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	Ganzfeld experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are claims that this experiment yields results that deviate significantly from randomness, and represent some of the strongest experimental evidence for psi phenomena to date.
		The ganzfeld experiments are among the most recent in parapsychology for testing the existence of and affecting factors of telepathy, the ability to communicate information from one person's mind to that of another without resorting to normal means.
		In 1982, Charles Honorton presented a meta-analysis of the studies to date at a meeting of the Parapsychological Association[?], concluding that this was sufficient to establish the existence of psi phenomena.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ga/Ganzfeld_experiment.html (866 words)

	Ganzfeld Phenomena
		Ganzfeld experiments are the direct successors to the dream studies.
		At the end of the ganzfeld period, the receiver is presented with several stimuli (usually four) and, without knowing which one was the target, is asked to rate the degree to which each matches the thoughts and images experienced during the ganzfeld period.
		Alternative theories propose that the ganzfeld and other altered states may be psi-conducive because they lower the receiver's resistance to detecting alien imagery--imagery that does not seem to originate within his or her own mind--or because they diminish rational censoring and editing of such imagery or stimulate more divergent thinking.
	dbem.ws /ganzfeld.html (2840 words)

	Why psi tells us nothing about Consciousness
		The promising animal precognition experiments were blighted by the discovery of fraud (Rhine, 1974) and the early remote viewing experiments were found to be susceptible to subtle cues which could have produced the positive results (Marks and Kammann, 1980).
		Subjects in a ganzfeld experiment lie comfortably, listening to white noise or sea-shore sounds through headphones, and wear half ping-pong balls over their eyes seeing nothing but a uniform white or pink field (the ganzfeld).
		The experiments demonstrate a correlation between the output of the RNG and the direction of aim specified to the subject by the experimenter.
	www.susanblackmore.co.uk /Conferences/tucson96.html (2943 words)

	The Dark Twin: The Topics -- Telepathy
		In this series of experiments, people of the same age were paired together and one was told to send the contents of an image to the other, while the other was to try and perceive the image; after a while, the roles were reversed.
		The experiment typically lasts about a half-hour, during which time the agent or sender randomly selects an image (in later years, not only were paintings and drawings used, but also film strips, excerpts from movies, and cartoons) and attempts to send its contents to the person in the ganzfeld.
		Because of the success of the early research, many skeptics attacked the ganzfeld experiments and claimed that the results were due to flaws in the experimental procedure.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0120993/telepathyfull.html (1272 words)

	New age / telepathy / ganzfeld experiment
		Once the subject has been immersed in the ganzfeld for some minutes, then the subject, acting as "receiver", is asked to access through psychic means some target.
		The experimental design was reviewed by two independent observers, both stage magicians who specialized in the simulation of psi phenomena, and they gave their stamp of approval to the security of the design as it was described.
		The odds against such results occurring by chance is 45,000 to 1, implying that either (a) the experiments had proved that a parapsychology phenomena existed, or that (b) there was another design flaw in the experiments.
	www.new-age-guide.com /new_age/ganzfeld_experiment.htm (992 words)

	Parapsychology FAQ Page 2
		A DMILS experiment that has been particularly successful is one that looks at the commonly reported "feeling of being stared at." The "starer" and the "staree" are isolated in different locations, and the starer is periodically asked to simply gaze at the staree via closed circuit video links.
		Ganzfeld ("whole field") technique was developed to quiet this external noise by providing a mild, unpatterned sensory field to mask the noise of the outside world.
		In the typical ganzfeld experiment, the telepathic "sender" and "receiver" are isolated, the receiver is put into the ganzfeld state, and the sender is shown a video clip or still picture and asked to mentally send that image to the receiver.
	www.parapsych.org /faq_file2.html (2459 words)

	ganzfeld experiments
		The so-called ganzfeld experiments were conducted because it was widely believed by parapsychologists that the ganzfeld would provide a psi-conducive state.
		The ganzfeld experiments, like most other telepathy and clairvoyance experiments, would be grounded in the psi-focus assumption.
		She has gone over the circumstances under which the ganzfeld studies were conducted and the papers that have been published in support of the psi hypothesis.
	skepdic.com /ganzfeld.html (4070 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: What's the story on "ganzfeld" experiments?
		Ganzfeld experiments (ganzfeld is German for "whole field") have been around in some form since the 1930s.
		Ganzfeld experiments involve covering a subject's eyes (generally with halves of ping-pong balls), bathing them in a red floodlight, and feeding white noise through headphones into their ears.
		The Skeptic's Dictionary entry on ganzfeld experiments (skepdic.com/ganzfeld.html) discusses claims made by one of Honorton's co-authors, Rick E. Berger, Ph.D. Berger said the odds were "a million billion to one" that the hit rates they got weren't due to chance.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mganzfeld.html (1166 words)

	IONS - Publications: Frontiers of Research Articles
		The second change from the ganzfeld protocol is in the analysis, which uses an independent analyst, also blinded to the correct target, to assess the level of similarity between the imagery and the actual target.
		In one version of this type of experiment, a subject in one room is perceived at a distance (via closed circuit television) by someone who attempts to influence the subject toward calmness or arousal.
		Across 25 experiments, results indicate that the average amount of electrodermal activity is statistically different when a remote individual is intending to calm or activate the distant person's physiology as compared with randomly selected and counterbalanced control periods.
	www.noetic.org /publications/research/main.cfm?page=frontiers_41.htm (3521 words)

	Replication and Meta-Analysis in Parapsychology
		Recent experiments in parapsychology tend to use more complex target material than the cards and dice used in the early investigations, partially to alleviate boredom on the part of the subjects and partially because they are thought to "more nearly resemble the conditions of spontaneous psi occurrences" (Burdick and Kelly, 1977, page 109).
		These experiments fall under the general heading of "free-response" experiments, because the subject is asked to give a verbal or written description of the target, rather than being forced to make a choice from a small discrete set of possibilities.
		Hyman identified 12 potential flaws in the ganzfeld experiments, such as inadequate randomization, multiple tests used without adjusting the significance level (thus inflating the significance from the nominal 5%) and failure to use a duplicate set of targets for the judging process (thus allowing possible clues such as fingerprints).
	www-stat.ucdavis.edu /~utts/91rmp.html (11451 words)

	Ganzfeld experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Participant of a Ganzfeld Experiment which proponents say may show evidence of telepathy.
		Many ganzfeld experiments have yielded results that deviate from randomness to a highly significant degree, and parapsychologists say that these results present some of the strongest quantifiable evidence for paranormal phenomena to date.
		Ganzfeld experiments aim to reduce such cognitive or environmental noise through a mild form of sensory deprivation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ganzfeld (1240 words)

	Sue's Article
		Three people lie in a semi ‘Ganzfeld’ state on paisley mattresses – the air is thick with red light, they have halved ping pong balls on their eyes.
		The experiment involves a ‘sender’ who mentally transmits an image which has been randomly generated from a computer, to a ‘receiver’ who is in a mild sensory deprivation environment (red light, halved ping pong balls over open eyes, white noise playing through headphones).
		More importantly, the Ganzfeld experiment became highly influential to us: we were fascinated by the protocol, the structure, the equipment, the choices that parapsychologists had made in establishing the experiment, and perhaps most intriguingly, the idea that moments of psi might be captured in this illusive and curious state of hypnagogia.
	www.biggerhouse.co.uk /psi/main-pages/research-process/sue-article.htm (1013 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Because the ganzfeld is itself a perceptual isolation procedure, it goes a long way toward eliminating potential sensory leakage during the ganzfeld portion of the session.
		In many psi experiments, the issue of target randomization is critical because systematic patterns in inadequately randomized target sequences might be detected by subjects during a session or might match subjects' pre-existing response biases.
		At the end of the ganzfeld period, the receiver was shown four stimuli and, without knowing which of the four had been the target, rated each stimulus for its similarity to his or her mentation during the ganzfeld.
	members.aol.com /NeoNoetics/DoesPsiExist.html (11935 words)

	Skeptic's Dictionary reader comments
		In the Ganzfeld, the "sender" (who is locked in a sound proof room) has a target randomly selected at the beginning of the test and attempts to transmit it via telepathy to the receiver.
		The reason the receivers in the Ganzfeld pick the correct target more than chance would allow is because images, which are relevant to the target, often appear in his or her mind during sessions, compelling the receiver to choose correctly 33.2% of the time.
		Jason says that The reason the receivers in the Ganzfeld pick the correct target more than chance would allow is because images, which are relevant to the target, often appear in his or her mind during sessions, compelling the receiver to choose correctly 33.2% of the time.
	skepdic.com /comments/ganzfeldcom.html (2028 words)

	The Best Case for ESP? (Generation sXeptic)
		Imagine for a moment that you are recruited to participate in a ganzfeld experiment, one of the world's most exotic laboratory exercises, and touted as the best known method for testing for "psi" ability.
		As the subject in the ganzfeld experiment, you are sequestered in a soundproof room, your eyes are covered with ping-pong ball halves, a red floodlight is cast toward your eyes, and white noise is pumped into your ears through headphones, depriving you of sensory ability.
		The ganzfeld subjects who exhibited high hit rates were more likely to have scored high on emotional and perceptual orientation indices, to be artistically creative or possibly extroverted, to have had previous ESP-like experiences, or to have had previously studied a mental discipline like meditation.
	www.csicop.org /genx/ganzfeld/index.html (3048 words)

	[No title]
		The experiment failed to replicate any of the previously seen effects and when trying to work out what had happened, it was noticed that the Absorption scores (on one of the personality tests they gave their subjects) of the newer subjects was significantly different from the same scores of earlier female subjects.
		Additionally, during the experiment itself, Frank had discussed with Stanford that the mentation of these subjects seemed very superficial and Honorton (acting as a judge for this experiment) made a similar comment.
		The paper details two experiments, described as "training and selection series" for the main experiment which was to begin in 1993.
	www.skepticreport.com /download/ganzfeld5.doc (738 words)

	Scott Teresi - Essay on the Current State of Parapsychology Research
		The ganzfeld experiment works like this: one person (the sender) in an acoustically shielded room concentrates on a picture, and another person in another room (the receiver) provides a continuous verbal report of his thoughts to the sender via microphone for as long as thirty minutes.
		The likelihood for successful ganzfeld studies can partially be attributed to the "file-drawer" problem: the tendency for successful studies to more likely be published than unsuccessful studies, which are more likely to be consigned to the file drawers of their disappointed investigators.
		Many skeptics maintain that the history of psi experiments continues to repeat itself—one experiment produces successful results and appears to prove psi’s existence, but then replicability becomes a problem as holes are discovered, the method is improved, the experiment is redone, and the traces of psi disappear.
	teresi.us /html/writing/psi.html (5346 words)

	The Ganzfeld experiment - special issue: a tribute to Charles Honorton Journal of Parapsychology, The - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The sender is sequestered in a separate acoustically isolated room, and a visual stimulus (art print, photograph, or brief videotaped sequence) is randomly selected from a large pool of such stimuli to serve as the target for the session.
		At the completion of the ganzfeld period, the receiver is presented with several stimuli (usually four) and, without knowing which stimulus was the target, is asked to rate the degree to which each matches the imagery and mentation experienced during the ganzfeld period.
		The 1985 issue comprised a meta-analysis and critique of the studies by Ray Hyman (1985)--a cognitive psychologist and skeptical critic of parapsychological research--and a competing meta-analysis and rejoinder by Chuck (Honorton, 1985).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v57/ai_14890627 (722 words)

	ganzfeld
		The "ganzfeld" experiment, conducted by a large number of different researchers, is considered to be among the best series of experiments ever done in parapsychological research."
		Psi experiments: the research side of this field is full of tests which search for evidence of the existence of psi.
		While the receiver is in the ganzfeld, a sender sits in a separate soundproof room and concentrates on the "target," a randomly selected picture.
	www.biggerhouse.co.uk /psi/main-pages/research-process/ganzfeld.htm (565 words)

	Does Psi Exist? (World & I)
		Rhine's experiments, which tested for ESP with decks of cards containing geometric symbols, became well known to the general public in 1937, when he published New Frontiers of the Mind.
		In a ganzfeld telepathy experiment, one subject (the receiver) rests in a reclining chair in a soundproof chamber.
		While the receiver is in the ganzfeld, a second subject (the sender) sits in a separate soundproof room and concentrates on the "target," a randomly selected picture or videotaped sequence.
	www.dbem.ws /psi_world.html (1773 words)

	O'Neill - Wiseman Controversy
		So, based on the two past experiments that he was trying to replicate, psi can be expected to manifest with a hit rate of only 0.30, not the 0.60 required for 6 hits.
		Even ignoring the unforgivable error of failing to mention the control, no scientist could fairly summarise a psi experiment where one subject was four times chance and the other exactly chance, using the terms "not bad" and "absolutely dreadful" respectively, unless they come from a world where psi is the accepted norm.
		In the interim, it seems unfair to present others' experiments as failures, sometimes in a blaze of publicity, when the most likely explanation is not that the experiment does not manifest psi, rather that Richard as the experimenter has subconsciously manipulated the experiment to fail.
	www.skepticalinvestigations.org /whoswho/O'Neill.htm (1954 words)

	Ganzfeld Experiment
		Ganzfeld, German for 'whole field,' refers to the boundless void in which I seem to be...
		Netscape - Browse their ganzfeld experiment listings here.
		Zeal - ganzfeld experiment - Human written reviews of their selected web sites in a large number of categories.
	www.inneans.com /paranormal/ganzfeld-experiment.html (497 words)

	Lab Notes
		An experimental protocol known as the ganzfeld procedure was developed in the 1930s to eliminate (or at least dramatically reduce) these effects.
		In a ganzfeld experiment, the "sender" and "receiver" are placed in separate, acoustically isolated rooms, and the receiver's eyes are covered and his or her hearing blocked with headphones which produce a disruptive white noise (i.e., static).
		In Bem's reports, the average hit rate in certain narrow experiments was 25 percent better than random chance, and as much as 50 percent better in certain individuals—particularly dancers and musicians.
	www.scifi.com /sfw/issue271/labnotes.html (1698 words)

	Ganzfeld experiments: do they prove telepathy exists?
		In Ganzfeld telepathy experiments, the receiver's eyes are covered with halves of ping-pong balls and his ears disappear under huge earphones that soothe his auditory sense with white noise.
		In fact, Honorton designed his Ganzfeld experiments specifically to counter the critics of parapsychology, who are numerous and vocal.
		For example, the researchers scoring the experiments must be completely ignorant of which film clips were used, but surreptitious peeks at the automated equipment were possible, and there could have been subliminal cues as to film-clip identities from the time periods required to rewind the tapes.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf089/sf089p15.htm (384 words)

	Pesquisa Psi - The ganzfeld psi experiment: A critical appraisal. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pesquisa Psi - The ganzfeld psi experiment: A critical appraisal.
		Describes a critical evaluation of 42 ganzfeld psi studies from 34 reports written or published from 1974 through 1981.
		Taking into account ambiguities and inconsistencies in what is counted as an independent ganzfeld study, and citing evidence suggestive of a bias in reporting the studies, it is argued that the actual rate of success was at most 30%.
	www.pesquisapsi.com /content/view/782/0 (261 words)

	Operation StarGate - U.S. Intelligence and Psychic Spies
		In a ganzfeld experiment, the viewer enters a trance-like altered mental state, unlike the standard remote viewing method, whose viewers remain fully conscious and alert.
		Remote observation experiments, which measured whether a person can affect the body chemistry of another merely by looking at the person, yielded markedly more positive results when the two subjects were of the opposite sex.
		In the typical remote viewing experiment in the laboratory, a remote viewer is asked to visualize a place, location, or object being viewed by a "beacon" or sender.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /vision_remota/esp_visionremota_14.htm (3458 words)

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