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Topic: Garlieb Merkel

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	Estonica : History : Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism
		The most remarkable achievement in public criticism of serfdom is Merkel’s pamphlet published in 1796 in Leipzig Die Letten, vorzüglich in Liefland am Ende des philosophischen Jahrhunderts (The Letts, especially in Livonia, at the End of the Philosophical Century), which primarily attacked the Baltic German nobility.
		Merkel treated the ancient Livonian and Estonian peoples, or Latvians and Estonians, not only as suppressed peasants, but as nations forced into serfdom whose development had thus been artificially hampered.
		The idealised picture of the life of Latvians and Estonians before the crusaders conquered the land, depicted in Merkel’s literary works, considerably influenced the treatment of history by the ideologues of the Estonian and Latvian national movements during the second half of the 19th century.
	www.estonica.org /eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=96&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=5 (969 words)

	August von Kotzebue - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fortunately he had written a comedy which flattered the vanity of the emperor Paul of Russia; he was quickly brought back, presented with an estate from the crown lands of Livonia, and made director of the German theatre in St Petersburg.
		He returned to Germany when the emperor Paul died, and again settled in Weimar; he found it as impossible as ever to gain a footing in literary society, and turned to Berlin, where in association with Garlieb Merkel (1769-1850) he edited Der Freimutige (1803-1807) and began his Almanach dramatischer Spiele (1803-1820).
		Towards the end of 1806 he was once more in Russia, and in the security of his estate in Estonia wrote many satirical articles against Napoleon Bonaparte in his journals Die Biene and Die Grille.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/August_von_Kotzebue (882 words)

	Kļaviņš, K. The Baltic Enlightenment and Perceptions of Medieval Latvian History.
		Merkel also drew parallels between the subjugation of the Baltic natives and the Mexicans, stating with irony that the Baltic natives were lucky that there are no mountains in Latvia, since they died working on the plains rather than in the mountains as did their Mexican counterparts.
		A final example of Merkel’s incorporation of Enlightenment themes into elements of legend and social comment was the poetic tale “Wannem Ymanta” written in 1802,[54] in which he described the life and death of the Livish hero, Ymanta.
		The main importance of Merkel’ s work for the Latvian people was that, thanks to him, they were exposed to different historical knowledge of their past which served as a weapon in the struggle against German and later Russian domination.
	www.historia.lv /publikacijas/akadeemiskie_raksti/klavins003.htm (4199 words)

	August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue
		Fortunately he had written a comedy which flattered the vanity of the emperor Paul I; he was consequently speedily brought back, presented with an estate from the crown lands of Livonia, and made director of the German theatre in St Petersburg.
		He returned to Germany when the emperor Paul died, and again settled in Weimar; he found it, however, as impossible as ever to gain a footing in literary society, and turned his steps to Berlin, where in association with Garlieb Merkel[?] (1769-1850) he edited Der Freimutige (1803-1807) and began his Almanach dramatischer Spiele (1803-1820).
		Towards the end of 1806 he was once more in Russia, and in the security of his estate in Esthonia wrote many satirical articles against Napoleon in his journals Die Biene and Die Grille.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/au/August_Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_Kotzebue.html (844 words)

	Depkin`s Manor. Riga, Latvia - Discounted rates at www.bookings.de
		Famous representative of Livonian Enlightenment, the Baltic German man of letters Garlieb Merkel (1769 – 1850) spent his last 40 years in Depkinshof.
		The picture by J.Brotze (German- born teacher, keen drawer and student of Baltic history; 1742 – 1823) and a layout of the manor dated with year 1770 both demonstrate that the estate once consisted of ten buildings, mostly log constructions.
		In 1808 Garlieb Merkel (1769 – 1850), obtained the manor.
	www.bookings.de /hotel/lv/depkin-s-manor.html (886 words)

	Merķeļa iela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This simple monument, which was dedicated in 1994, is to Garlieb Merkel (1769-1850), a Livonian by birth, who in 1797, went to Weimar where he was closely associated with Johann Gottfried von Herder.
		In 1800, he moved to Berlin, where he co-edited the journal Ernst und Scherz during the years 1804-06.
		He is especially remembered for his famous Die Letten of 1797 in which he defended the rights of serfs.
	riga-cd.infolatvia.com /statues/people/merkel/merkel.html (70 words)

	ELM. No 17. Jaan Puhvel:
		The first is Garlieb Merkel’s Die Vorzeit Lieflands.
		Merkel was a somewhat pathos-ridden romantic firebrand of Livonia-Latvia, who had imbibed Voltaire, Rousseau and Herder in equal measure, and whose publicistic activism bore on social justice and literature alike.
		Another work introduces the Finnish dimension for the first time, and in fact marks the first pre-Kalevala impact on the pre-Kalevipoeg.
	www.einst.ee /literary/autumn2003/17_02.htm (1444 words)

	Latvia / The Story of Latvia / Emancipation and Renaissance
		A series of such pamphlets was also translated into the Baltic languages and spread among the peasants.
		In the first place we must mention Garlieb Merkel and his work: "The Latvians, in particular in Livonia, at the End of the Philosophic Century" (1796).
		This brochure caught the attention of the young Tsar Alexander I. The ideas of freedom spread by Napoleon's agents roused Alexander I to activity and he wanted to show the world that he too was an enlightened ruler and was doing things for his subjects.
	www.latvians.com /en/Reading/TheStoryOfLatvia/SoLatvia-04-chap.php (4668 words)

	The Dislocated Tragic Hero in Latvian Drama
		His body was burned and the bones were taken away to Livonia and buried at Cubbesele."6.
		Ironically, the link between this historical description and the first usage of Caupo as a dramatis persona has been established by a German writer, Garlieb Merkel.
		Under the influence of eighteenth century enlightenment and sympathetic to the predicament of the Latvians, he freely created a legend, Vanems Imanta (published in German, 1802) in which he presents Caupo as a villain and a traitor of his nation in order to glorify the hero of the legend, Imanta.
	www.lituanus.org /1983_4/83_4_01.htm (3744 words)

	Es gibt noch keinen Text zu Garlieb Helwig Merkel. - Seite bearbeiten - infos.aus-germanien.de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Es gibt noch keinen Text zu Garlieb Helwig Merkel.
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	infos.aus-germanien.de /index.php?title=Garlieb_Helwig_Merkel&action=edit (99 words)

	National Library pf Latvia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Finally there are authors who have participated in the lodges and those whose creative activities have been influenced by the ideas of humanism expressed by freemasons.
		They are Garlieb Merkel, Gottfried Herder, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Voltaire, Oscar Wilde, Alexander Pushkin and others.
		This display of books offers a possibility for an inquisitive reader to understand and evaluate the true essence of freemasons.
	www.lnb.lv /eng/events/exibitions/freemasons.htm (387 words)

	Let's contribute to the virtual encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the present millenium, over hundred years ago, Garlieb Merkel published his book “Latvians (…) at the End of the Philosophical Century”.
		This century will also be noted in history as the century for the emergence of the information society.
		Today unlike then, such a book can be co-authored by the people themselves, by each of us living in Latvia or abroad, who has contributed to promoting Latvia's freedom and growth.
	www.gramata21.lv /maineng/Welcome1.html (218 words)

	Sculpture Quadrennial - Riga 2004
		In those days the Baltic German Ernest Glück was paid by the Swedes to translate the Bible into Latvian and Latvian schools were founded.
		Another Baltic German Garlieb Merkel later wrote his famous critical treatise about the Vidzeme Latvians.
		At the beginning of the 19th century two thirds of all the peasants in Vidzeme could read, while two thirds of the peasants in Courland were illiterate.
	www.sculpturequadrennial.lv /en/background.htm (5666 words)

	۞ Garlieb Helwig Merkel - Infos und Erklärungen auf www.kunstToday.de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Weitere Empfehlungen und Rezensionen zu Garlieb Helwig Merkel finden Sie hier
		Action bis zum anschlag.-br-Bislang habe ich nur wenige Shooter gespielt die so aufregend wie dieser waren.Obwohl SOF2 nicht mehr das neueste ist,-br-ist es auf...
		Literatur von und über Garlieb Helwig Merkel im Katalog der DDB
	www.kunsttoday.de /Garlieb_Helwig_Merkel (536 words)

	Untitled Document
		By 1823, the Bavarian government owed 23% of its public debt to Jews; as early as 1818, there was growing complaint about excessive Jewish influence in Germany.
		One German writer, Garlieb Merkel, noted that while the "German peoples had, in many years of political disaster lost their precious political rights and had diminished in stature, [Jews] had increased their wealth at a terrifying rate.
		They knew how gain equality with Christians everywhere and they zealously set about developing this equality into further privileges." "This statement of Merkel has some truth in it," says scholar Jacob Katz, "Jews had exploited, economically and socially, the new status they had achieved in the past generation." [KATZ, From, p.
	www.jewishtribalreview.org /lapin2.htm (4662 words)

	KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIED... - Online Information article about KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIED...
		Germany when the emperor Paul died, and again settled in Weimar; he found it, however, as impossible as ever to gain a footing in literary society, and turned his steps to See also:
		Berlin, where in association with Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850) he edited Der Freimutige (1803–1807) and began his Almanach dramatischer Spiele (1803–1820).
		Towards the end of 18o6 he was once more in See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /KHA_KRI/KOTZEBUE_AUGUST_FRIEDRICH_FERDI.html (1291 words)

	Emil Niederhauser: Enlightenment and the National Movement in East Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		If we start out – with good reason – from the fact that the age of Enlightenment survived the French revolution by one or two decades, these national movements started so late that we can hardly talk about a late Enlightenment in their case.
		To a certain extent, it is really the influence of Enlightenment we can perceive in the fact that two German Lutheran pastors living there, Gottlieb Merkel and Garlieb Johann Petri published a book, naturally, in German, on the situation of the Estonians and the Latvians around 1800.
		Later movements would cite these as predecessors but still, we cannot consider them cases bearing the mark of Enlightenment.
	www.hhrf.org /kisebbsegkutatas/mr_05/cikk.php?id=1210 (6486 words)

	Letter 2 from Dr. Nikolaus Gatter, Varnhagen Gesellschaft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Cologne's virtual publisher Peter Hammer did not close his shop in the 1730s!
		He published for instance Karl August Varnhagen's Paradiesgärtlein für Garlieb Merkel in 1806.
		By the way: I have just translated John E. Will's: 1688 (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 2002), yet, I regret, I am not a specialist for these decades.
	www.pierre-marteau.com /journal/letters/l-002.html (126 words)

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