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Topic: Gandharan Buddhist texts

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	Gandharan Buddhist texts - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the abhidharma tradition, also in the 1st or 2nd century CE, was acquired from a collector by the University of Washington Libraries in 2002.
		The Gandhāran texts are in a considerably deteriorated form (their survival at all is miraculous), but educated guesses about reconstruction have been possible in several cases using both modern preservation techniques and more traditional textual scholarship, comparing previously known Pāli and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit versions of texts.
		Scholarly critical editions of the texts are being printed by the University of Washington Press in the "Gandhāran Buddhist Texts" series, beginning with a detailed analysis of the Ghāndārī; Rhinoceros Sutra including phonology, morphology, orthography, paleography, etc.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gandharan_Buddhist_texts (389 words)

	Buddhist texts - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Buddhists place varying value on texts: attitudes range from worship of the text itself, to dismissal of texts as falsification of the ineffable truth.
		Later texts, such as the Mahayana Sutras, are also considered to be the words of the Buddha, but were transmitted either in secret, via lineages of mythical beings (such as the Nagas), or came directly from other Buddhas or bodhisattvas.
		This text is in the form of a dialogue between the Buddha's disciple Nagasena, and the Indo-Greek King Menander (Pali: Milinda).
	www.egnu.org /thelema/Buddhist_texts (4617 words)

	Buddhism / buddhist texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Buddhists place varying value on them: attitudes range from worship of the text itself, to dismissal of some texts as falsification of the ineffable truth.
		The latter are the various commentaries on canonical texts and other treatises on the Dharma, as well as collections of quotations, histories, grammars, etc. However, it should be borne in mind that many divisions are arbitrary, and some texts fall between categories, or can be associated with more than one category.
		Later texts, such as the Mahayana Sutras, are also considered to be the word of the Buddha, but were transmitted either in secret, via lineages of mythical beings (such as the nagas), or came directly from other Buddhas or bodhisattvas.
	www.buddhism-guide.com /buddhism/buddhist_texts.htm (4502 words)

	Buddhist Art
		One of the most characteristic creations of Tibetan Buddhist art are the mandalas, diagrams of a ¡°divine temple¡± made of a circle enclosing a square, the purpose of which is to help Buddhist worshipers focus their attention through meditation and follow the path to the central image of the Buddha.
		The Buddhist art of the Mons was especially influenced by the Indian art of the Gupta and post-Gupta periods, and their mannerist style spread widely in Southeast Asia following the expansion of the Mon Empire between the 5th and 8th centuries.
		Later, from the 9th to 13th centuries, the Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu Khmer Empire dominated vast parts of the Southeast Asian peninsula, and its influence was foremost in the development of Buddhist art in the region.
	www.thaiexotictreasures.com /buddhist_art.html (4054 words)

	Buddhist literature - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Buddhist literature During his lifetime the Buddha taught not in Vedic Sanskrit, which had become unintelligible to the people, but in his own NE Indian dialect; he also encouraged his monks to propagate his teachings in the vernacular.
		After his death, the Buddhist canon was formulated and transmitted by oral tradition, and it was written down in several versions in the 2d and 1st cent.
		North Indian Buddhist texts were written in a type of Sanskrit influenced by the vernaculars.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-buddhist.html (574 words)

	Buddhism / list of buddhist topics / gandharan buddhist texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the abhidharma tradition, also in the 1st or 2nd century CE, was acquired from a collector by the University of Washington Libraries in 2002.
		The Gandhāran texts are in a considerably deteriorated form (their survival at all is miraculous), but educated guesses about reconstruction have been possible in several cases using both modern preservation techniques and more traditional textual scholarship, comparing previously known Pāli and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit versions of texts.
		Scholarly critical editions of the texts are being printed by the University of Washington Press in the "Gandhāran Buddhist Texts" series, beginning with a detailed analysis of the Ghāndārī Rhinoceros Sutra including phonology, morphology, orthography, paleography, etc.
	www.buddhism-guide.com /buddhism/gandharan_buddhist_texts.htm (422 words)

	Monks and Merchants \| The Silk Road, a Larger View
		Buddhist sculpture is prominent on the Silk Road from just east of Persia all the way to China and thence to Korea and Japan.
		As the Buddhist faith crossed the passes from India into Afghanistan in the late first millennium BCE, it encountered the colonies of Greek soldiers that had been left behind when Alexander the Great's empire collapsed.
		This led quickly to the incorporation into Buddhist art of key Greek sculptural elements, such as highly realistic portraiture, a tendency to endow faces with a subtle smile, and a hip-thrust standing posture.
	www.asiasociety.org /arts/monksandmerchants/silk4.htm (799 words)

	Buddhist texts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Later texts, such as the Mahayana Sutras, are also considered by Mahayanists to be the word of the Buddha, but transmitted either in secret, via lineages of mythical beings (such as the nagas), or revealed directly from other Buddhas or bodhisattvas.
		Although many versions of the texts of the early Buddhist schools exist, the only complete canon to survive is the Pali Canon of the Theravadin school, which preserved the texts in the Pali language.
		Paradoxically, the text most closely associated with the vinaya, and the most frequently used portion of it, the Pratimoksha, is in itself not a canonical text in Theravada, even though almost all of it can be found in the canon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buddhist_texts (4765 words)

	Buddhism and Its Spread Along the Silk Road
		Parthian's Buddhist faith was also confirmed by the Chinese records of the missions of the Parthian Buddhist preachers, An-Shih-Kao and An Hsuan during the 2nd century.
		While numerous pilgrims arrived China from the West, Chinese Buddhist pilgrims were sent to India during different times and the accounts which some of them have left of their travels in the Silk Road provide valuable evidence of the state of Buddhism in Central Asia and India from the 4th to the 7th centuries.
		The Buddhists' devotion was deeply reflected by the wall paintings of its rock-cut caves.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/buddhism.shtml (3351 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Northern Buddhist art thus tends to be characterized by a very rich and syncretic Buddhist pantheon, with a multitude of images of the various Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and lesser deities.
		One of the most characteristic creations of Tibetan Buddhist art are the mandalas, diagrams of a “divine temple”; made of a circle enclosing a square, the purpose of which is to help Buddhist worshipers focus their attention through mation and follow the path to the central image of the Buddha.
		Later, from the 9th to 13th centuries, the Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu Khmer Empire dominated vast parts of the Southeast Asian peninsula, and its influence was foremost in the development of Buddhist art in the region.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Buddhist_art.html (3729 words)

	Susan Sayre Batton: Separation Anxiety: Buddhist Gandharan Manuscript
		When Buddhist sutras are found inside sculptures, conservators and curators often disagree on the appropriateness of removing these rolled-up documents from their consecrated compartments and treating them individually as works on paper.
		Buddhist sutras were written by monks, and often sponsored by donors, who might be high lamas or officials.
		The larger text was a previously known Buddhist sutra and the equivalent of 37-40 leaves.
	www.asianart.com /articles/batton/index.html (2479 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist Texts - Buddhist Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Gandhāran Buddhist Texts are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered, and also the oldest Indian manuscripts yet discovered.
		The collection is composed of a diversity of texts: a Dhammapada, discourses of Buddha (for example the Rhinoceros Horn Sutra), Avadanas and Purvayogas, commentaries and Abhidharma texts.
		One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the Abhidharma tradition, from the 1st or 2nd century CE, was acquired from a collector by the University of Washington Libraries in 2002.
	buddhism.2be.net /Gandharan_Buddhist_Texts (681 words)

	The Buddha Image - Buddhist Things - ReligionFacts
		Gandharan Buddhist sculpture displays Greek artistic influence, and it has been suggested that the concept of the “man-god” was essentially inspired by Greek mythological culture.
		By the 10th century, Buddhist art creation was dying out in India, as Hinduism and Islam ultimately prevailed, but it went on to be developed in new and unique ways in China, Japan, Thailand, and other South and East Asian countries.
		This last feature is described in ancient texts as that which emerges out of the head of an enlightened saint and is the visible symbol of the spiritual generative power that strives towards heaven and passes into the immaterial sphere.
	www.religionfacts.com /buddhism/things/buddha_image.htm (865 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist manuscripts
		Through some stunning finds over the last decade, researchers studying early Buddhist manuscripts here at the University of Washington and at the British Library are confirming a longstanding hypothesis that an ancient tradition of Buddhist literature existed in Gandhari, a dialect of Prakrit, an early Indic language that developed from Sanskrit.
		Similar sleuthing suggests that the Kharosthi scrolls came from the library of a Gandharan monastery of the Dharmaguptaka sect of Buddhists; that they date from the first century AD; and that they were found in modern-day northern Pakistan or eastern Afghanistan.
		For example, among the texts in the collection is the Anavatapata-gatha, a collection of sermons on the nature of perception that the Buddha is said to have delivered on the banks of Lake Anavatapata.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/Gandharan-ms.htm (1950 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist Texts Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Gandhāran texts are in a considerably deteriorated form (their survival at all is miraculous), but educated guesses about reconstruction have been possible in several cases using both modern preservation techniques and more traditional textual scholarship, comparing previously known Pāli and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit versions of texts.
		The collection is composed of a diversity of texts: a Dhammapada, discourses of Buddha (for example the Rhinoceros Horn Sutra), Avadanas and Purvayogas, commentaries and Abhidharma texts.
		One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the Abhidharma tradition, from the 1st or 2nd century CE, was acquired from a collector by the University of Washington Libraries in 2002.
	gandharan-buddhist-texts.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Gandharan_Buddhist_Texts (1340 words)

	UCLA Center for Buddhist Studies
		Among the several groups of early Buddhist manuscripts in the Gandhari language and Kharosthi script which have been discovered in Afghanistan in recent years, one of the most important groups is the Senior collection.
		Unlike the other main groups of Gandharan manuscripts in the British Library and the Schoyen collection in Norway, the Senior scrolls comprise a unified set of sutra and similar texts written by a single scribe.
		The scrolls seem to be intended as an anthology of fundamental or representative texts, apparently entitled "Three-fold Presentation of the Dharma" (trikhadao dharma-paiao), of a type which is apparently comparable to similar sutra anthologies preserved in early Chinese translations.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /buddhist/events/showevent.asp?eventid=974 (257 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist Texts
		This volume by Timothy Lenz is the third installment in the GandhÄran Buddhist Texts series, whose project it is to present "text editions and studies of the birch bark scrolls in the British Library's Kharoá¹£á¹hÄ« manuscript collection, dating from about the first century A.D" (p.
		Prominent in several Buddhist traditions, the Rhinoceros Sutra espouses the virtues of solitude, explaining the dangers of attachments, prescribing a solitary spiritual life, and discussing the nature of friends and friendship.
		The discovery of the British Library scrolls has brought to light a previously unknown realm of Buddhist literature and scholarship, and revealed that Gandhari was one of the major literary languages of Indian Buddhism.
	wordtrade.com /religion/buddhism/budgandharantextsR.htm (1551 words)

	Bust of Buddha
		Gandharan Buddhist texts are the earliest known Buddhist and Indian manuscripts ever discovered.
		Under King Ashoka of India, the Gandharan region converted to Buddhism in the mid-third-century, BC.
		This distinctive Gandharan style was practiced until the fifth-century, when the region was conquered by the Huns.
	www.umfa.utah.edu /?id=NTg1 (154 words)

	South Asia, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A series of Sanskrit texts, the Brahmanas and Upanishads, are composed as part of the Vedic corpus, centered around the collections of hymns developed in the middle of the second millennium.
		The Buddha image develops in both the Gandharan region and the present-day city of Mathura in the northeast.
		Gandharan Buddhist art exhibits a strong Mediterranean influence while Mathura Buddhist art maintains an Indic aesthetic style.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/ht/04/ssa/ht04ssa.htm (855 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist texts - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		On a semi-related point, the Gandhāran text of the Rhinoceros Sutra contains what may be a polemic against the.
		You may copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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	www.music.us /education/G/Gandharan-Buddhist-texts.htm (588 words)

	Review, buy Sacred Writings: The Bible of Tibet (Kegan Paul Library of Religion and Mysticism), The Inner ...
		This a fundamental text for Chinese, Korean and Japanese Buddhists in the East and West and demonstrates an ancient ground for socially engaged Buddhism.
		The second text is a series of stories concerning previous births of the Buddha and of some of his disciples.
		The text’s central theme is its emphasis that the mind—when free of discriminating thought or conceptualization—is Buddha-nature itself.
	booksall.net /sacred-writings (2673 words)

	The Buddhist Religion, Bibliography
		Many of these Buddhists feel that scholars who have not made such a commitment--whose only stake in the truth is their paycheck and their academic reputation--have no right to question the commentators' authority.
		Thus, when an expert in a particular branch of Buddhist Studies compares the findings of his/her research with those in another branch, be prepared to put a question mark next to his/her statements about that other branch, for it is entirely possible that they are based on readings that are partial or out-of-date.
		Presents a valuable portrait of the "three-tiered" structure of the early Buddhist community--forest monks, town monks, and lay supporters--but the author's assertion that the Vinaya was primarily a town-monk project is based on a partial and inaccurate reading of the texts.
	here-and-now.org /buddrel/netbiblio.html (14682 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Where Allen differs from his predecessors is in his tight focus on the rediscovery of the roots of Buddhism, and the far-flung network of long-forgotten scholars who between them unearthed the truth about the origins and early history of the Buddhist faith.
		No less important was the work of the former Napoleonic officer Jean-Baptiste Ventura, a mercenary general in the service of the Sikh leader Ranjit Singh, who spent his spare time in Peshawar exhuming Bactrian Greek and Kushan coins from Buddhist stupas in the Khyber Pass, then sending them on to the society in Calcutta.
		But what is conveniently forgotten is that during the Hindu revival at the end of the first millennium AD, many Hindu rulers had behaved in a similar fashion to the Buddhists.
	www.buddhistnews.tv /current/buddha-sahib-R.php (865 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist texts . British Library . Xinjiang . Prakrit . India . France
		Buddhist Texts are the earliest Buddhism Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered, and indeed the earliest Indian manuscripts yet discovered.
		==The 1994 Afghan manuscripts== In 1994 the British Library acquired a group of some eighty Gandharan manuscript fragments of the 1st or 2nd century.
		One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the abhidharma tradition, also in the 1st or
	www.uk.kunsimuna.net /Gandharan_Buddhist_texts_UK_084800_go (372 words)

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