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Topic: Gary Urton

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	Harvard Gazette: String theorist
		Urton, who joined the Harvard faculty in fall 2002, has been interested in khipus (he eschews the more common "quipu," a hispanicized spelling of the word from the Quechua language) since he started studying Andean culture as a doctoral student.
		Urton's initial inquiry into khipus involved a year of fieldwork with weavers in central Bolivia, resulting in the book "The Social Life of Numbers: A Quechua Ontology of Numbers and Philosophy of Arithmetic" (University of Texas Press, 1997).
		Urton, who received the B.A. from the University of New Mexico, and the M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, joined the faculty of Colgate University in 1978 and says he would have been content to stay there had Harvard not offered him a position.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2003/05.22/03-urton.html (1155 words)

	Inca secrets may lie in knots - - Green Witch/Moon Sisters Coven Webzine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Urton is right, the Inca not only adopted a computer-age binary code at least 500 years before the invention of computers, but also gave the world its only known three-dimensional ''written'' language, given that writing to date has always been laid down on flat surfaces, such as paper.
		Urton and his team is at the ''cutting edge,'' according to Thomas Cummins, professor of the history of pre-Columbian and colonial art at Dumbarton Oaks, a research library in Washington, D.C., that is administered by Harvard trustees.
		Urton's binary theory is drawn from the analysis and re-analysis of his own observations and the work of other scholars, including William J. Conklin, a research associate at the Textile Museum in Washington, D.C., who was the first to suggest, in 1997, that spinning, plying and colour-coding were an important part of the khipu system.
	greenwitch.crimsonzine.com /20030630-6285.html (1149 words)

	Are Cords The Key To Inca Secrets?
		Gary Urton, a Harvard anthropologist, estimates there are at least 600 quipus in museums, and he has studied about 450 of them in Peru, Chile, the United States and Germany.
		Urton believes quipu makers, known as "quipucamayos," used a binary mathematical approach similar to that used in modern computers to encode numbers and narratives with the knots.
		Urton hopes the database, which he expects to have ready by mid-2004, will help scholars identify patterns and discover a lost language of the Incas.
	www.meta-religion.com /Paranormale/Ancient_mysteries/are_cords_the_key.htm (782 words)

	Ultimas Noticias sobre la cultura Quechua - Inca Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gary Urton, professor of Precolumbian studies at Harvard University, is now challenging that assumption in a new book, "Signs of the Inka Khipu" (University of Texas Press).
		According to Urton, this ancient population had a written language disguised in the form of elaborated knotted strings known as khipu.
		While searching, Urton is attacking the khipu code with 21st-century technology, creating a database packed with any possible data on each khipu: length of the main string, number of pendants, details on the knots, spin, ply of each string, and so on, in order to search for common patterns.
	216.239.37.104 /translate_c?hl=en&u=http://www.quechuanetwork.org/news_template.cfm%3Fnews_id%3D876%26lang%3Ds&prev=/search%3Fq%3DQuechua%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN (609 words)

	Muevelo NYC Productions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gary Urton, professor of anthropology at Harvard University, has re-analysed the complicated knotted strings of the Inca - decorative objects called khipu - and found they contain a seven-bit binary code capable of conveying more than 1,500 separate units of information.
		Professor Urton's study found there are, theoretically, seven points in the making of a khipu where the maker could make a simple choice between two possibilities, a seven-bit binary code.
		If Professor Urton is right, it means the Inca not only invented a form of binary code more than 500 years before the invention of the computer, but they used it as part of the only three-dimensional written language.
	www.muevelonyc.com /print.php?sid=41&POSTNUKESID=c28113b6bbe85bf84ac332311febfea3 (1649 words)

	Magazine Québec Science - NOVEMBRE 2003 - La théorie des cordes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gary Urton, professeur d'anthropologie à l'université Harvard aux États-Unis, a étudié pendant plus de 10 ans des cordelettes nouées baptisées khipus et dont les Incas se servaient comme système de comptabilité.
		Pour Gary Urton, c'est ce qui devait se passer lorsqu'un "gardien de khipu" - l'équivalent du scribe égyptien - écrivait en nouant ses cordelettes.
		La seule façon de prouver cette nouvelle thèse serait, selon Gary Urton, de dénicher un khipu qui donnerait aux anthropologues la clé du système, comme la pierre de Rosette a permis de découvrir le sens des hiéroglyphes égyptiens.
	www.quebecscience.qc.ca /cyber/4.0/2003/11/inca.asp (932 words)

	Gary Burton & Friends : Six Pack
		In bringing this album home, Gary Burton hoped to "represent a wide variety of styles and ages." His guest guitarists include a man in his early 20s and another in his late 60s, and their assembled expertise comprises mainstream jazz, fusion, world music, contemporary jazz and classic blues.
		A major innovator on the vibraphone, Gary Burton first studied piano and composition during high school, receiving lessons that were to form the heart of his subsequent approach to melody and harmony.
		Gary Burton, Marcelo Morano), a memorial to the deceased tango master and bandoneon wizard, is a more than adequate replacement.
	ooz.tripod.com /cd/htm/9D0FEF0C454B3.htm (2653 words)

	Archeomisteri n. 12 - ARCHEONOTIZIE - IL LINGUAGGIO SCRITTO DEGLI INCAS NASCOSTO IN UN CODICE?
		Gary Urton, professore di Studi Precolombiani all’Università di Harvard, sta attualmente sostenendo questa nuova teoria in un libro di recente pubblicazione "Signs of the Inka Khipu" (University of Texas Press).
		Urton ha calcolato che vi erano 24 possibili colori che potevano essere usati nella creazione dei khipu.
		Nel corso della ricerca, Urton sta studiando il codice khipu con la tecnologia del XXI secolo, creando un database contenente ogni possibile dato sui khipu: lunghezza della corda principale, numero dei pendenti, dettagli sui nodi, direzione, piega di ogni corda, e così via, al fine di individuare un disegno comune.
	www.edicolaweb.net /nw12_04a.htm (725 words)

	Alumni News
		Urton's careful analyses of the surviving khipus, most now housed in various museums, is finally shedding light on the khipu, the only non-graphic record-keeping instrument developed in the ancient world.
		Urton's major breakthroughs regarding the khipus include his discovery that each knot is tied in one of two specific ways.
		Urton also reminisced about his experiences as a UIUC doctoral student and the impact on his career of his advisor, R. Tom Zuidema (now Professor Emeritus in Anthropology and the Center for Advanced Study).
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /alumni/news.html (1730 words)

	Khipu Resources on the Web and in Print (Quipu)
		Professor Gary Urton, formerly of Colgate University (where I met him as a student) and currently at Hahvahd University, was awared a MacArthur Fellowship in 2000 to continue his study of the khipu.
		Gary Urton's books dealing with khipu are profiled at University of Texas Press:
		Urton's June 2001 submission to their journal of Latin American Antiquity: "A Calendrical and Demographic Tomb Text from Northern Peru".
	www.angelfire.com /mo/zdawg/Khipu/Khipu.html (576 words)

	ANTIKITERA.NET - Il Portale Italiano dell'Archeologia Misteriosa
		Secondo Urton, gli Inca non solo erano in grado di comunicare senza parole, ma lo facevano con un sistema che gli occidentali avrebbero imparato ad utilizzare a fini comunicativi solo alcuni secoli dopo: quello binario.
		Urton esporrà per intero la sua teoria in un libro di prossima uscita intitolato "Signs of the Inca quipu".
		Urton è convinto di esserci quasi: "Per la prima volta abbiamo trovato un gruppo di quipu in un sito archeologico ben conservato e datato con precisione, e un gruppo di documenti scritti nello stesso tempo".
	www.antikitera.net /news.asp?numnews=192 (562 words)

	Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records - Gary Urton - University of Texas Press
		In this book, Gary Urton sets forth a pathbreaking theory that the manipulation of fibers in the construction of khipu created physical features that constitute binary-coded sequences which store units of information in a system of binary recordkeeping that was used throughout the Inka empire.
		Urton begins his theory with the making of khipu, showing how at each step of the process binary, either/or choices were made.
		He then investigates the symbolic components of the binary coding system, the amount of information that could have been encoded, procedures that may have been used for reading the khipu, the nature of the khipu signs, and, finally, the nature of the khipu recording system itself--emphasizing relations of markedness and semantic coupling.
	www.libreriauniversitaria.it /BUS/0292785402/Signs_of_the_Inka_Khipu:_Binary_Coding_in_the_Andean_Knotted-String_Records.htm (256 words)

	DQ University - California's Two Year Accredited Tribal College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Just as Maya studies exploded in the 1970s after researchers deciphered Maya hieroglyphs, Urton says, breaking the khipu code could be "an enormous potential source of insight" into the lives and minds of the still-mysterious Inca, who in the 16th century ruled the largest empire on Earth.
		Urton and mathematician and database manager Carrie Brezine intend to have their khipu database, which is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, running this fall and will eventually put it online.
		At the same time, Urton and other khipu hunters are searching for their own Rosetta stone: a colonial translation of a known khipu.
	www.dqu.edu /pages/news/khipu.html (1787 words)

	The Khipu: String, and Knot, Theory of Inca Writing
		Urton, an anthropologist and a MacArthur fellow, suggests that the Inca manipulated strings and knots to convey certain meanings.
		Urton concedes that his interpretation of a khipu writing system may be hard to prove.
		Urton said in an interview that others would soon be able to test his theory and possibly find other patterns and clues in the khipu he studied.
	www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080 /~elf/abacus/inca-khipu.html (1652 words)

	Cyndi Greening's Radio Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		MacArthur fellow, Harvard professor and anthropologist, Dr. Gary Urton, is publishing a book that suggests the Incan quipu (or Khipu) was their form of writing.
		Urton is the first to suggest that the quipu are actually a binary system for recording words in three dimensions.
		According to Urton, the pattern of the knots, the order in which they appear and the color of the strings form the language.
	www.cyndigreening.com /2003/08/13.html (306 words)

	ALST Faculty: Gary Urton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gary Urton is a Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Division of Social Sciences at Colgate.
		Professor Urton has conducted extensive fieldwork in Peru and Bolivia, particularly, and is the author of At the Crossroads of Earth and Sky: An Andean Cosmology (1981/1988) and The History of a Myth: Pacariqfambo and the Origin of the Inkas (1990).
		Professor Urton's SOAN 330, Peoples and Cultures of South America and SOAN 358, Native American Cultures courses both contribute to the Latin American Studies concentration.
	departments.colgate.edu /alst/faculty/urton.html (154 words)

	News in Science - Vanished Inca may have used binary code language - 03/07/2003
		Professor Gary Urton, an anthropologist at Harvard University in Boston and a specialist in Pre-Columbian studies, is now challenging that assumption in a new book, Signs of the Inka Khipu.
		But Urton calculates that there were 24 possible colours that could be used in khipu making.
		A definitive way to crack the intractable code would be the discovery of what Urton calls a 'Rosetta khipu', something similar to the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics from the Rosetta stone: a basalt slab unearthed in Egypt in 1799 with text in Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphs, allowing linguists to decode the language.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s893964.htm (706 words)

	Quipus could unlock mystery of Incas - The Washington Times: World Briefings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Urton said in a telephone interview from Cambridge, Mass.
		Urton suggests that the possible combinations yield 1,536 knotted characters representing words — or even entire myths — that could be read by others.
		Urton, whose recent book has rekindled broader academic interest.
	www.washingtontimes.com /functions/print.php?StoryID=20031208-094425-6920r (790 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Urton, Signs of the Inka Khipu
		A recent discovery of thirty-two khipu in burial chambers in the northern Peruvian Andes is consistent with the presumed funerary disposal of these devices (see Urton 2001 for a discussion of the possible significance of this context for khipu disposal).
		As an example, however, I note that for a collection of thirty-two khipu recently discovered in Chachapoyas, in northern Peru (see Urton 2001 and below), the average number of pendant strings on the twenty-two samples that were well enough preserved to allow for close study was 149 (the range is between 6 and 762).
		Perhaps we could say that Garcilaso de la Vega's problematic statement (see Urton 2002) to the effect that the Inka interpreted the knots of their khipu as letters would constitute the nearest testimony I am aware of in support of the Aschers' suggestions.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exurtsig.html (8327 words)

	The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY) : "GENIUS' MAKES GOOD ON PROMISE; GARY URTON RETURNS TO COLGATE TO TEACH CLASS AFTER ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gary Urton won a $500,000 grant, went to Harvard University and wrote a book on ancient Incan communications.
		Urton, who just started at Harvard this semester as a professor of anthropology and pre-Columbian studies, was happy to come back.
		Two years ago, Urton, 56, was awarded a "genius" grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in Chicago.
	static.highbeam.com /t/thepoststandardsyracuseny/december052002/geniusmakesgoodonpromisegaryurtonreturnstocolgatet/index.html (274 words)

	Signs of the Inka Khipu Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted String Records The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The comments (above) by one of Dr. Urton's more renowned colleagues make clear what Urton himself says in his review below: that this is not meant to be the definitive answer on an extremely difficult and meaningful topic.
		The "binary" nature he claims for the quipu encoding scheme is based on seven yes/no aspects of each knot -- things like the material the cord is made from, its color, its attachment type, and the direction the knot is tied in.
		Urton notes the use in Incan society of systems of fl and white stones, arranged in rectangular fashion.
	www.book-summary-review.com /Signs-of-the-Inka-Khipu-Binary-Coding-in-the-Andean-Knotted-String-Records-Linda-Schele-Series-in-Maya-and-Pre-Columbian-Studies-Paperback-0292785402.htm (1574 words)

	Afternoon Speakers
		September 8, 2004 - Gary Urton: " The Knotted-String Records of Inca Peru"
		The talk will begin with an introduction to the beautiful and highly complex knotted-string recording device of the khipus [quipus], which were used for recording statistics and narratives in the Inca empire.
		Gary Urton is Professor of Pre-Columbian studies in the Archeology department at Harvard University.
	www.weaversguildofboston.org /html/pm_speakers.html (933 words)

	H-Net Review: Ross Jamieson on The Development of the Inca State
		Although Bauer's research was conducted under the supervision of the archaeologists Don Rice and Alan Kolata, the influence of the anthropologist/ethnohistorian Gary Urton, who wrote the foreword to the volume, is clearly very important to the questions Bauer has asked of his archaeological data.
		Bauer then turns to another aspect of Urton's research in the Pacariqtambo area, in which Urton mapped the sixteenth-century communities in existence before the "reduccion" policies of Viceroy Toledo so heavily altered native Andean landholding in the 1570s.
		Urton's research proposed that the Tambo ethnic group surrounding Pacariqtambo was made up of ten "ayllus," or communities, each of which belonged to either the upper or lower moiety of the Tambo depending on the location of each
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=16103865433469 (1923 words)

	Tineri romani in Germania - Khipu - computerul incasilor
		Gary Urton, profesor la Universitatea Harvard, expert in civilizatiile precolumbiene, a dezbatut aceasta tema in cartea sa despre incasi "Sings of Inca Khipu".
		Potrivit lui Urton, aceasta civilizatie antica a utilizat o limba scrisa care se poate descoperi in ornamentele sofisticate din sfoara, denumite "khipu" sau bucla, nod.
		Astfel, profesorul Urton a declarat ca "cea mai convingatoare dovada a existentei unei scrieri tridimenionale este acest khipu.
	www.romanians-de.org /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=387 (484 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The "binary" nature of the quipu encoding scheme is based on seven yes/no aspects of each knot -- things like the material the cord is made from, its color, its attachment type, and the direction the knot is tied in.
		He hypothesizes that Incan quipu-camayo (quipu readers) read off the binary variables from each knot and created tableaus of stones where a row of seven would give the binary values, then were able to interpret the meaning from these stones.
		I wish Dr. Urton well with his research and hope he is the one who actually cracks the code.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0292785399 (1152 words)

	Lydia Fossa
		En su reciente artículo "From Knots to Narratives" publicado por la revista Ethnohistory, Gary Urton examina el uso de los khipu en un contexto judicial (La Plata 1579), tal como lo describe uno de los documentos legales del proceso.
		Al final del artículo, Urton anima a otros estudiosos a ofrecer nuevas pistas para contribuir con la investigación de ese código.
		Así como el artículo de Gary Urton me estimuló a hacer asociaciones lingüísticas y funcionales con respecto a la descripción del uso del khipu, seguramente que la presente contribución generará otras conexiones con nuevas instancias de su uso.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~icop/lydiafossa.html (7617 words)

	Urton, Signs of the Inka Khipu, University of Texas Press
		Urton provides a platform for a whole new generation of studies."
		He then investigates the symbolic components of the binary coding system, the amount of information that could have been encoded, procedures that may have been used for reading the khipu, the nature of the khipu signs, and, finally, the nature of the khipu recording system itself—emphasizing relations of markedness and semantic coupling.
		Gary Urton is Dumbarton Oaks Professor of Pre-Columbian Studies at Harvard University, as well as a MacArthur Fellow (2001-2005).
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/books/urtsig.html (300 words)

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