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Topic: Ganges and Indus River Dolphin

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	Animal Info - Indus River Dolphin
		The Indus River dolphin is endemic to the rivers of the lower Indus River basin in Pakistan.
		Historically it occurred in the Indus River mainstem and the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum tributaries.
		When the Indus was a free-flowing river, the Indus River dolphin would migrate upstream into the smaller tributaries during the monsoon rains and migrate downstream to the main channels in the dry season.
	www.animalinfo.org /species/cetacean/platmino.htm (1328 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Indus River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Indus, known in Sanskrit as the Sindhu and in Tibetan as the Sengge Chu ('Lion River'), and in Urdu as Darya-e-Sindh, is the longest and one of the most important rivers in South Asia.
		The Indus passes gigantic gorges (15,000-17,000 feet) near the Nanga Parbat massif It swiftly flows across Hazara, and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir.
		Indus (river), river, formed in western Tibet by the confluence of the glacial streams from the Himalaya.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Indus-River (973 words)

	Ganges and Indus River Dolphin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) are two sub-species of freshwater or river dolphins found in India and Pakistan.
		The Ganges River Dolphin is primarily found in River Ganges and its tributaries in India while the Indus River Dolphin is found in the Indus river in Pakistan.
		The Indus subspecies resides primarily in the Indus River in Pakistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_River_Dolphin (900 words)

	River dolphin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		River dolphins are four species of dolphin which reside in freshwater rivers and estuaries.
		However it is scientifically classed in the river dolphin family rather than the oceanic dolphin family.
		River dolphins are some of the most endangered of all the world's cetaceans.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/river_dolphin (291 words)

	Ganges River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Yamuna River — a major river in its own right, and nearly as endowed with the sanctity of Religious tradition and legend as the Ganga, is in fact a tributary of the Ganga; their confluence marks the site of the pilgrim town of Prayag, now known as Allahabad.
		In Hinduism, the river Ganga (feminine) is sacred.
		Ganges Canal was dug from Haridwar to Kanpur in later half of 19th century and a very wide network of small tributary canals were constructed from the main canal to act as source of irrigation in the fertile plains of Western Uttar Pradesh.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ganges (1883 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Indus River Dolphin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) are two sub-species of freshwater or river dolphins found in the Indian sub-continent.
		Indus River Dolphins are grey-brown in colour, sometimes with a pinkish belly, and measure between 1.5 and 2.5m in length, weighing a maximum of 90kg.
		The Indus River dolphin was apparently formerly common and distributed throughout the Indus River system in Pakistan, from the Himalayan foothills to the mouth of the Indus, and in the main tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej - from the hills to their junction with the Indus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Indus-River-Dolphin (1034 words)

	CMS: Platanista gangetica, Ganges river dolphin, susu
		River dolphins may be particularly vulnerable to industrial pollution because their habitat in counter-current pools downstream of confluences and sharp meanders often places them in close proximity to point sources in major urban areas (e.g.
		The long-term implications of the reduction of dry-season flows in the Ganges are catastrophic for the survival of susus.
		- Mohan RSL, Dey SC, Bairagi SP (1998) On a resident population of the Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica in the Kulsi River (Assam) a tributary of Brahmaputra.
	www.cms.int /reports/small_cetaceans/data/P_gangetica/p_gangetica.htm (4330 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ganges and Indus River Dolphin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Ganges River (Ganga in Indian languages; Ganges is the Latin form) (Devanagari à¤—à¤‚à¤—à¤¾) is the major river of northern India and Bangladesh.
		The single species is likely to have either the Ganges and Indus River Dolphin or Indian River Dolphin as its common name, although neither has yet spread into wide usage and the latter does not reflect that the Indus subspecies is resident primarily in Pakistan.
		The Indus valley was by main rivers, the Indus River.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ganges-and-Indus-River-Dolphin (1846 words)

	WWF - Ganges River dolphin
		The Ganges River dolphin lives in one of the world's most densely populated areas, and is threatened by removal of river water and siltation arising from deforestation, pollution and entanglement in fisheries nets.
		This dolphin is among the four "obligate" freshwater dolphins found in the world - the other three are the baiji found in the Yangtze river in China, the bhulan of the Indus in Pakistan and the boto of the Amazon River in Latin America.
		Since the river dolphin is at the apex of the aquatic food chain, its presence in adequate numbers symbolizes greater biodiversity in the river system and helps keep the ecosystem in balance.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/cetaceans/river_dolphins/ganges_river_dolphin (629 words)

	ipedia.com: Indus Valley Civilization Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Other Indus civilization settlements were situated along the Indus and its tributaries or spread as widely as Mumbai (Bombay) to the south, east of Delhi, the Iranian border to the west and the Himalayas to the north.
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of Baluchistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		The Indus civilization appears to disconfirm the hydraulic despotism hypothesis, which is concerned with the origin of urban civilization and the state.
	www.ipedia.com /indus_valley_civilization.html (3091 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/River dolphin
		River dolphins are four species of dolphin which reside in freshwater rivers and estuaries.
		River dolphins are some of the most endangered of all the world's cetaceans.
		Chinese River Dolphin (or Baiji) Lipotes vexillifer (presumed extinct as of 2006)
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Platanistoidae (414 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Ganges River Dolphin is primarily found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their tributaries in India, Bangladesh and Nepal while the Indus River Dolphin is only found in the Indus river in Pakistan.
		The Indus subspecies resides in the Indus River in Pakistan.
		In the nineteenth century dolphins were found in the Indus River from the estuary into the foothills of the Himalayas and in the Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum tributaries of the Indus.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ganges_and_Indus_River_Dolphin (1142 words)

	Ganges and Indus River Dolphin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Ganges and Indus River Dolphins are identical in appearance.
		Dolphins are usually encountered on their but have travelled in groups more often when populations were larger.
		The Ganges subspecies can be found in Ganges River as well as the Brahmaputra Karnaphuli and Sangu river systems of India Bangladesh Nepal and Bhutan.
	www.freeglossary.com /Ganges_and_Indus_River_Dolphin (831 words)

	Blind Indus dolphins
		The Indus river dolphin is found in the Indus and Chenab rivers of Pakistan, while the Ganges river dolphin is found in the Ganges, Meghna, Brahmaputra, and Karnaphuli rivers that flow through India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
		The Indus river dolphin, also known as Indus susu, is one of the five species of cetaceans that are threatened with extinction.
		The Indus and the Ganges dolphins have been victims of both deliberate and accidental exploitation.Dam building, chemical pollution, accidental entanglement in fishing nets, and hunting have depleted the numbers of this fish to an alarmingly low level.
	www.the-south-asian.com /May2001/Blind%20Indus%20dolphins.htm (642 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ganges and Indus River Dolphin
		The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) are two sub-species of freshwater or river dolphins found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.
		The Ganges River Dolphin is primarily found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their tributaries in India and Bangladesh while the Indus River Dolphin is found in the Indus river in Pakistan.
		Dolphins are usually encountered on their own or in loose aggregations, they do not form tight obviously interacting groups.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indus_River_Dolphin (1038 words)

	The Indus Dolphin > River Dolphins > Ganges River, India
		It is believed that the lack of a true visual apparatus in the river dolphin is related to its habitat; the water in which it lives is so muddied that vision in essentially useless.
		The Ganges River Dolphin is an endemic species of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river systems, extending from the foot of the Himalayas to the tidal zone in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, and is an extremely docile and graceful creature.
		Commonly known as susu the Ganges River Dolphin are among the four freshwater dolphin found in the world - the other three are the baiji found in the Yangtze river in China, the bhulan of the Indus in Pakistan and the buto of the river Amazone in Latin America.
	indusdolphin.org.pk /river_dolphins/river_dolphins_03.asp (420 words)

	GANGES AND INDUS RIVER DOLPHINS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Indus River dolphin is also known as Indus susu, the Ganges River dolphin is also known as Ganges susu or Gangetic dolphin, and both are also known as Blind River dolphin or Side-swimming dolphin.
		The Indus River dolphin is found in the Indus and Chenab rivers of Pakistan.
		The Ganges River dolphins is found in the Ganges, Megha, Brahmaputra, and Karnaphuli rivers of India, Nepal, Bhutan and/or Bangladesh.
	www.il-st-acad-sci.org /mammals/whale017.html (157 words)

	IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica
		River dolphins may be particularly vulnerable to industrial pollution because their habitat in counter-current pools downstream of confluences and sharp meanders often places them in close proximity to point sources in major urban areas (e.g., Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Calcutta, and Dhaka).
		Dolphins are killed by tribal people in the upper Brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches of the Ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant.
		Mohan, R.S., Dey, S.C. and Bairagi, S.P. On a resident population of the Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica in the Kulsi River (Assam) a tributary of Brahmaputra.
	www.redlist.org /search/details.php?species=41756 (3980 words)

	Platanista (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphin(Platanista gangetica minor) are two sub-species of freshwater or river dolphins found in the Indian sub-continent.
		The single species is likely tohave either the Ganges and Indus River Dolphin or Indian River Dolphin as its common name,although neither has yet spread into wide usage and the latter does not reflect that the Indus subspecies is resident primarilyin Pakistan.
		Until the 1970s the Indus and Ganges River Dolphins were regarded as a single species, first named by Roxburgh in 1801.However at that time it became clear that two populations, one centered on the Ganges River in India and the other in the Indus River inPakistan had not interbred for many hundred years.
	www.therfcc.org /platanista-157266.html (764 words)

	Infoshop News: RIVER DOLPHINS ON THE WAY OUT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		River dolphins swim in some of the world’s most densely populated river basins, including the Ganges and Indus river basins, where one tenth of the world’s people live.
		For example, through the WWF River Dolphin Conservation initiative, local communities are being encouraged not to pollute the river with household detergents and to prevent toxic run-off by using natural fertilizers, such as cow manure.
		River dolphins are losing the competition because they often become fatally entrapped in gillnets and on fishing hooks or stunned by explosives used sometimes to harvest fish.
	www.infoshop.org /inews/article.php?story=20050322131634692&mode=print (886 words)

	AquaNews - The Vancouver Aquarium's Aquatic Environmental News Network
		According to the conservation organization, all Asian river dolphin populations are severely threatened by dams, accidental entanglement in fishing gear, industrial and agricultural pollution, and human sewage.
		River dolphins inhabit some of the planet's most densely populated river basins, such as India’s Ganges River and Pakistan’s Indus River, where one tenth of humanity resides.
		The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has classified the Amazon river dolphin a "Vulnerable" species, the Ganges and Indus river dolphins as "Endangered" and the Yangtze river dolphin as "Critically Endangered." As for the Irrawaddy dolphin, IUCN specialists consider that there is not enough information to make an assessment.
	www.vanaqua.org /aquanew/fullnews.php?id=1939 (453 words)

	IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Platanista gangetica ssp. minor
		The most recent and comprehensive assessment of the Indus Dolphin population was a survey of their entire range conducted in March and April 2001 that resulted in a minimum abundance estimate of 965 dolphins (based on the sum of best estimates of group size of all sightings).
		The probability of double counting dolphins due to their movement from surveyed to unsurveyed areas overnight was considered to be balanced by the probability that an equal number of dolphins were missed altogether due to their movements in the opposite direction.
		Indus River dolphins generally occur in the deepest river channel and are less common in secondary channels and small braids (Bhatti and Pilleri 1982, Braulik 2003).
	www.redlist.org /search/details.php?species=41757 (2814 words)

	Ganges and Indus River Dolphin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) are two sub-species of freshwater or river dolphin s found in the Indian sub-continent.
		The total population is unknown, but certainly numbers in the hundreds and there are perhaps as many as a few thousand (but see "Human interaction" below) The Indus subspecies resides primarily in the Indus River in Pakistan.
		The highway was riddled with potholes that striped the asphalt.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Ganges_and_Indus_River_Dolphin.html (1951 words)

	River Dolphins in Urgent Battle Against Extinction
		's river dolphin populations are in severe decline due to polluted water, dams and entanglement in fishing nets and has launched an initiative to save some of the world's most threatened mammals.
		According to the global conservation organization, this is all the more worrying as river dolphins are key indicators of a river's health and of the availability of clean water for the people living along its banks.
		For example, through the WWF River Dolphin Conservation initiative, local communities are being encouraged not to pollute rivers with household detergents and prevent toxic run-off by using natural fertilizers, such as cow manure.
	www.china.org.cn /english/environment/123517.htm (545 words)

	WWF - WWF's Global River Dolphin Initiative
		The dolphin has been a species of special concern to WWF since 1997, and Farida village was chosen for a pilot dolphin conservation initiative in 2001.
		The river dolphins of India’s sacred Ganges River are dwindling due to pollution and overfishing.
		The Indus River dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammals and the second most endangered freshwater river dolphin.
	www.panda.org /news_facts/publications/index.cfm?uNewsID=21901 (1187 words)

	Ganges River Dolphin Skull Replica
		Ganges River Dolphin Skull - The Ganges river dolphin is one of four to five species of fresh water cetaceans found in Asia and South America.
		The Ganges, as its name would suggest, is native to the Ganges river system of India.
		The Ganges dolphin has one of the strangest skulls in the animal kingdom with its reduced rostrum and large plate-like projections that surround the melon.
	www.skullsunlimited.com /ganges-river-dolphin-skull.html (129 words)

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