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Topic: Gamma decay

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Gamma radiation

Gamma ray

Mossbauer effect

Decay energy

Internal conversion

Beta decay

Electromagnetic spectrum

Alpha decay

Neutron emission

Radioactive decay

Nuclear physics

Positron emission

Proton emission

Spontaneous fission

Superconductor

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	radioactivity. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		spontaneous disintegration or decay of the nucleus of an atom by emission of particles, usually accompanied by electromagnetic radiation.
		Gamma rays result from the transition of nuclei from excited states (higher energy) to their ground state (lowest energy), and their production is analogous to the emission of ordinary light caused by transitions of electrons within the atom (see atom ; spectrum).
		Gamma decay often accompanies alpha or beta decay and affects neither the atomic number nor the mass number of the nucleus.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ra/radioact.html (1110 words)

	radioactive decay - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about radioactive decay
		In alpha decay (the loss of a helium nucleus – two protons and two neutrons) the atomic number decreases by two and a new nucleus is formed, for example, an atom of uranium isotope of mass 238, on emitting an alpha particle, becomes an atom of thorium, mass 234.
		In beta decay the loss of an electron from an atom is accomplished by the transformation of a neutron into a proton, thus resulting in an increase in the atomic number of one.
		The associated radiation consists of alpha rays, beta rays, or gamma rays (or a combination of these), and it takes place at a constant rate expressed as a specific half-life, which is the time taken for half of any mass of that particular isotope to decay completely.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Radioactive%20decay (369 words)

	Radioactive decay
		In alpha decay, the nucleus emits an alpha particle; an alpha particle is essentially a helium nucleus, so it's a group of two protons and two neutrons.
		The third class of radioactive decay is gamma decay, in which the nucleus changes from a higher-level energy state to a lower level.
		Gamma rays are very penetrating; they can be most efficiently absorbed by a relatively thick layer of high-density material such as lead.
	physics.bu.edu /py106/notes/RadioactiveDecay.html (1055 words)

	NUCLEAR DECAY: What it is, what it does
		Gamma Decay - In gamma decay, a nucleus changes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state through the emission of electromagnetic radiation.
		In the gamma decay of a nucleus, the emitted photon and recoiling nucleus each have a well-defined energy after the decay.
		That positron decay is a nuclear process is consistent with the fact that the decay of free protons by positron emission is not observed in nature.
	www.geocities.com /c_rizescu/decay.html (1045 words)

	Radioactivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		-decay is the decay of carbon to nitrogen:
		Gamma decay usually results when a nucleus is left in an excited state, with excess energy, after an alpha or beta decay.
		Gamma particles are the most penetrating of the decay products, being capable of penetrating a few centimeters of lead if they have enough energy.
	theory.uwinnipeg.ca /mod_tech/node179.html (477 words)

	IEER: Energy & Security #4: Science For The Critical Masses: Radioactive Decay
		Some radionuclides transmute into stable elements after one decay, but in the case of others, the new elements formed by the process of decay are also unstable.
		Gamma rays consist of photons, which are "packets" or quanta of electromagnetic energy.
		Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation have very different properties in some respects, but are all ionizing radiation--that is, each is energetic enough to break chemical bonds, and thus possess the ability to damage or destroy living cells.
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-4/decay.html (601 words)

	EPA - Gamma Rays (EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Understanding Radiation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gamma rays (gamma photons) are emitted from the nucleus of some unstable (radioactive) atoms.
		A large protion gamma radiation largely passes through the body without interacting with tissue--the body is mostly empty space at the atomic level and gamma rays are vanishingly small in size.
		Because of the gamma ray's penetrating power and ability to travel great distances, it is considered the primary hazard to the general population during most radiological emergencies.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/gamma.htm (1404 words)

	High Energy Gamma-ray spectroscopy
		The prominent mode of decay at high excitation energy is via particle (proton, neutron or alpha) emission with a small branch for the gamma decay.
		The GDR properties are studied from the gamma decay of these resonances populated in heavy ion fusion reactions.
		By measuring the number of low-energy gamma rays emitted in the reaction (multiplicity, which is roughly proportional to the angular momentum) in coincidence with the high energy gamma rays, it is possible to disentangle the effect due to the temperature and angular momentum.
	www.tifr.res.in /~pell/gdr.htm (499 words)

	gamma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The gamma ray is identical in nature to light or microwaves, but of very high energy.
		Gamma rays interact with material by colliding with the electrons in the shells of atoms.
		It is important to note that most alpha and beta emitters also emit gamma rays as part of their decay process.
	www.physics.isu.edu /radinf/gamma.htm (188 words)

	Physics 30: Atomic Physics - Half-Life and Radioactive Decay
		Gamma decay occurs when an excited nucleus (excited by photon or particle bombardment, or it may be a decay product in an excited state) returns to the ground state.
		Recognize that the decay constant is a measure of the rate of radioactive decay.
		Recognize that the expressed relationships for the radioactive decay are based on statistics and probability, and on the examination of the behaviour of a large number of individual situations.
	www.sasked.gov.sk.ca /docs/physics/u8b3phy.html (1434 words)

	Half Life and Radioactive Decay
		Transmutation describes a process by which the nucleus of a radioactive atom undergoes decay into an atom with a different number of protons, until such time as a stable nucleus is produced.
		An alpha particle (i.e., a helium nucleus) is released during alpha decay of a radioactive substance.
		In beta decay, the beta particle released originated in the nucleus of the atom, not in the electron orbital.
	library.thinkquest.org /27948/decay.html?tqskip1=1 (417 words)

	How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gamma emission often occurs from the daughter of one of the other decay modes.
		For most nuclides that decay by electron capture or internal conversion, most of the time, the probability of grabbing or converting an electron is also insensitive to the environment, as the innermost electrons are the ones most likely to get grabbed/converted.
		All told, the existence of changes in radioactive decay rates due to the environment of the decaying nuclei is on solid grounds both experimentally and theoretically.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/decay_rates.html (1171 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry
		Where A is the parent isotope (the atom being broken apart) B is the daughter isotope or the isotope formed.
		When an element is broken down in alpha decay it looses two neutrons and two (2) protons.
		Beta negative decay is more penetrating than alpha decay because the particles are smaller, but less penetrating than gamma decay.
	www.shodor.org /UNChem/advanced/nuc (727 words)

	WPI Environmental and Occupational Safety - Radiation Safety Training and Reference Manual
		Gammas are emitted during energy level transitions in the nucleus.
		As gammas and x-rays pass through an absorber their decrease in number (by the processes discussed in chapter 3) is governed by the energy of the radiation, the density of the absorber medium, and the thickness of the absorber.
		For a point source gamma emitter with energies between 0.07 and 2 MeV, the exposure rate in R/hr at 1 foot is approximately 6 x C x E x n, where C is the activity in curies; E is the energy in MeV; and n is the number of gammas per disintegration.
	www.wpi.edu /Admin/Safety/RSO/Training/trm.html (11509 words)

	GAMQUEST, a Computer Program to Identify Gamma Rays
		The characteristic energies and intensities of gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes are commonly used as fingerprints for isotope identification.
		The energy of a gamma ray observed in the decay of different isotopes, but from the de-excitation of the same level in the daughter nucleus, has one value only in the database.
		Gamma rays that de-excite an isomeric state in the daughter nucleus have equilibrium intensities in the database.
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-Programs/Gamquest.html (2834 words)

	Theory: Radioactive Decay
		It emerges from a weak decay process in which one of the neutrons inside an atom decays to produce a proton, the beta electron and an anti-electron-type neutrino.
		It is produced as a step in a radioactive decay chain when a massive nucleus produced by fission relaxes from the excited state in which it first formed towards its lowest energy or ground-state configuration.
		Alpha decay is also a type of fission, common because the alpha particle is a particularly low energy arrangement of two protons and two neutrons.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/nuclearstability.html (694 words)

	Radioactivity
		An example of this pattern is seen with silver isotopes, with two stable isotopes plus one of lower mass which decays by electron capture and one of heavier mass which decays by beta emission.
		It is also not the same as beta decay, since the emitted electron was previously one of the orbital electrons, whereas the electron in beta decay is produced by the decay of a neutron.
		The radiation was classified by E. Rutherford as alpha, beta, and gamma rays according to their ability to penetrate matter and ionize air.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/radact2.html (630 words)

	Rare B->ni \bar ni gamma decay in two Higgs doublet model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		decay is analysed in the context of 2HDM.
		Thus the study of these decays can provide sensitive tests for investigating the structure of SM at the loop level, and they represent the promising objects for establishing "new physics" beyond the standard model [ 2 ].
		Besides, an interesting peculiarity of this decay is that the QCD corrections to this decay practically equal zero.
	www.sif.it /cimento/toca/110.06/08/08.html (1039 words)

	The Helium-Neon Laser
		The dominant decay mode for excited nuclear states is gamma decay.
		In gamma decay a nucleus in an excited state makes a radiative transition to a less excited state or directly to the nuclear ground state.
		Your goal is to identify nucleus X by measuring the gamma ray energy and half-life associated with the gamma decay of its metastable excited state.
	cat.middlebury.edu /~PHManual/nuclear.html (1633 words)

	Radioactive decay and radioactivity
		The decay constant is closely related to the half-life, which is the time it takes for half of the material to decay.
		The activity of a sample of radioactive material (i.e., a bunch of unstable nuclei) is measured in disintegrations per second, the SI unit for this being the becquerel.
		Plugging these numbers into the decay equation along with the half-life, you can calculate the time period over which the nuclei decayed, which is the age of the object.
	buphy.bu.edu /~duffy/PY106/Radioactivity.html (1644 words)

	Indoor Air - Radon - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The gamma decay from the radon adsorbed to the charcoal is counted on a scintillation detector and a calculation based on calibration information is used to calculate the radon concentration at the sample site.
		During the measurement period, radon diffuses through a filter-covered opening in the chamber, where the ionization resulting from the decay of radon and its progeny reduces the voltage on the electret.
		To analyze the air sample, the window end of the cell is placed on a photomultiplier tube to count the scintillations (light pulses) produced when alpha particles from radon decay strike the zinc sulfide coating on the inside of the cell.
	www.epa.gov /radon/methods.htm (1669 words)

	[No title]
		It simulates the decay of a compound C nucleus and follows the decay chain down until particle emission is C impossible.
		If decay is possible (k=1) then it C increments the total number of fragments n_frag by 2 and C puts the new fragments into indexes n_frag-1 and n_frag.
		C put the parameters of the exit channel in the array of the c decay chain the decay channel is i N_fission = N_fission + 1 N_frag = N_frag + 2 frag(n_frag-1).Z = Za(i) frag(n_frag-1).A = Aa(i) frag(n_frag).Z = frag(k).Z - frag(N_frag-1).Z frag(n_frag).A = frag(k).A - frag(N_frag-1).A frag(n_frag-1).level = 0.
	www.chemistry.wustl.edu /~rc/gemini_f77/gemsub.for (5393 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry
		Radioactive decay proceeds according to a principal called the half-life.
		of a substance are specific to the isotope of the element undergoing radioactive decay.
		While many elements undergo radioactive decay naturally, nuclear reactions can also be stimulated artificially. Although these reactions also occur naturally, we are most familiar with them as stimulated reactions.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?mid=59 (761 words)

	Big Bear Solar Observatory - Solar Activity Reports March 2000
		Decaying plage with a single leader polarity sunspot and tiny trailing polarity pore.
		Decaying beta sunspot group and plage....produced an isolated X-class event yesterday at 18:48 UT...more C-class events expected and an isolated M-class event possible before west limb passage.
		Slight decay, especially in the trailing sunspots, but continues to maintain the potential for C- and M-class events with a slight chance of an isolated low-level X-class event as well...beta-gamma-delta magnetic classification.
	www.bbso.njit.edu /Research/ActivityReport/brep200003.html (1670 words)

	Gamma decay (from radioactivity) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Gamma rays are photons and are without rest mass or charge.
		Alpha or beta decay may simply proceed directly to the ground (lowest energy) state of the daughter nucleus without gamma emission, but the decay may also proceed wholly or partly to higher energy states (excited states) of the…
		In the most common form of gamma decay, known as gamma emission, gamma rays (photons, or packets of electromagnetic energy, of extremely short wavelength) are radiated.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=48275 (811 words)

	Radioactive Decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In this third form of beta decay, an inner orbiting electron is attracted into an unstable nucleus where it combines with a proton to form a neutron.
		Gamma decay involves the emission of energy from an unstable nucleus in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
		The scheme is for hydrogen-3 which decays to helium-3, with a half-life of 12.3 years, through the emission of a beta-minus particle with an energy of 0.0057 MeV.
	www.bh.rmit.edu.au /mrs/subject/mr100/decay.html (2362 words)

	Citebase - The $\phi\to\eta\pi^0\gamma$ decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rare radiative decay $\phi\to\eta\pi^0\gamma$ was studied with SND detector at {VEPP-2M} electron-positron collider and its branching ratio was measured: $B(\phi\to\eta\pi^0\gamma)=(0.88\pm0.14\pm0.09)\cdot 10^{-4}$.
		The radiative $\phi\to\pi^0\eta\gamma$ decay is discussed emphasizing the effects of the $a_0$(980) scalar resonance which dominates the high values of the $\pi^0\eta$ invariant mass spectrum.
		We study the rho^0 and phi decays into pi^+ pi^- gamma, pi^0 pi^0 gamma and phi into pi^0 eta gamma using a chiral unitary approach to deal with the final state interaction of the M M system.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ex/0003031 (942 words)

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