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Topic: Gandhara culture

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	Gandhara - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		King Pukkusati or Pushkarasarin of Gandhara in middle of sixth century BCE was the contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha.
		Gandhara (and Kamboja) soon fell a prey to the Achaemenian Dynasty of Persia during the reign of Achaemenid Cyrus I (558-530 BCE) or in the first year of Darius I.
		The Gandhara and Kamboja constituted the twentieth and richest satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gandhara_culture (1601 words)

	Freedom - 14th August 1999 - Pakistan's 52nd Year Of Independence
		The former is popularly known as the Zhob Culture of North Balochistan, while the latter comprises the Quetta, Amri Nal and Kulli Cultures of Sindh and South Balochistan.
		Gandhara Art Gandhara Art, one of the most prized possessions of Pakistan, flourished for a period of 500 years (from the first to the fifth century A.D.) in the present valley of Peshawar and the adjacent hilly regions of Swat, Buner and Bajaur.
		Gandhara Art in its early stages received the patronage of Kanishka, the great Kushan ruler, during whose reign the Silk Route ran through Peshawar and the Indus Valley, bringing great prosperity to the whole area.
	www.geocities.com /yza2020/history.html (4142 words)

	Cemetery H culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC, in and around the Punjab region.
		The archaeologist Kenoyer noted that this culture "may only reflect a change in the focus of settlement organization from that which was the pattern of the earlier Harapppan phase and not cultural discontinuity, urban decay, invading aliens, or site abandonment, all of which have been suggested in the past." (Kenoyer 1991: 56).
		Together with the Gandhara grave culture and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, it is considered by some scholars a nucleus of Iron Age Vedic civilization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cemetery_H_culture (250 words)

	Pakistan History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This culture is different from the Indus Culture and has little relations with the village culture of Balochistan.
		This art represents a separate phase of the cultural renaissance of the region.
		A new language, Urdu, derived mainly from Arabic and Persian vocabulary and adopting indigenous words and idioms, came to be spoken and written by the Muslims and it gained currency among the rest of the Indian population.
	www.pak.gov.pk /public/govt/history.html (4117 words)

	History of South Asia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This caused the birth of an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural and trade.
		It is generally accepted that Aryan culture started in present day Pakistan (specifically the Punjab) from where it spread eastwards and southwards.
		The "Gandhara culture" flourished in much of present-day Pakistan and parts of what is today Afghanistan.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_South_Asia (1725 words)

	Gandhara Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The materials used for Gandhara sculpture were green phyllite and gray-blue mica schist, which, in general, belong to an earlier phase, and stucco, which was used increasingly after the 3rd century A.D. The sculptures were originally painted and gilded.
		Gandhara's role in the evolution of the Buddha image has been a point of considerable disagreement among scholars.
		The Gandhara school drew upon the anthropomorphic traditions of Roman religion and represented the Buddha with a youthful Apollo-like face, dressed in garments resembling those seen on Roman imperial statues.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/gandhara.html (307 words)

	Read about Zhang Zhung culture at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Zhang Zhung culture and learn about Zhang Zhung ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zhang Zhung culture is an ancient culture of western and northwestern Tibet which pre-dated Tibetan Buddhism and is best known as the source of the Bön religion.
		These characteristics more closely match the Iron age cultures of Europe and the Asian steppes than those of India or East Asia, suggesting a cultural influence which arrived from the west or north rather than the east or south.
		Gandhara culture in the northwest of India but from the western borders of the Zhang Zhung, which would mean through Persia.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Zhang_Zhung (737 words)

	Iranica.com - GANDHARA
		The name of Gandha@ra or Gandha@r^ occurs in ancient Indian texts as the name of a people, obviously the inhabitants of Ga@ndha@ra, a district traditionally placed in the extreme northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
		It is likely that in antiquity the people of Ga@ndha@ra were mainly Indian, as may be deduced from the fact that Indian languages (Pashai) are still being spoken in isolated valleys north and east of modern Kabul.
		Ga@ndha@ra has become widely known as the center of the so-called Gandhara Art, which flourished in the early first millennium C.E. This art is characterized by strong influence from the Hellenistic and Roman West.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v10f3/v10f358.html (717 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| Asia's hybrid culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gandhara, the once opulent central Asian city described in the travels of Marco Polo, stood on the Silk Road traversed by missionaries, merchants and pilgrims.
		Gandhara occupied a large area of what today are northwest India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and its ancient highways linked India with China, Tibet and western Asia.
		It was a seat of Buddhist culture from the first century BC to the fifth century AD.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/707/he2.htm (713 words)

	Reading - Oriental - Indian - Gandharan Sculpture
		From the about the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD, Gandhara was a small community on the Silk Road from China to Rome.
		It was in Gandhara that Mahayana Buddhism began to emerge from the earlier Theravada Buddhism.
		Gandhara was a Buddhist society and was one of the first places in which the Buddha was represented in human form rather than by symbols.
	www.portobello.com.au /portobello/reading/oriental_indian_gandharan.htm (528 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills Baluchistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		The Indus civilization grew out of this culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansioninto the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sindh and Punjab in contemporary Pakistan.
		The relationship between the Indus civilization and the early Sanskrit language culture that produced the Vedic texts of Hinduism is unclear.
	www.therfcc.org /indus-valley-civilization-14790.html (2898 words)

	Zhang Zhung culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zhang Zhung culture is a culture of western and northwestern Tibet which pre-dated Tibetan Buddhism and is best known as the source of the Bön religion.
		These characteristics more closely match the Iron age cultures of Europe and the Asian steppes, rather than those of India or East Asia, suggesting a cultural influence which came from the west or north rather than the east or south.
		This has led some to speculate that Buddhism arrived in Tibet not through the Gandhara culture in the northwest of India but from the western borders of the Zhang Zhung, which would mean through Persia.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/zhang_zhung_culture (780 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Asked if there are any parallel cultures where such rich cultural influences have been combined, she said that it was rare as it had Indian, Iranian and Graeco-Roman influences.
		Explaining how the various religions came to combined, she said, it was based on the influence of trade, specially the Silk Route, as the exchange of goods is connected with ideas, beliefs philosophies as well as technical know-how, as found even in some arts and crafts (in architecture and handicrafts, among others).
		Speaking of how she came to be interested in Gandhara Art, she said that she was fascinated in that particular genre of culture when she was studying Indian Art and Philology.
	www.buddhistnews.tv /current/gandhara-art-230304.php (534 words)

	The History of Swat
		As such it invited the attraction of almost all invaders, resulting in a multiplicity of influences on the socio-political culture of the region.
		Gandhara Art flourished in Udyana, though Gandhara and Udyana were two separate geographical units.
		Beside the constant invaders, who preferred to carry off the movable wealth, the origins of this economic and cultural regression are not precisely known.
	eps.freeservers.com /history_of_swat.html (1939 words)

	Yungang Cave Art Reveals Mix of Cultures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Collectively termed Gandhara, these skills were originally created by ancient Indian artisans who combined Buddhist carving art with Greek sculpturing techniques brought to central Asia by Alexander the Great around the 4th century BC.
		Buddhism and Gandhara art made their way into China via the Silk Road, and Chinese artists responsible for the sculpting in Yungang combined the two with elements of the indigenous Chinese culture.
		In Cave 20, a giant Buddha sitting in the open is regarded as a typical example of the grottoes' early work, as all details from his facial appearance to his dress style bear strong resemblance to the people who lived in northwestern India, northern Pakistan and Afghanistan at that time.
	www.china.com.cn /english/culture/98917.htm (669 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to A.H.Dani 'the new cultural trends of the centuries were identified in the swat, Dir, and Peshawar valleys, and because of its original location in that area, it was termed "Gandhara Grave Culture"'.
		According to A.H.Dani, Gandhara and the Punjab were ruled by three families by the third and the early part of the fourth century A.D. The Kidara Kushanas too penetrated up to the Hindu Kush and may have acknowledged the suzerainty of the Sassanians or Chandragupta Vikramaditya (ruled c.
		Its languages, which were part of the culture of the people of this region, too have ancient roots.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	Gandhara Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pakistan is the land which attracted Alexander the great from Macedonia in 326 B.C., with whom the influence of Greek culture came to this part of the world.
		Today the Gandhara Sculptures occupy a prominent place in the museums of England, France, Germany, USA, Japan, Korea, China, India and Afghanistan together with many private collections world over, as well as in the museums of Pakistan.
		It is hoped that with the continued patronage of the government, the Philanthropists and the Business Community to the NFCH we shall be able to achieve the aforesaid goal.
	www.heritage.gov.pk /html_Pages/gandhara.html (501 words)

	Gendhara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		New excavations were undertaken whoever there were signs of Gandhara culture under the ground.
		No one from abroad who has visited the Gandhara region failed to come into contact with him as the perfect and best informed guide, and he has delivered innumerable lectures on the subject, on television and otherwise and to touring groups.
		He proceeds via Charsadda, informing the reader that this was the real heart of Gandhara, the Pushkalavati of old, for this route is dotted with many archaeological excavations made during the last 100 years.
	www.peshawar1.com /htmls/gandhara/gandhara08.html (922 words)

	Culture Without Context: Issue 3, Recording and preserving Gandhara's cultural heritage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The pivot of routes to southern, central, eastern and western Asia, its strategic position is testified by its presence as the Achaemenid empire's most easterly province in the sixth century BC and the southern edge of the expansionist USSR in the 1980s (Allchin1992; Dupree 1980).
		The region continued to flourish under successive rulers until its established socio-economic frameworks were destroyed by the incursions of the Hephthalites or White Huns in the fifth century AD (Allchin and Cribb 1992).
		Gandhara is also the term given to this region's sculptural and architectural koine between the first and sixth centuries AD, first initiated by the Kushans (Harle 1992; Pugachenkova et al.
	www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk /IARC/cwoc/issue3/Gandhara.htm (2430 words)

	Pakistan Guide to All Pakistani Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Kot Diji culture is marked by well-made pottery and houses built of mud-bricks on stone foundations.
		Taxila, the main center of Gandhara, is over 3,000 years old as it had attracted the attention of the great conqueror, Alexander in 327 BC, when it was a province of the powerful Achaemenian Empire.
		Lahore, the cultural heart of Pakistan is situated along the bank of Ravi River.
	itipakistan.com /?qry=70-217-training (1602 words)

	Sister Wendy's American Collection \| Selected Works \| Standing Bodhisattva
		This standing bodhisattva from the Gandhara region of ancient Pakistan (today's northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) exemplifies the cross-cultural influences in the area at that time.
		The blending of cultures is evident in this bodhisattva, attired in the clothes of an Indian prince but with the body, hair, and facial features found in classical Hellenistic statues.
		The standing bodhisattva of Gandhara remains an enduring symbol of an ancient and diverse culture.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/sisterwendy/works/bod.html (275 words)

	Bactria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Caucasus Indicus) and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra (now Balkh), was located in what is now Afghanistan.
		Bactria was bounded on the east by the ancient region of Gandhara in the Indian subcontinent.
		However, its cultural influences were not completely undone; an artistic style mixing western and eastern elements known as the Gandhara culture survived the empire for hundreds of years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bactria (1270 words)

	"Gandhara Foundation, Pakistan" -Mtn-Forum On-Line Library Document
		Summary: Gandhara Foundation is a trust working to conserve, promote and develop the celebrated Gandhara culture and ecology in the foot-steps of Himalaya.
		Mission: Gandhara Foundation is a non-profit and non-governmental organization which intends to work for the betterment and improvement in the field of environment, education, ecotourism, social development, art and culture.
		This organization is a dream come true of a group of professionals in the areas of art, culture, anthropology, conversation, education and eco-tourism.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/gfpa02a.htm (193 words)

	World History-Seabury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was the birth of an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by a agriculture and trade.
		It is believed that the religious, cultural, economic and political set up of South Asia went through a big change during the Vedic and Epic periods.
		The "Gandhara Culture" flourished in present day Pakistan and parts of what is known today as Afghanistan.
	www.seaburyhall.org /world%20History%209/south_asia/sasiatop.html (1395 words)

	Pakistan Tours Main Page
		The Indus Valley Civilization developed a highly organized culture and commerce as it was connected by land and sea routes with Sumerian and Mesopotamian cultures.
		A later culture Gandhara which had developed contacts with the eastern parts of the Roman world resulting in the development of Greco-Roman art, known as Gandharian Art.
		From the Himalayas in the north down to the deserts of the south, the Ancient Culture Tour is a combination of varied cultures and ethnic groupings of Pakistan with their rich traditions.
	www.travelvantage.com /tou_pak.html (516 words)

	The Khyber Gateway >> History of Swat
		In early 3rd century BC, Buddhism was introduced into Gandhara during the reign of Asoka.
		During 1st century AD, Gandhara became the second holy land of Buddhism and experienced an unique economic and cultural flowering, with a flourishing trade with Rome and China.
		The Kushan dynasty ruled for four centuries till it was over run by the White Huns in 5th century AD and the glory of the Gandhara era came to an end.
	www.khyber.org /pashtoplaces/swathistory.shtml (1955 words)

	Pakistan: Moenjodaro, Gandhara Monuments: UNESCO Culture Sector
		The immediate objectives of the UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund project were to strengthen the Moenjodaro conservation laboratory in terms of equipment and skills and to develop suitable conservation methods for the ancient brick structures.
		The project resulted in the development of scientific conservation methods on the basis of data collected on salts and humidity, such as the protection of the ancient brickwork using mud mortar to form a sacrificial layer in which deterioration can take place.
		The Gandhara area is an historic site renowned for its glorious culture born out of the encounter between Eastern and Western cultures.
	portal.unesco.org /culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=4897&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html (329 words)

	International The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal)
		Humboldt's concept of a "scientific culture" based on a crossborder interdisciplinary dialogue, has been upheld in Germany notably by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, an institution for the promotion of science that has been pursuing this "scientific culture" since 1860, and which was reestablished in 1953.
		This "Ring of Culture," which "links" the stupendous variety of cultures in Europe, is the basis of a spiritual wealth that is complemented by countless regional European cultures.
		These regional cultures must be preserved in the interests of a diversity of intellectual and aesthetic cultures.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2003/nov/nov19/international.htm (2224 words)

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