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	garden city, in city planning. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		As formulated by Sir Ebenezer Howard, the garden city was intended to bring together the economic and cultural advantages of both city and country living, with land ownership vested in the community, while at the same time discouraging metropolitan sprawl and industrial centralization.
		The garden city was foreshadowed in the writings of Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and James Silk Buckingham, and in the planned industrial communities of Saltaire (1851), Bournville (1879), and Port Sunlight (1887) in England.
		The open layout of garden cities has had a great influence on the development of modern city planning.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ga/gardenci.html (390 words)

	Garden City: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Maracay is a city (population 2001 census 491,797) in central venezuela, the capital of aragua state....
		Thumbright200pxarms of letchworth urban district councilletchworth, officially letchworth garden city, is a town in hertfordshire, england....
		Welwyn garden city is a town (not a city) in hertfordshire, england....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/garden_city.htm (504 words)

	Garden city movement - Definition, explanation
		The Garden city movement was founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard in England in 1898 as an approach to urban planning.
		Garden cities were to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, and containing carefully balanced areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
		The idea of the garden city was influential in the United States (in Radburn, New Jersey), in German worker housing built in the Weimar years, and again in England after World War II, when the New Towns Act triggered the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian vision.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/ga/garden_city_movement.php (331 words)

	City Planning
		Although the majority of garden cities grew into viable units, they remained isolated and ineffective to alleviate the results of population explosion.
		In his plans for the development of Vienna's District XXII (1911), he outlined a Classicist monumental project that was to combine a variety of types in a large "town within a town" for a population of 150000.
		Garnier's industrial city of 35000 in habitants was not only a regional centre of medium size, sensitively related to its environment, but also an urban organization that anticipated in its separate zoning the principles of the CIAM Athens Charter of 1933.
	www.geocities.com /rr17bb/cityplanning.html (827 words)

	Garden city movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Garden city movement was founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard in England in 1898 as an approach to urban planning.
		Garden cities were to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, and containing carefully balanced areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
		Inspired by the Utopian novel "Looking Backward", Howard published "To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform" in 1898 (reissued in 1902 as "Garden Cities of To-morrow"), organized the Garden City Association in 1899, and founded two cities in England: Letchworth in 1903, and Welwyn Garden City in 1920.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Garden_city_movement (164 words)

	Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement
		In this city the boulevards were to be "....planted on each side of the pathways with trees, and in many places with shrubs and evergreens." The important variation between Howard's ideas and all previous utopian thought was the realistic way in which he had gone into explaining how the design could be carried out.
		Welwyn Garden City was started immediately after the First World War in the period when Lloyd George invented his slogan, "A fit country for heroes to live in" and the max.
		Welwyn Garden City was the first development to benefit from the 1919 Housing Act, and in 1921, Welwyn Rural District Council, later to be an U.D.C. started building schemes under the jurisdiction of De Soissons.
	www.rickmansworthherts.freeserve.co.uk /howard1.htm (3630 words)

	City as Home and City as Network: Contrasting Paradigms in History
		The extraordinary changes in speed and volume of movement introduced by the automobile fell outside of the city-as-home model, and were consequently largely ignored in both the theory and the realizations of the garden city movement.
		Both movements articulate their urban proposals around the idea that an abstractly conceived, stylistically consistent, and well-ordered distribution of objects in space, by itself and with no regard to the dynamics of the underlying socioeconomic and political forces, can yield new forms of social organization and more humane physical settlements.
		First, operating on the city is not an activity in which all the elements of a spatial composition are controlled, as they would be in a building, but an undertaking in which a hierarchical framework functions as the structure for incremental development, growth, and change.
	www.development.umd.edu /GUIDO/GFrancescato/Papers/Edinburgh.html (2687 words)

	INTRODUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Garden City movement quickly garnered the excitement of urban reformers and the acceptance of the early town planning movement.
		Thomas Adams noted that the primary significance of the Garden City concept was not so much that towns be built to a prescribed form, but rather to show “the advantage of planning communities in all their features from the beginning” (Adams 1935: 275).
		While the Garden City concept was developed during the railway era, Perry, Stein and Wright were forced to accommodate a different mode of transportation: the automobile.
	duke.usask.ca /~akkerman/geog346/gardncity/fullerton.htm (3215 words)

	Town and Townscape - Newcastle University Library
		In the UK the Garden City Movement, with a tendency towards lower densities and decentralisation, was an important influence.
		This conference will consider some of the key ideas of visual planning and the urban of the period, with a particular focus on the advocates of visual and three-dimensional planning as a means of achieving a reformulated twentieth century urbanism.
		Virulently anti-garden city and suburb he was almost equally dismissive of Corbusian-type abstract models.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /library/sharp/conference.php (812 words)

	Garden City - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Garden City is a moniker of Bangalore, India and Victoria, British Columbia.
		Ciudad Jardín (the garden city) is the nickname of the city of Maracay, in Venezuela.
		Garden City is also a nickname of the Nunsthorpe estate in Grimsby, England.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Garden_City (319 words)

	Garden City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Garden City is the name of several places in the United States of America :
		Garden City, Texas The Garden City was also a generic new town plan developed by Ebenezer Howard, a British urban planner who proposed developing smaller suburban cities connected to major cities.
		University City Public Library University City, Missouri public library.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Garden_City.html (1394 words)

	Week 9:
		As the enthusiasm of the "City Beautiful" movement faded, after about 1910, Americans were left with the assumption that cities were not entities that were left to grow by themselves, through the interaction of competing interests (cf.
		All of this assumed that the city was to serve the health and happiness of its inhabitants (fine there) and that such planners knew how to quantify that health and happiness (less good there).
		Henry Wright (John Wright of the NU Classics Department's grandfather) and his partner Clarence Stein were the leaders of the British-derived "Garden City" movement, which moved away from the "City Beautiful" towards a generalization of the suburb.
	faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu /amstudies/chicago/Wweek9.htm (416 words)

	Garden City in City Planning: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		By the...millions in federal funds...promenades, garden apartments...of housing in the historic...Mayor Faison, planning chief Ed...and other city officials...representing city departments...grant and the planning process itself...than it is in pointing...
		...cluster of new garden cities in the Midlands...and Country Planning Association...sociable city" developments...and Country Planning Association...plans, the City of Mercia...cluster of new garden cities and...running in a giant horseshoe...idea of a garden city was the fact...you lived in a town but...
		GARDEN CITY, in city planning an ideal...Regional Planning Association...America, the garden-city idea was...realized in the community...Towns Act in 1946 led...layout of garden cities has...of modern city planning.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/garden-city-in-city-planning.jsp?l=G&p=1 (1959 words)

	Principles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Cities were limited from the beginning in numbers, density, and area, and had to handle all the essential functions of an urban community with planned open spaces.
		Hampstead Garden Suburb, 1905, is described by Nicholas Pevsner as, "the most satisfactory and socially most successful of all twentieth century garden suburbs." It has more of the reference of a German medieval town, which culminates in a grand central place.
		In most of these early new towns, the neighborhoods are designed in a style reminiscent of the garden cities, with the exceptions of public buildings which are heavily influenced by industrialized building techniques, as are the central areas, which became the first show places of the modern movement.
	www.ar.utexas.edu /AV/Atkinson/lecture8/garden.html (1295 words)

	Featured Topics from the Collection: Garden Cities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One of the most important planned city concepts, the Garden City Movement, arose in 19th century England as a reaction to the pollution and crowding of the Industrial Revolution.
		These towns contained many of the elements of the Garden City Movement developments, including the use of superblocks and a "greenbelt" of undeveloped land surrounding the community.
		The Effect of Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement on Twentieth Century Town Planning.
	www.lib.umd.edu /NTL/gardencities.html (883 words)

	Planned Communities / New Towns
		Planned Communities, or New Towns or Garden Cities or Greenbelt Towns as they are known, are cities in which all aspects of development are determined before construction begins.
		This movement was a reaction against the dirty, crowded cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.
		Garden Cities were located well away from the urban centers, contained open land, and limited commercial and industrial activities.
	www.gmu.edu /library/specialcollections/plancomm.html (553 words)

	Ebenezer Howard , Biography and the Beginnings of the Garden City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The man behind the birth of the Garden City movement was born in Fore Street in the City of London, the son of a shopkeeper.
		He arrived at a time when the city was recovering from the great fire of 1871 which had destroyed most of the central business district.
		First Garden City Limited was formed in September 1903 and shares were issued to raise capital, and although initial investment was quite rapid this slowed.
	www.letchworthgardencity.net /heritage/index-3.htm (2559 words)

	Next Stop NYC: Forest Hills, Queens
		Snuggled between Kew Gardens to the east and Glendale to the west, Forest Hills feels like a small and elegant village tucked into a big city.
		The Garden City movement, which made its appearance in the early 1900's, focused on providing city commuters an alternative to cramped New York City flats by offering industry-free "country living" in the city.
		Station Square off 71st Street and Continental Avenue is the beginning of Forest Hills Gardens and has all of the old world charm and character indicative of the neighborhood.
	www.nyc.gov /html/nextstopnyc/html/neighborhoods/forest_hills_main.shtml (475 words)

	The City in the Garden
		His garden city was linear, which was planned around the tramway system, which running out from a big city.
		His garden city had depended on huge metallurgical plant and the physical plan is dominated by strong axial boulevards and housing on rectangular grids.
		May’s plan was a pure garden city one with new towns 20-30 km distant, separated from the city by a wide green belt, but politically it was impossible.
	www.geo.ut.ee /inimtool/referaadid/krap/referaat_tikkanen.htm (2352 words)

	Community Greens: Jackson Heights
		The movement influenced MacDougall's belief that the health of the rapidly growing metropolis depended on the inclusion of green spaces in residential areas.
		Unfortunately, the one interior garden that was destroyed, that at Cambridge Court, which was paved over for use as a parking lot, was the only one of the interior gardens designed by the Olmstead Brothers (the descendent landscape architecture firm of Frederick Law Olmstead).
		The garden at The Towers, one of the most exclusive apartment complexes, was used as an athletic field before residents returned it to its earlier glory as a formal garden, with an area at one end for children to play.
	www.communitygreens.org /ExistingGreens/jacksonheights/jacksonheights.htm (1835 words)

	Puchenau: Puchenau II Garden City
		Puchenau Garden City is a settlement near the city of Linz which has been growing steadily since the late 1960s to the current total of 1,039 residential units.
		The Puchenau Garden City settlement combines urban, high residential density habitation with the "ideal housing form" for the majority of the population (who wish to live in a single-family unit).
		The residents who shared the responsibility for the Garden City Puchenau experiment are the group most important for the success of the settlement, since in the end its success stands or falls with their positive attitude towards it.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/24/23372.htm (3593 words)

	THOMAS ADAMS ON BRITISH PLANNING
		Dignify the city by all means, but not at the expense of the health of the home and the family life and the comfort of the average workman and citizen....
		City planning is comprehensive enough to cover all civic improvements; but in our own particular case we have come to realize that the most immediate and most practical task is to deal with the land in our suburbs where we can prevent the growth of the evils that have already developed in the centers.
		If Philadelphia happened to be a city in the United Kingdom, it would have to come to the Local Government Board in order to get a loan to build a public hall, or lay a sewer, or carry on some of those public activities which at present it can do on its own responsibility.
	www.library.cornell.edu /Reps/DOCS/adams_t.htm (2704 words)

	Arena Digest -- Chronicling the Future of Arena Sports
		The city of Rockford plans to spend $2 million to buy a downtown parking garage from the MetroCentre, about half a million dollars more than what the board was offered this year.
		The city expects the Bobcats to place as many events as possible in the building, on the reasoning that it enhances city life and draws tourism dollars.
		The provision is part of a March memorandum of understanding, in which the city, county, state and city-county Sports and Exhibition Authority agreed to give the hockey team a $15 million credit to develop land owned by the sports authority.
	www.arenadigest.com (5161 words)

	Cornell News: Garden City symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The symposium, "From Garden Cities to Green Cities and Beyond: Urban Policy for the 21st Century," will explore the origins, influence and future relevance of garden city concepts and planning strategies.
		Howard (1850-1928) was a British reformer whose garden city concept -- a mix of the country and city, urban and rural -- provided an alternative to the endlessly sprawling 19th century industrial city.
		His own garden cities in England, Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn (1920), were the direct ancestors of Radburn, N.J., and the Greenbelt towns built during the Depression.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Aug98/Garden.cities.conference.html (411 words)

	Welwyn Garden City on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is a garden city, founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1920.
		The city's growth was expected to alleviate London of overpopulation.
		How the world's first garden city is still blooming; Letchworth is a vision of the suburban future that changed our town life forever.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/w/welwyng1a.asp (318 words)

	N e w b u r g h/R e v e a l e d - Photo Journal - Colonial Terraces
		This movement, called the Garden City movement, originated in Britain as a reaction to urban congestion.
		Thus, the Garden City movement advocated separating industrial and residential land use and sought to provide people with the best of rural and urban life.
		In 1978, neighborhood residents formed the Colonial Terraces Association to "promote, through a spirit of cooperation in the neighborhood, the general welfare and safety of its neighbors." In December 2000, the city zoned the neighborhood as an architectural design district, which ensures that future development maintains the historic character of the original neighborhood.
	www.newburghrevealed.org /photojournalcolonial.htm (385 words)

	[No title]
		A key building block to the construction of such large cities was the development of fast mass transit systems capable of transporting passengers across vast distances that not only separated neighborhoods within a city but indeed, between cities themselves.
		It is evident that the Garden City Movement while very appealing in the developed world, will fall far short in providing a decent urban environment for such large expected urban population growths, especially in Asia and Africa.
		He instead favored the developed of a polycentric linear city where urban settlement patterns would be localized in “Urban Islands” that would facilitate countryside access to urban residents and would preserve a viable agricultural economy.
	www.magplane.com /html/word/9_30_2002.doc (639 words)

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