Ganglion cell layer

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Topic: Ganglion cell layer

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	retina markers
		Ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells were counted by subtracting the number of axons in the optic nerve, learned from electron microscopy, from the total neurons of the ganglion cell layer.
		In the cat retina, anti-Brn-3a immunoreactivity was strong in the small ganglion cells (gamma cells) and weak in the remaining ganglion cells (alpha and beta cells); anti-Brn-3b immunoreactivity was present in all ganglion cells; and anti-Brn3c immunoreactivity was confined to the small ganglion cells.
		In the pigeon retina, subpopulations of amacrine, ganglion and bipolar cells were immunoreactive for parvalbumin.
	anatomy.med.unsw.edu.au /CBL/research/neurons/retinamark.htm

	Retina
		The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells comprise a central approximately circular area, where light has one effect of the firing of the cell, and an annular surround, where light has the opposite effect of the firing of the cell.
		R. Rodieck, Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli, Vision Research, vol.
		One response, from on cells, is to increase the rate of firing to increases in light intensity in the centre of the receptive field.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/re/retina.html (1327 words)

	Webvision: Amacrine cells
		Famiglietti, E. V., and Kolb, H. (1975) A bistratified amacrine cell and synaptic circuitry in the inner plexiform layer of the retina.
		Because these calretinin-IR amacrines are found in the fovea and have particular relationships with the midget bipolar and ganglion cell systems, we have suggested that they may have a role in the antagonistic surround generation for midget ganglion cells.
		The dopamine cell is, however, primarily an amacrine cell and not an interplexiform cell, in the mammalian retina, thus their effect on inner retina circuitry would be expected to be more pronounced than on outer retina.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /amacrines3.html (1327 words)

	Glutamate Uptake Limits Synaptic Excitation of Retinal Ganglion Cells -- Higgs and Lukasiewicz 19 (10): 3691 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Matsui K, Hosoi N, Tachibana M (1998) Excitatory synaptic transmission in the inner retina: paired recordings of bipolar cells and neurons of the ganglion cell layer.
		The glutamate uptake inhibitor PDC increased the amplitude and duration of light-evoked, AMPA receptor-mediated ganglion cell EPSCs.
		Holding ganglion cells at +75 mV increased the amplitude of the late phase of multiquantal AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/10/3691 (1327 words)

	Webvision: Amacrine cells
		SP-containing and A22 cells are wide-field amacrine cells (dendritic trees of 500 um span), often having large cell bodies (14-16 um) displaced to the ganglion cell layer, with their major dendritic stratification in strata 3 and 4 of sublamina b of the IPL.
		Cell A13 is a diffusely branched cell with a large cell body (12 um diameter) and fine dendrites bearing distinct beads at regular intervals that run through mostly strata 3-5 of sublamina b of the IPL to end up along the top of ganglion cell bodies.
		Their axonal processes are presynaptic to amacrine and ganglion cells in stratum 5 and in stratum 1 of the IPL.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /amacrines2.html (1602 words)

	Ch22.txt
		regenerating ganglion cells in the retina tend to make the same tectal connections they had before the eye was rotated.
		developed in an inside-out fashion, so that the oldest cells are nearest the germinal layer.
		generated so that the oldest cells are farthest from the germinal layer.
	nelson.beckman.uiuc.edu /courses/bio303/TestBank/Ch22.txt (1602 words)

	Bipolar cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The interactions between bipolar cells and the horizontal cells create an extra layer of complexity - ON bipolar cells will depolarise to a stimulus that is in the centre of their receptive field, and hyperpolarise to a stimulus that is in the periphery of the receptive field.
		As a part of the retina, the bipolar cell exists between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells.
		While it is known that an important cell in the process is the horizontal cell, the exact sequence of receptors and molecules is as of yet unknown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bipolar_cell (350 words)

	amacrine cell
		interneurons of the vertebrate retina which integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.
	crisp.cit.nih.gov /Thesaurus/00000289.htm (350 words)

	Cortexhist.htm
		All pyramidal cells are not equal...they have different sizes and functions, depending on the cortical layer that they are found in.
		Last week, we learned that the peripheral fibers from the dorsal root ganglion cells bring information in from the body to the central nervous system.
		These cells are found in the spinal ganglia of the spinal nerves (dorsal root ganglia) as well as in several of the sensory nuclei of the cranial nerve nuclei.
	www.utsa.edu /tsi/assign/histo/html/ultrastruct.htm (2153 words)

	Rebecca_Stacy
		In the immature retina, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have dendrites that ramify throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL).
		The cholinergic amacrine cell is a retinal interneuron presynaptic to the RGC, and has processes that stratify in distinct sublaminae before the dendrites of RGCs have remodeled.
		In this mouse, ChAT cells with normal morphologies were present, but the spontaneous activity patterns in the immature retina were altered.
	mstp.wustl.edu /students/rebecca_stacy.html (2153 words)

	New York Medical College - Alan Springer, Ph.D.
		During foveal morphogenesis, different populations of retinal cells move in opposite directions. Ganglion and inner nuclear layer cells move centrifugally, away from the foveal center. This centrifugal cellular movement results in a retinal pit (i.e., fovea) that reflects the relative absence of these inner retinal cell types.
		In contrast, cone photoreceptor cells move centripetally to accumulate at the foveal center.
		Cells participating in foveal morphogenesis have already differentiated, and many of these retinal neurons have formed synapses. Moreover, active movement of differentiated neuronal cell bodies in any part of the nervous system is unprecedented.
	www.nymc.edu /people/indviewg.asp?which=alan_springer (295 words)

	Evolution of Retinal Structures
		The five layers are the outer nuclear and plexiform layers, the inner nuclear and plexiform layers, and the ganglion cell layer.
		Five major classes of retinal neurons are also recognized: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells.
		In mammals and teleost fishes, the rods are somewhat thin and associated with large horizontal cells, while in birds and reptiles the rods tend to be associated with smaller horizontal cells.
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /avc/husband/avc4eye.htm (295 words)

	Animal Breeding & Genetics - Publications
		Variations in cell density in the ganglion cell layer of the retina as a function of ocular pigmentation.
		Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer using recipient oocytes recovered by ovum pick-up: effect of maternal lineage of oocyte donors.
		Nuclear protein allocation and ultrastructure in bovine embryos produced by nuclear transfer from granulosa cells.
	www.vu-wien.ac.at /i122/files/Publications.htm (295 words)

	Lab6.DOC
		Identify: molecular cell layer Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cells granular cell layer granule cells white matter (tracts) FYI: In humans, there are as many neurons in the granular cell layer of the cerebellum as in the rest of the brain combined.
		Gray matter is dominated by neuron cell bodies and white matter consists chiefly of tracts (the white appearance is due to the lipids of the myelinated axons).
		Pyramidal cells are the dominant type (up to 70%) and as their names suggest their somas are pyramidal in shape.
	www.fiu.edu /~kosl/Lab6.DOC (2253 words)

	Principles of Human Neuropsychology
		The layer of cells in the retina between the inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells) and the ganglion cell layer, composed of amacrine cells.
		The pathway from P retinal ganglion cells to the parvocellular layers of the LGN to layer IVCß of V1 to the blobs of V1 to the thin stripes of V2 to V4.
		Cells in the retina that form the outer plexiform layer, between the outer nuclear layer (photoreceptors) and the inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells).
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/155934623x/student_view0/chapter5/glossary.html (1801 words)

	Nnc1 controls normal variation in neuron number
		The correlation coefficient between ganglion cell number and the cell depth of the photoreceptor layer is -0.32 (95%; confidence interval of r is -0.71 to +0.21).
		However, the correlation coefficient between numbers of ganglion cells and cells in the inner nuclear layer (amacrine, bipolar, horizontal cells, and Muller glial cells) is +0.53 (confidence interval from +0.05 to +0.81).
		The rapid reduction in neuron number in the cat's retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus over a period of less than 20,000 years was probably brought about by changes in severity of natural cell death (15).
	mickey.utmem.edu /papers/Nnc1ModsNeurons.html (5368 words)

	histolab3b.htm
		Identify all the layers of the retina that you can: pigment epithelium, rod and cone outer segments, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell bodies, nerve fiber layer, and internal limiting membrane.
		The sclera has a specialized sieve-like region called the Lamina Cribrosa through which the nerve fibers from the ganglion cells pass.
		The Fovea and Optic Nerve may not be visible on your particular slide - borrow one that has them or look at a demonstration.
	www.faculty.une.edu /com/abell/histo/histolab3b.htm (5368 words)

	A Precise Retinotopic Map of Primate Striate Cortex Generated from the Representation of Angioscotomas -- Adams and Horton 23 (9): 3771 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		The ganglion cell layer is reduced to single cell thickness and contains ~25% displaced amacrine cells.
		Outside the fovea the blood vessels perfuse the ganglion cell layer.
		Note that the nerve fiber and inner plexiform layers are much thicker than near the fovea.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/9/3771 (5368 words)

	Webvision: Other Plexiform Layer
		Therefore, the status of the signal transmitted by the ganglion cell to the brain is essentially determined by the nature of the cone bipolar contacting it which in turn is determined by its photoreceptor synapse.
		On light stimulation the photoreceptor responds with a hyperpolarization, transmitter release ceases but the postsynaptic bipolar cells respond with either hyperpolarization or depolarization of their membranes.The hyperpolarizing type of bipolar cell is called an OFF-center cell while the depolarizing bipolar cell is called an ON-center cell (Werblin and Dowling, 1969; Werblin, 1991).
		Hyperpolarizing (basal junction contacting) bipolar cells are the start of OFF-center channels and the depolarizing (invaginating, ribbon-related) bipolar types are the start of ON-center channels through the whole retina and visual system.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /OPL2.html (2122 words)

	Retina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made.
		In the outer the rod and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells.
		The neuropil layers are the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retina (1902 words)

	The IFOND Dictionary - A, International Foundation for Optic Nerve Disease
		Since the axons of the optic nerve are relatively long as they pass from the ganglion cell layer to the lateral geniculate nucleus any problem affecting axon transport is potentially serious to the well being of the optic nerve.
		This maintains the concentration difference in side and outside the cell which is essential for vital functions such as action potentials in neurons.
		^ Action Potential Nerve impulse due to a moving wave of temporary changes in concentrations of ions inside and outside a cell caused by ion movement across the cell membrane.
	www.ifond.org /dict_a.php3 (2623 words)

	The Glial Design of a Teleost Optic Nerve Head Supporting Continuous Growth -- Lillo et al. 50 (10): 1289 -- Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
		Ax, axons; BL, basal lamina; GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; NFL, nerve fiber layer; ONH, optic nerve head.
		The interface between the retina and the ONH is delimited by the GS labeling (green) of the Müller cells (large arrow).
		ONH are different from those located in the same region in mammals.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/50/10/1289 (2623 words)

	Neuron for Biochemistry @ La Canada High School
		The retina consists of four cell layers, including an innermost pigmented layer, a layer of rods and cones, the sensory receptors, a layer of bipolar cells, and a final layer of ganglion cells.
		Sensory receptors are highly specialized for the stimuli they receive, but all act as transducers, converting external stimuli first into generator potentials and then into action potentials.
		Interpretation of sensory information depends on neural organization in the brain, along with experience, memory, and learning.
	www.lcusd.net /lchs/mewoldsen/neuron.htm (2623 words)

	Karger Publishers
		Retinal wholemounts are used to examine the topographic distribution of retinal cells within the ganglion cell layer in a range of elasmobranchs from different depths.
		In Nissl-stained material, amacrine and ganglion cell populations could be distinguished on the criteria of soma size, soma shape and nuclear staining.
		The retina is examined for regional specializations for acute vision in six species of selachians, Galeocerdo cuvieri, Hemiscyllium ocellatum, Scyliorhinus canicula, Galeus melastomus, Etmopterus spinax, Isistius brasiliensis, one species of batoid, Raja bigelowi and one species of chimaera, Hydrolagus mirabilis.
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowFulltext&ProduktNr=223831&Ausgabe=224672&ArtikelNr=6652 (2623 words)

	Software for Scientific Imaging
		Melanopsin expression was found in a subpopulation of RGCs located in the ganglion cell layer and displaced in the inner nuclear cell layer.
		The coexistence of melanopsin and PACAP in elements of the retinohypothalamic tract was studied by dual-labeling immunocytochemistry.
		The study was conducted to determine whether melanopsin is expressed in the human retina and costored with the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), a marker for the RHT, projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
	www.improvision.com /products/references/detail.php?id=33 (279 words)

	Nerve Tissue
		The cell body is surrounded by a flat layer of cells, these being satellite cells but they are not as distinct as those observed in the dorsal root ganglion.
		These cells are large, round, have a prominent nucleolus and are surrounded by layer of flattened cells.
		The cluster of nerve cell bodies is usually encapsulated with connective tissue and acts as a synaptic (relay) station between the CNS and the effector organs for the autonomic nervous system.
	anatomy.iupui.edu /courses/histo_D502/D502f02/Nerve/TMP3hmwj1yiiq.htm (1792 words)

	Vision in the peafowl (Aves: Pavo cristatus) -- Hart 205 (24): 3925 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Photomicrograph of Nissl-stained cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the peafowl Pavo cristatus.
		Ganglion cells are characterised by their large polygonal cell bodies, darkly staining abundant cytoplasm and pale staining nucleus.
		Adjusted transmittances for the aqueous and vitreous were summed with measurements of the intact cornea and lens to give the transmittance along the optic axis of the combined pre-retinal ocular media (Eye).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/figsonly/205/24/3925 (1792 words)

	HLF/HIF-2{alpha} is a key factor in retinopathy of prematurity in association with erythropoietin -- Morita et al. 22 (5): 1134 -- The EMBO Journal
		GCL, ganglion cell layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; INL, inner nuclear layer.
		Genotyping of littermates from the intercrosses of HLF
		to that of Epo mRNA in wild-type and HLF
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/22/5/1134 (1792 words)

	Husted Publications
		Eglen, S.J., Raven, M.A., Tamrazian, E. and Reese, B.E. (2003) Dopaminergic amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer comprise a single functional retinal mosaic.
		Implications for Physiological Tau Function and for Tauopathies.
		Microtubule dependent ligomerization of Tau: implications for physiological Tau function and Tauopathies.
	www.nri.ucsb.edu /AR/07_pubs/07_Pubs_02_03.htm (1792 words)

	Retina
		Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropil s where synaptic contacts are made.
		The white blood cell s in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light.
		This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon (or Scheerer's phenomenon).
	www.everybase.com /Retina (1792 words)

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