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Topic: Garifuna language

	Garifuna
		The Garifuna culture displays many influences of its African heritage, and this is extremely evident when comparing their music with the indigenous music of the African societies from which their ancestors originated.
		Garifuna music relies heavily on the drum, and in many instances their music is dictated by it.
		The Garifuna perform these rites because like many African societies they believe that spirits of their ancestors, which are both good and evil have direct impact on the lives of people in the living world.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/afburns/afrotrop/Garifuna.htm (1661 words)

	The Garifuna (Belize and Honduras) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Gari'funa, also known as Caribs or Black Caribs, are not native to Central America but can be classified as an Indian element on the basis of their genetic makeup and their use of a language indigenous to the Americas.
		Gari'funa were deported by the British to Honduras in 1797 and reached Belize during the early nineteenth century.
		Gari'funa are unified and characterized primarily by language and rituals.
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/cam-gf.html (865 words)

	Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible heritage of Humanity
		The traditions of the Garifuna people originated from descendants of African slaves rescued from Saint Vincent where they were exiled in the 17th century for fighting English and French domination.
		The survival of the Garifuna culture is threatened by the lack of economic prospects, urbanization, discriminatory land measures, and the school system's failure to acknowledge the language and culture.
		The Garifuna action plan seeks to address concerns of the Garifuna Nation through activities relating to land, education, language and culture, health care and other social issues and support for community and economic development.
	www.unesco.org /bpi/intangible_heritage/belize.htm (250 words)

	Garifuna.com
		Garifunas acquired the French taste for wine instead of rum, dominated French language, incorporated French words to their dialect, adopted the French currency as a mean for commercial trading, obtained French names and customs, and eventually became their allies against the English colonization.
		Politics: Garifunas do not believe in politics, they believe that they are too peaceful and that they can handle their personal problems without the intervention of any legal force; however, in some areas a governor is in charge of providing justice between the people.
		Of great importance is the Garifuna religious system called Gubida that is the conception of the dreams and possession rituals as altered states of conscience considered, by the participants and believers, to be caused by the possession of a spiritual entity.
	www.garifuna.com (2058 words)

	Garifuna
		Garifuna, Dügü: The dügü ritual, also called “feasting the dead.” This site describes the reasons and preparations for this fervent ceremony and explains each aspect—“The culture of the Garifuna is a system of traditional and typical West African cultural expression fused with Amerindian customs and subsistence bases.
		Garifuna of Honduras—“The Garifuna peoples of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and to a lesser extent the Caribbean Coastline of Nicaragua, Columbia and Venezuela, are descended from West African, Arawakan and Carib Indians.
		Garifuna Mali: “Caribs, Garifuna and Garinagu of Seine Bight, Hopkins, George Town, Dangriga, Barranco, Belize, Honduras and Garinagu everywhere.
	www.kacike.org /cac-ike/Belize.html (2525 words)

	[No title]
		In the 1980's, the Garifuna of Belize and Honduras made several intercultural exchange visits with St. Vincent and Dominica to bring the language, drumming and dancing to the Carib on the Islands from the Garinagu on the mainland.
		Garifuna is one of the languages where the speech of the men differs from the speech of the women.
		It is indeed unusual that these island Caribs have lost the language while their African-Amerindian descendants on the mainland of Central America have kept alive the language and with it the culture of this Arawak-Maipure tribe.
	www.uwm.edu /People/jwirth/Disk6/newsltr.txt (4143 words)

	Garifuna
		In Belize, approximately 7% are Garifuna and live in villages along the southern coast.
		Garifuna is a name for the people "of the cassava clan," Karifuna.
		The religion of the Garifuna is a combination of Catholicism, African and Indian beliefs.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/mesoamerica/garifuna.html (1618 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Andean Equatorial
		You have reached the page on the Andean Equatorial language family, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Among the Arawakan languages are Araua and Taino, the latter spoken in the West Indies.
		Garifuna is spoken in Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/aeqlh.htm (1424 words)

	Garifuna/Planeta.com
		The Garifuna did not colonize easily under the British and for the next 200 years, they continued to fight for their freedom, unlike the Native American Caribs who were slowly decimated by disease and warfare.
		The Garifuna soon discovered that the land to be cleared for planting was extremely difficult to clear, and the rainy season was soon to begin.
		Perhaps, this same ability to accept change and make it Garifuna, instead of turning their backs to the modern world in order to preserve the old, will be their deliverance to the new Garifuna of the twenty-first century.
	www.planeta.com /planeta/00/0003garifuna.html (1180 words)

	Cityscape
		Garifuna dialect was recently approved as a second language in the city's public school system.
		Both she and the vice-consul, Zoe Laboriel, are Garifunas, though Maximo is a New York resident, and Laboriel is from Honduras, where roughly eight percent of the population is Garifuna.
		One speaker at the seminar, from the Garifuna community in Honduras, was Uyayujuru S. Crisantos, director of the country's folkloric ballet and a sociologist.
	www.jrn.columbia.edu /studentwork/cityscape/2003/garifuna-vergnani.asp (1612 words)

	The Garinagu in Seine Bight Village believe that unhappy ancestral spirits cause bad things to happen to people, such ...
		Seine Bight Village, Land of Garinagu and the intelligent garifuna of Belize.
		Caribs, Garifuna and Garinagu of Seine Bight, Hopkins, George Town, Dangriga, Barranco, Belize, Honduras Guatemala, Nicaragua, Yurumein, St. Vincent and Garinagu everywhere
		...Caribs, Garifuna and Garinagu of Seine Bight, Hopkins, George Town, Dangriga, Barranco, Belize, Honduras and Garinagu everywhere.
	caribs.tripod.com /caribs1.htm (646 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Black Karibs in Honduras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Many Garifuna are educated formally in Spanish and learn the Garifuna language in their towns and homes.
		There are some restrictions on speaking the Garifuna language; for example, in 2001, the warden of the Tela prison forbade Garifuna prisoners from speaking their native language.
		The Garifuna are distinct from other Hondurans in their social customs (CULDIFX503 = 2); mostly these differences are manifested in their family and social structures and how they continue to share some of their dialect, dances, and religious practices with the indigenous people of the Amazon.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=9101 (1120 words)

	Nation to celebrate Garifuna Settlement Day, San Pedro Sun, Belize News
		Garifuna people originally came about as a result of Caribs from southeastern South America settling on the island of St. Vincent.
		They prefer to be called by the name of their native language, "Garifuna" in the singular form and Garinagu in the plural form.
		The National Garifuna Council (NGC) is a grassroots organization formed in 1981 and represents the Indigenous Garifuna Nation of Belize in Central America.
	www.sanpedrosun.net /old/00-421.html (473 words)

	My specific area of interest within the study of social movements is broadly known as identity-politics
		The Garifuna have a distinctive and unusual history compared to the majority of other fl Caribbean immigrant groups who are most often considered in the scholarly literature as national, instead of ethnic, immigrant groups.
		Assimilation is something that the Garifuna actively struggle against and I believe that one of the consequences of their maintaining separate ethnic and cultural identities will be higher socioeconomic achievement and greater political mobilization when compared to native born fls.
		Garifuna immigrants to the US are particularly at risk of losing their Garifuna language abilities and as a result Garifuna community leaders are active in trying to get both young people and adults alike to learn the language.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /soc/groups/scr/defay.htm (3356 words)

	CUSTOMS
		Garinagu, the people, whose language and culture is Garifuna, have a rich and interesting culture which in Hopkins is continued and preserved more than any other Garinagu settlement in Belize.
		At the same time, the Garifuna African ancestry can be traced back to the region of West Africa, to the Yoruba, Ibo, and Ashanti tribes specifically, in Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, to mention only a few.
		Garifuna music is a rich and creative amalgan of all the cultural traditions to which the Garifuna are heir.
	www.telcomplus.net /gbrandt/Web_Dev/hopkins/culture.html (575 words)

	Carib Culture of the GARINAGU, garifuna, Seine Bight Garifuna, Placencia Peninsula, Belize, Seine Bight Garinagu, Seine ...
		Garifuna dominate the southern towns of Punta Gorda and Dangriga as well as the villages of Seine Bight, Hopkins, Georgetown and Barranco.
		Garifuna are mostly employed as teachers or civil servants and are known as remarkable linguists and students.
		The Garifuna had resisted British and French colonialism in the Lesser Antilles until they were defeated by the British in 1796.
	www.seinebight.com /garhistory.htm (3261 words)

	The Garifuna History, Language and Culture
		A burial feast known as Beluria (Spanish: Velorio) is a nine-day prayer and devotion in honor of the dead which is culminated with a festive show of drumming, dancing and food galore.
		The Garifuna language is of alarming interest to others, both locally and internationally.
		The language is derived from several other languages fused together through an intermarriage of the Caribs with French, Arawak and German as well as Spanish cultures.
	www.sanpedrosun.net /old/98-453.html (773 words)

	Articles - Arawakan languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Arawakan languages are spoken over a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, southward into Paraguay and northward into to Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the northern coast of South America.
		In the seventeenth century, the language of the Island Carib was described by European missionaries as two separate unrelated languages — one spoken by the men of the society and the other by the women.
		The language spoken by the men was a language of the Carib family very similar to the Galibi language spoken in what later became French Guyana.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Arawakan_languages (742 words)

	History of the Garinagu
		The earlier migrants were manioc farmers whose ancient and specialized techniques of food preparation are retained to this day among the Garifuna, as well as among their distant relatives in the tropical rainforests of South America.
		These people spoke a language of the Arawak family known as Igneri, possesed a distintive set of beliefs and practices relating to healing the body and its ailments, and worshipped a series of dieties, including the Giver of Manioc and ancestral spirits.
		Today November 19th is celebrated in Garifuna settlements countrywide with drumming and singing and re-enactments at sunrise of the boats arriving on shore laden with provisions.
	www.telcomplus.net /gbrandt/Web_Dev/hopkins/garifhx.html (805 words)

	learning about the cultures of belize
		Garifuna – The Garifuna people trace their origin to the island of St Vincent in the eastern Caribbean.
		The Garifuna were capable farmers and became known as formidable soldiers and mercenaries in the Spanish colony of Honduras.
		There are many dialects of the Creole language throughout the world and in Belize it is essentially a corruption of the English language with hints of Misquiti, Spanish, Maya and African words.
	educationaltrips.org /about-belize-cultures.html (947 words)

	Garifuna People Of Belize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		His Garifuna American family demonstrates the flexible endurance that is the historic paradox of the culture.
		Bernardez says he and his wife a Garifuna woman he met on a trip to his native Honduras speak only Garifuna when they are home with their five children.
		But if the immigrant children assimilation study is correct, Garifuna Americans may suffer the same fate as their predecessors and lose their language to the mighty tsunami of American popular culture-an inevitability that has earned America a distinction as a "language graveyard." In America, the Garifuna future could look a lot like Milton Palacio.
	bleaseswebworld.com /garifuna.html (2686 words)

	Garifuna People - Complete information about Toledo District in Southern Belize
		Though commonly referred to as "Garifuna", the people are properly called "Garinagu" and the culture and language are "Garifuna".
		The Garinagu are recent arrivals to Belize, settling the southern coast of Belize in the early 19th century.
		Central to the Garifuna community is the belief in and respect for the ancestors.
	www.southernbelize.com /hist_garifuna.html (859 words)

	AFROMESTIZO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the beginning their dealings with the Caribs were less then cordial and for 150 years the relationship between the Africans and natives went from one of “reluctant acceptance” to that of occasional warfare and finally to the complete fusion of the two peoples into a new “tribe”.
		During the war the Garifuna took revenge on the English, and a number of plantations were pillaged and their owners killed.
		The Spanish believed the Garifuna might be of help to them in their efforts to bolster the meager coastal population against British encroachments in the area.
	www.bjmjr.com /afromestizo/honduras.htm (3689 words)

	Garifuna Language Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The GLI is a private institution dedicated to preserving, strengthening, and teaching the Garifuna language and culture.
		The Garifuna people, recently featured in the September 2001 National Geographic magazine, are African descendents who now reside along the coast of Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize.
		The Garifuna culture has survived many trials and tribulations throughout the centuries and it is still beating strong.
	www.geocities.com /for_ever_yours_greg (254 words)

	Garifuna community delivers for homeland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Garifuna people gained public attention in 1990 when a fire at the Happy Land Social Club in the borough killed 87 people, many from this ethnic group.
		Ventura and others said the 100,000 Garifuna people in Honduras are marginalized by the government because of their heritage and skin color.
		The oldest Garifuna families here said the first to come to the United States were merchant marines employed by American companies in the 1950s.
	www.jrn.columbia.edu /studentwork/bronxbeat/2001/041601/garifuna0416_01.shtml (845 words)

	GARIFUNA - the language of Seine Bight Garinagu
		Dügü is a feast for the Garinagu ancestors performed in the dabuyaba and presided over by a Garifuna buyei (buyeh).
		Cleophus J. Augustine is (was) from the "The Jewel Of The Penninsula".
		His ascent to become Duke of Florence (1523-1537) was aided by the Pope, which raised the suspicion of the Florentines that he was indeed the Pope's son.
	www.seinebight.net (1163 words)

	The Garifuna / Black Caribs
		The history of the Garifuna (or Garifune) begins before the year 1635 on the island of St.
		The Garifuna culture is very strong with great emphasis on music, dance and story-telling and with its own brand of religion consisting of a mix of Catholicism, African and Indian beliefs.
		Because of their difference and independence, over the years the Garifuna have been feared and discriminated against by Guatemalans and variously accused of devil-worship, polygamy, voodoo and speaking a secret language.
	www.mayaparadise.com /garifune.htm (717 words)

	The Origin and Survival of the Taino Language
		The Taíno language of the Greater Antilles is related to the Arawak language stemming from South America.
		It is interesting to note that the grammar and lexicon of the Garífuna and Lokono languages are primarily of Arawakan-Maipure origin, making them a valuable component in the reconstruction of the Taíno language.
		The pronunciation of the aspirated ‘H’ is a common trait in many indigenous languages including Taíno. Also, it is quite likely that the transformation of words ending with the suffix –ado into –ao, which originated in parts of Spain, was adopted by the indigenous population due to its similarity to existing Taíno language structure: e.g.
	www.centrelink.org /davidcampos.html (1492 words)

	J A M E S L O V E L L . C O M
		The Garifuna language is not implemented in the educational curriculum.
		According to James Lovell, a Garifuna Punta Rock Artist, “That is the reason why I sing, to let the world know about the accomplishments and struggles of my people and to put pride back into the disenfranchised Garifuna.
		The Garifuna Language, Dance and Music of Belize were among those nominated.
	jameslovell.garinet.com /history.html (552 words)

	Picayune Item: Mississippi News Near the Gulf: News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Instead, she responds in Honduran Spanish, the language she learns in school, and the one she's more likely to hear on the dirt roads that run through her centuries-old village tucked between dense mangroves and vast coral reefs on the island of Roatan.
		The Garifuna are an extraordinary mix of Arawak Indians who migrated from the Amazon to the Caribbean 1,500 years ago, and Africans who escaped when two Spanish slave ships wrecked off the island of St. Vincent in 1635.
		Their language is a kind of living history, studded with relics of their encounters with other peoples.
	www.picayuneitem.com /articles/2004/07/07/news/24change.txt (1014 words)

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