.org.za /Seacat/_Study_Design/Gametocyte_Carriage_Studies/gametocyte_carriage_studies.html (528 words)

	Laura Pologe Ph.D.
		Whereas the sexual stages are responsible for the disease pathology, the sexual, or gametocyte, stages mediate human-to-mosquito parasite transmission.
		We investigate structural aspects of the plasmodial genome that affect gametocyte differentiation and host switching in the human malarial parasite P. falciparum.
		The rearrangements correlate with both failure to differentiate into gametocytes and aberrant asexual-stage transcription of the rearranged gene.
	www.med.nyu.edu /Research/L.Pologe-res.html (218 words)

	Ploidy and Meiosis
		Initially (before replication of the DNA of the chromosomes), the primary gametocyte is 2n (diploid in terms of genetic content) and 2c (diploid in terms of the number of chromosomes), as described for a diploid cell above.
		Since the total number of chromosomes (in the form of chromatids) in each secondary gametocyte is now 1/2 of what it was before the division, the ploidy in terms of chromosome number is now 2c.
		At this time, the two chromatids of each replicated chromosome in the secondary gametocyte separate at the centromere and the resulting identical chromosomes (original and copy) from each replicant are segregated into each of the two cells that are formed.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/vert_embryo/html/PloidyandMeiosis.html (984 words)

	RISK FACTORS FOR PLASMODIUM VIVAX GAMETOCYTE CARRIAGE IN THAILAND -- NACHER et al. 71 (6): 693 -- American Journal of ...
		Gametocytes are not always detectable in the peripheral
		The duration of gametocyte carriage was proportional to gametocyte
		The occurence of gametocytes of Plasmodium vivax during the primary attack.
	www.ajtmh.org /cgi/content/full/71/6/693 (1767 words)

	A proteomic view of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle : Nature
		Stage V gametocytes are dimorphic, with a male:female ratio of 1:4.
		In the gametocyte and sporozoite preparations, peptides from enzymes involved in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation were identified (Table 2).
		Together these observations suggest that the gametocyte, which is very long-lived in the red blood cell (that is, 9−12 days compared with 2 days for the pathogenic asexual parasites), expresses a limited repertoire of the highly polymorphic families of surface antigens so widely represented in the asexual parasites.
	www.nature.com /uidfinder/10.1038/nature01107 (5328 words)

	CDC - Could Malaria Reappear in Italy?
		Its vulnerability is low because of the low presence of gametocyte carriers (imported cases) during the season climatically favorable to transmission.
		Vulnerability in a given territory is determined by the number of gametocyte carriers during the period in which malaria transmission is possible.
		Third, Italy's vulnerability is low because of the low presence of gametocyte carriers during the season climatically favorable to transmission in areas at risk.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol7no6/romi.htm (3182 words)

	Plasmodium falciparum Spatial Analysis, Kenya \| CDC EID
		Children 5–9 years of age had the highest rate of infection with gametocytes (4.9%) at Iguhu, which is comparatively lower than that reported in the lowland (40%) for the same age group (32).
		(32) reported a gametocyte prevalence of 39.1% during the rainy season in the Kisumu district and a rate of 10.8% in the dry season in the Suba district (35).
		Similar to observations made in the lowlands (32), the mean gametocyte density in highland residents did not vary significantly among age groups.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol11no10/05-0106.htm (4519 words)

	East African Medical Journal - Vol. 80, No. 12 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The difficulty of identifying gametocyte carriers from the community is often limited due to financial and human resources constraints.
		Gametocyte prevalence was low (0.9-6.6%), and gametocyte densities were generally very low with a geometric mean of 39 gametocytes per µl blood.
		Conclusion: The low gametocyte densities or other possible host and vector related factors regulating infectivity of gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes may have caused the poor infections of mosquitoes.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?jid=53&id=10763 (394 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Fourteen gametocyte carriers were recruited for this set of experiments and a total of 14 replicates were conducted with the different gametocyte carriers.
		A higher proportion of gametocyte carriers (=infection experiments) produced oocysts in the 4–7 day old mosquitoes (11/14) than in the 1–3 day old (8/13) or 8–11 day old (6/13) (Table 1).
		Thirty-five percent of the gametocyte carriers (7/20) produced oocyst infections in mosquitoes provided with distilled water (no sugar) compared to 25% (5/20) in the sugar group (Table 4).
	digital.library.arizona.edu /insect/4.33 (4406 words)

	Indmedica - Indian Journal of Community Medicine
		It is well known that the population particularly the adults living in an endemic area naturally acquire immunity with the repeated attacks and exposure to malaria infection.
		A more accurate method to assess the infectiousness of gametocyte in population is through feeding of mosquitoes on such individuals.
		In the present study, indirect method of examining its infectiousness was employed by suppressing gametocyte conversion from asexual parasitaemia.
	www.indmedica.com /journals.php?journalid=7&issueid=50&articleid=607&action=article (2388 words)

	Microscopy of Plasmodium species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gametocyte - Plasmodium falciparum: The gametocytes of P.
		Gametocyte - Plasmodium malariae: The gametocytes of P.
		Gametocyte - Plasmodium ovale: A round gametocyte that is larger than normal red blood cells.
	www.msu.edu /course/zol/316/psppscope.htm (208 words)

	Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Effects of antifolates - co-trimoxazole and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine - on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, while the effects on PS on gametocytes and gametocyte sex ratios (GSR) are known (GSR may influence infectivity to mosquitoes and transmission — see Robert et al.
		Gametocytes were also counted in thick films against 1000 leukocytes assuming an average leukocyte count of 6000/µl of blood at enrolment (day 0) and on days 3, 5, 7, and 14.
		Gametocyte carriage was similar on days 0-7 in both treatment groups and it peaked at day 7 in both the PS and Co-T groups.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762005000400019&lng=es (2844 words)

	Germline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		But not just the sex cells; Because the sex cells got their genetic material from still other cells.
		The cells that produced sperm cells, and the cells that produced ovum, (called gametocytes,) are also part of the germline.
		And the cells that produced those cells, the gametogonia, are part of the germline- all the way back up to the zygote, the first cell that the individual came from.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germ_line (314 words)

	Activities of Artesunate and Primaquine against Asexual- and Sexual-Stage Parasites in Falciparum Malaria -- ...
		Mean gametocyte carriage (in person-hours) in patients with P.
		Effect of primaquine on gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand.
		The infectivity of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinin.Chin.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/4/1329 (3103 words)

	INFLUENCE OF CHEMOTHERAPY ON THE PLASMODIUM GAMETOCYTE SEX RATIO OF MICE AND HUMANS -- TALMAN et al. 71 (6): 739 -- ...
		of the length of infection and the proportion of male gametocytes
		Variation in the density of gametocytes and the gametocyte sex ratio over the course of the malarial infection, as a function of two chloroquine (CQ) treatment doses versus untreated controls in Plasmodium vinckei petteri experimental infections in mice and CQ or sulfadoxine-pyremethamine (SP) treatment of natural Plasmodium falciparum infections in humans.
		Gametocyte sex ratios in children with asymptomatic, recrudescent, pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine-resistant, Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
	www.ajtmh.org /cgi/content/full/71/6/739 (3869 words)

	Comparison of Artesunate and Chloroquine Activities against Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes -- Nacher et al. 48 (7): 2751 ...
		asexual and the sexual stages (gametocytes) of the parasite.
		Gametocytes do not cause any symptoms, but their presence in
		with artesunate led to a threefold reduction of gametocyte carriage
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/7/2751 (950 words)

	Disruption of a Plasmodium falciparum gene linked to male sexual development causes early arrest in gametocytogenesis ...
		Pfg27 is a sexual-specific protein that is expressed in early gametocytes.
		gametocytes were observed in the 11D KO population (Fig.
		male and female gametocytes on the slides shown in Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/46/16813 (3859 words)

	Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Michela Menegon, Carlo Severini, Anna Sannella, Maria Grazia Paglia, Djibril Sangaré, Amel Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Muhsin A. Abdel-Muhsin, Hamza Babiker, David Walliker, Pietro Alano, Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 111 (1) (2000) pp.
		Guinet, T.E. Wellems, Physical mapping of a defect in Plasmodium falciparum male gametocytogenesis to an 800 kb segment of chromosome 12, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 90 (1) (1997) pp.
		Colin J. Sutherland, Stevor transcripts from Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes encode truncated polypeptides, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 113 (2) (2001) pp.
	www1.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/01666851/viewer.htt?viewtype=keywords&rangeselected=99 (704 words)

	A Multidomain Adhesion Protein Family Expressed in Plasmodium falciparum Is Essential for Transmission to the Mosquito ...
		membrane in the parasitophorous vacuole of mature gametocytes
		Immunoelectron microscopic examination using anti-PfCCp1 primary antibody and either immunogold (A, enlarged in C) or alkaline phosphatase (B, enlarged in D) secondary labeling localize expression to the parasitophorous vacuole of mature gametocytes as well as in the gametocyte cytoplasm and attached to the outside of erythrocyte membranes.
		(A) PfCCp protein labeling in mature gametocytes is associated with the parasite surface, whereas (B) PfCCp protein is released during the emergence of gametes from within erythrocytes.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/199/11/1533 (5609 words)

	Roles of Tyrosine-Rich Precursor Glycoproteins and Dityrosine- and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine-Mediated Protein ...
		The gametocyte glycoproteins gam56 and gam82 are proteolytically processed into smaller peptides that are incorporated into the developing oocyst wall of E.
		(A) Immunoblot of extracts from gametocytes (gam), unsporulated oocysts (u-oocyst), and sporulated oocysts (sp-oocyst) probed with mouse anti-r56 antibody or control normal mouse serum (C2).
		Biochemical characterisation of the 56 and 82 kilodalton immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/2/3/456 (5283 words)

	Physician's Weekly Article - Malaria and Artemisinin Derivatives
		Previous studies have said that artemisinin compounds can reduce gametocyte carriage, and therefore infectivity of the disease.
		Researchers from the International Arteminisinin Study Group assessed the evidence by conducting a meta-analysis of individual patients' data from 16 randomized trials studying the effects of the addition of artesunate to standard treatment of malaria.
		In study subjects with no gametocytes at baseline, artesunate reduced gametocyte count on day 7, with larger effects at days 14 and 28.
	www.physweekly.com /article.asp?issueid=131&articleid=1358 (176 words)

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