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Topic: Gandhari language

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Prakrit

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Gandara

Kharoshthi

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	BhashaIndia.com :: Kharoshthi - The Forgotten Script
		Kharoshthi, the script for the Gandhari language, is accepted as one of the oldest scripts in the Indian subcontinent and indeed the world.
		Gandhari was a language belonging to the Prakrit family.
		The language has come under scrutiny as being one of the oldest languages of the subcontinent and also as the language of the earliest Buddhist texts.
	bhashaindia.com /Patrons/LanguageTech/Kharoshthi.htm (1160 words)

	Velocity Web Site - 'Dead Sea Scrolls of Buddhism' - The Missing Link
		A characteristic of the Gandharan region was the use of the Gandhari language and Kharoshthi script.
		Gandhari is a Prakrit language derived from Sanskrit and the Kharoshthi script is derived from Aramaic used by the Iranian Achaemenids who conquered the region in the sixth century BC
		Before discovery of the manuscripts the knowledge of the Gandhari language and Kharoshthi script came from coin legends and inscriptions and from documents from the southern Silk Route in western China where it was used as the official administrative language from the second to third centuries AD.
	velocity.ansto.gov.au /velocity/ans0010/article_01.asp (972 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| Archaeology \| Tracing the Buddhist Path
		Unlike religions such as Islam or Judaism, in which language is critical to the scripture, the Buddha said that monks should speak to the people in their own language.
		Apart from the 1892 text, the language was known in fragmented fashion through coins, legal and administrative documents, and inscriptions on vessels that held sacred objects, such the bones of the Buddha.
		The Gandhari manuscripts are distinguishable from the other canons in their ordering of material, the multiple hands transcribing the documents, and what seems to be the monks' willingness to alter the texts.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=4,203,0,0,1,0 (1698 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The language of the first wave, which remained confined to the Pamir mountains of Pakistan, is identified as Dardic while the second one may be called Indic.
		This language, opines Gankovsky, was probably made up of elements from the languages of the 'local pre-Indo-European population and Indo-Aryan tribes, as well as the Dardic and East-Iranian ethnic elements'.
		These languages have not generally been used in the domains of power because the rulers of this region were generally foreigners.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Colombo -- The Gandhari canon may prove to be a crucial link in understanding the way Buddhism moved northward along the Silk Road, into Central and East Asia, even as it largely died out in India, where it was born in the fifth or fourth century BC.
		Until recently, concrete evidence of the Gandhari tradition consisted of a single manuscript, discovered in 1892 and published 70 years later as The Gandhari Dharmapada (Oxford University Press), edited by the late University of Cambridge scholar, John Brough.
		Although no other substantial Gandhari manuscript had come to light, Salomon was among a handful of researchers who studied the language, from the Brough edition, from secular documents in a related language, and from inscriptions on pots, coins, and archaeological ruins.
	www.buddhistnews.tv /current/ghandari-literary-F.php (1032 words)

	A preliminary survey of some early Buddhist manuscripts recently acquired by the British Library
		These include the aforementioned Gandhari version of the "Rhinoceros' Horn Sutra" (Khagga-visana-sutta), which appears as the third sutra in the Pali Sutta-nipata, as well as a commentary on a sequence of verses, most of which correspond to passages from various sections of the Sutta-nipata.
		The apparent concentration of Sutta-nipata-related texts in the new Gandhari corpus thus is likely not only to confirm the long-standing hypothesis of the antiquity and importance of this collection, but also to illuminate its textual history and role in the propagation of early Buddhism.
		As might be expected, the various manuscripts show considerable divergences and inconsistencies in their renderings of the Gandhari language, reinforcing the impression gained from the previously known specimens, mostly epigraphical, that the language was never fully standardized or regularized.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-EPT/sal.htm (3300 words)

	The Ark - 2 April 2006 - The Buddhist Scrolls, Pt 2
		We surmise what the origins of these manuscripts would be because we know by the language characteristics of them, that they must come from what is referred to as Ancient Gandhara, that is Eastern Afghanistan, North West Pakistan, but that straddles two countries; where within that region is a little bit uncertain.
		However in the north-west he produced bilingual versions, either Greek and Aramaic, and his inscriptions, as opposed to the rest of India which were written in the Brahmi script, so a Prahkrit language in the Brahmi script, were written in the Gandhari language and Kharoshthi script.
		So he is clearly communicating with a different foreign language group, the Greeks and the remnants of the Achaemenid Empire and then also adopting to the local language of that area, Gandhari.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/ark/stories/2006/1602819.htm (2121 words)

	Tracing the Buddhist Path
		"The Gandhari texts indicate that this is not quite accurate," explains Collette Cox, an expert on early Buddhism for the project.
		Similarities are found in titles and content, and some Gandhari words appear in a transformed fashion in Chinese.
		The only previous Gandhari text was discovered in central Asia in 1892 and published by John Brough in the 1960s.
	www.neh.gov /news/humanities/2004-11/buddhistpath.html (1685 words)

	The Buddhist Manuscript Project
		The texts are written in Gandhari, a derivative of Sanskrit that was the predominant language of northwestern India in ancient times.
		Inscriptions on the jars date the texts at about the early first century A.D. Further confirmation of that date comes from the mention in one of the manuscripts of a Satrap Jihonika, who is known from other sources to have lived in approximately the same period.
		Finally, the material may enable researchers to discern features of the underlying language or dialect from which the Gandhari texts were made, giving a clue to the original language of the Buddha himself.
	www.washington.edu /research/showcase/1996a.html (837 words)

	ABC Radio National: The Ark 26 March 2006 - The Buddhist Scrolls, Pt 1
		It is particularly interesting because we have, apart from this version now in the Gandhari language, we have versions in the Pali language, in the Sanskrit language, several translations in Chinese, plus a Tibetan translation.
		We have commentaries in the Pali language, Sanskrit language, but these are new commentaries on the canonical texts.
		Rachael Kohn: The ancient language of Gandhari, read there by Buddhist scholar Dr Mark Allon, a member of the Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project and a lecturer in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sydney.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/relig/ark/stories/s1597136.htm (2053 words)

	The Chronicle: 10/4/2002: A Lost Buddhist Literary Tradition Is Found
		The Gandhari canon may prove to be a crucial link in understanding the way Buddhism moved northward along the Silk Road, into Central and East Asia, even as it largely died out in India, where it was born in the fifth or fourth century BC.
		Salomon was among a handful of researchers who studied the language, from the Brough edition, from secular documents in a related language, and from inscriptions on pots, coins, and archaeological ruins.
		The newly found manuscripts are "not from the formative stages of Buddhism." The religion's original language was probably a lost eastern-Indian dialect, as later Pali texts from western India suggest.
	chronicle.com /free/v49/i06/06a01801.htm (2042 words)

	Buddhist Manuscript Donated To University Cambridge Ontario News Religion/Spirituality on Cambridge Now
		The manuscript consists of eight fragments of a scroll and is written in the Gandhari language, a derivative of Sanskrit.
		The style of script and the language suggest the manuscript comes from Gandhara, a region of what is now eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.
		Gandhara was an early, vibrant center of Buddhism and occupied a pivotal role in the spread of Buddhism from India to Central Asia, China and the rest of East Asia.
	www.cambridgenow.ca /npps/story.cfm?id=2 (599 words)

	Gandhari -Translation From Dr. Iravati Karve's 'Yugant' in Marathi
		Gandhari, the princess traveled sometimes in her chariot, sometimes on foot and sometimes in her palanquin.
		Gandhari missed her home, her family back in the rugged country of Gandhar but she was fortunate to have her brother, Prince Shakuni, accompany her as her escort to Hastinapur.
		Gandhari was now talking with a passion and her friend grew anxious for her.
	sawf.org /newedit/edit12162002/mythology.asp (3510 words)

	Roots of the Bengali language
		Bengali is a language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Its Indo-European roots can be traced to the initial split in middle Indo Aryan languages into a NW dialect which grew into Gandhari, the central dialect which grew into Sauraseni, an eastern dialect which became Magadhi and a Southern dialect which lead to, for example, Maharashtri.
		This language already shows effect of a substratum/adstratum which gave rise to most of its agricultural terms, names of wild plants and animals, and such phenomena as the retroflex consonants.
	tanmoy.tripod.com /bengal/language.html (554 words)

	Gandharan Buddhist Texts
		The fragmentary birch bark scrolls, which were found inside one of a set of inscribed clay pots, are written in the Gandhari Prakrit language and in Kharosthi script.
		A Gandhari Version of the Rhinoceros Sutra examines in detail the literary and textual background of the sutra, describes the condition of the scroll and its reconstruction, analyzes the text, comparing it with other extant versions, and presents a literal English translation.
		The discovery of the British Library scrolls has brought to light a previously unknown realm of Buddhist literature and scholarship, and revealed that Gandhari was one of the major literary languages of Indian Buddhism.
	www.wordtrade.com /religion/buddhism/budgandharantextsR.htm (1538 words)

	Buddhism on the Silk Road (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The language in use in the Kushana empire, and derived from Sanskrit, is known as Gandhari.
		Manuscripts in Gandhari, written in the Kharosthi script, have been found in modern Afghanistan and Central Asia.
		A script used in the writing of documents in the Gandhari language in the Kushana empire.
	idp.bl.uk /education/buddhism/glossary.html (1348 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Kharosthi
		The Kharosthi Script was more or less contemporarily with the Brahmi script, appearing around the 3rd century BCE mainly in modern-day northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan, although some examples do occur in India.
		In particular, Kharosthi seemed to be used primarily for the Prakrit dialect of Gandhari.
		The evidence for this is in the form of a diacritic mark that denotes a transformation of an intervocalic constant (sometimes from a stop to a fricative), which existed in Gandhari.
	www.ancientscripts.com /kharosthi.html (346 words)

	Indic language fonts
		On the Gandhari Romanization / Gandhari Unicode fonts: These fonts are based on an original Postscript font called "Nimbus Roman No9 L" created by URW++ Design and Development Incorporated and donated to the free software community under the GNU General Public License.
		The Gandhari Unicode font is a modification of the Times Gandhari font (which is no longer available since 2005), carried out by Andrew Glass for the British Library/University of Washington Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project between 2000 and 2003.
		The Times Gandhari font is a modification of the Times CSX font by Andrew Glass and John Smith in 1998.
	cg.scs.carleton.ca /~luc/indic.html (8019 words)

	The development of writing
		The best explanation for the transition from pictographs to writing was improvisation -- scribes improved on what they had, adapting symbols used for concrete objects to represent names and abstract thoughts.
		And the trick was to use phonetics -- the sound of the language.
		Written on bark in the ancient language of Gandhari, they apparently contain the first known Buddhist texts.
	whyfiles.org /079writing/3.html (905 words)

	APPENDIX 1: DDSEA APPLICATION STUDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Further, the project has the potential to make many important advances in the ways we understand and use digital data for the languages of the region that are written in traditional scripts.
		These birch bark scrolls, written in the Kharosthi script and the Gandhari (Prakrit) language, probably date from the first century A.D.; if so, they are the oldest surviving Buddhist texts, and will provide unprecedented insights into the early history of Buddhism in north India and in central and east Asia.
		Even for a single language like English no single encoding was adequate for all the letters, punctuation, and technical symbols in common use.
	crcl.th.net /ddsea/appendix.htm (8165 words)

	Page 2
		Sanskrit is for all intents and purposes, a dead language.
		Prakrits are the direct precursors of the modern languages, thus
		languages as spoken by the common man in India.
	www.proudblackbuddhist.org /Sanskrit_Artif/Page_2.html (2365 words)

	Silk City Bhagalpur : Language, Scripts of the Silk Road
		Considering the many different peoples who lived and travelled the length of the Silk Road, it is hardly surprising that written materials have survived in a large variety of languages and scripts.
		Apart from Chinese, the main scripts used in Central Asia are either derived from Aramaic, the administrative script used throughout the Achaemenid empire (c.550-330 BC), or are different forms of the Indian Brahmi script.
		The Kharosthi script, used for the Middle Indian language Gandhari, also owes its origin to Aramaic.
	www.angindia.com /angika_silk_city_bhagalpur_3.html (341 words)

	Oxford University Press
		The exciting recent developments in our understanding of the history of the Indo-Iranian languages and their speakers are surveyed and assessed by a group of internationally renowned linguists and archaeologists.
		In the last few years the materials available for the study of the older Indo-Iranian languages have increased dramatically: there have been sensational discoveries of birch-bark scrolls bearing Buddhist texts in the Gandhari language of north-west India, and of leather documents in Bactrian, the ancient language of northern Afghanistan.
		K.R. Norman: Pali and the Languages of Early Buddhism
	www.oup.com /ca/isbn/0-19-726285-6 (352 words)

	Salomon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Gandhari, a northwestern dialect of the Middle Indo-Aryan family, was until recently known primarily from inscriptional and numismatic texts, but in the last few years a large corpus of Gandhari manuscripts containing Buddhist literary texts has become available.
		These manuscripts present copious new data on the many problems of the Gandhari language, especially its phonology, while also raising many new questions.
		The presentation will focus on the theoretical and practical problems of identifying the linguistic and dialectal realities underlying texts written in a problematic script (Kharosthi) with a highly unstandardized orthography, which present us with a language that is very much "in the rough."
	www.ias.berkeley.edu /southasia/Salomon.html (114 words)

	Rare Buddhist Writings
		A collection of 13 birch-bark scrolls found in pottery jars from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhara in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan are thought to be the oldest manuscripts with Buddhist writings ever discovered.
		Dating to the first century A.D., the scrolls are written in the Gandhari language.
		Graham Shaw, deputy director of Oriental and India Office Collections at the British Library, says these scrolls will be compared to writings in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese of the same period.
	www.archaeology.org /9609/newsbriefs/buddhism.html (242 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: Gandhari by Nandalal Bose
		Blind folded Gandhari and a Maid on Balcony
		Gandhari with a Maid, Gandhari by Nandalal Bose, Blind-folded Gandhari
		A Gandhari Version of the Rhinoceros Sutra: British Library Kharosthi Fragment 5B (Gandharan Buddhist Texts, 1) --Book
	www.kamat.com /kalranga/art/3376.htm (69 words)

	ubiquitous & elusive: in quest of theravada
		And yet system of religious observance followed by the Thais might be more clearly referred to as "Sinhalese Bauddha," as Sri Lanka is the place where it took early form.
		Further, it may also be described as Pali Bauddha for its strict adherence to the Pali Language literature compiled more or less by the ancient Sinhalese.
		It cannot be not true that the so-called 'Theravāda' is the only school that has 'survived into the present day,' Skilling explained, since the clearly historical Sarvāstivāda monastic lineage continues to be followed to the present day in Tibet.
	in-quest-of-theravada.blogspot.com (2259 words)

	Test: Unicode
		Future development of these fonts will be strongly influenced by the feedback given by users.
		Intended for classicists and other scholars interested in Ancient languages in general (includes: Classical and Medieval Latin, Metrical Symbols, Old and Middle English, Old Norse, Gothic, Runic, Ogham, Devanagari, Bengali, Hebrew, Ugaritic, Old Persian, Old Italic and Iberic scripts, and the IPA).
		Athena has the left bracket, but is missing the matching right bracket.
	www.tlg.uci.edu /help/UnicodeTest.html (2672 words)

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