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Topic: Gas centrifuge

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	Gas Centrifuge a Sensitive Nuclear Asset
		In the gas centrifuge uranium-enrichment process, gaseous UF 6 is fed into a cylindrical rotor that spins at high speed inside an evacuated casing.
		Centrifugal force also causes the heavier 238 UF 6 molecules to tend to move closer to the wall than the lighter 235 UF 6 molecules, thus partially separating the uranium isotopes.
		The high-frequency output from the frequency changer is fed to the high-speed gas centrifuge drive motors (the speed of an ac motor is proportional to the frequency of the supplied current).
	aopp.org /sr-gas.htm (1504 words)

	Aluminum Tubing Is an Indicator of an Iraqi Gas Centrifuge Program: But Is the Tubing Specifically for Centrifuges?
		Because each centrifuge enriches a relatively small amount of uranium, several thousand centrifuges must be connected by pipes into "cascades" in order to produce annually enough highly enriched uranium for a nuclear weapon.
		This report quoted unnamed administration officials stating that the tubes were for centrifuge parts and were intended as "casings for rotors." The link to centrifuges, according to this report, was based on the number, specification, and dimensions of the tubes the Iraqis sought to purchase.
		Centrifuge Rotor A much more likely candidate for a centrifuge component is the rotor, a thin-walled tube that spins at high speeds, causing the uranium to enrich in the isotope uranium 235.
	www.isis-online.org /publications/iraq/aluminumtubes.html (4201 words)

	Gas centrifuge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The gas centrifuge is a hyper-centrifuge used to produce enriched uranium.
		Large cascades of gas centrifuges are operated by France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and China to produce enriched uranium both for domestic use and for export, and by Japan for domestic use.
		A demonstration gas centrifuge plant is being built at Piketon, Ohio in the United States by USEC for operation in 2005, and a full-size plant is planned for operation in 2010.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gas_centrifuge (400 words)

	Centrifuge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis.
		The heavier isotopes of uranium (uranium-238) in the uranium hexafluoride gas tend to concentrate at the walls of the centrifuge as it spins, while the desired uranium-235 isotopes are extracted and concentrated with a scoop selectively placed inside the centrifuge.
		Centrifuges are used in the attraction Mission: SPACE, located at Epcot in Walt Disney World, which propels riders using a combination of a centrifuge and a motion simulator to simulate the feeling of going into space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Centrifuge (773 words)

	Gas centrifuge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The advantage over the gas diffusion method is that this technique separates isotopes more efficiently (therefore less units have to be connecetd to a cascade to reach the same enrichment), however developed technology is necessary to manufacture the machines (precision and reliable bearings, corrosion resistant rotating parts of sufficient endurance).
		The gas centrifuge is essentially a bowl, in which there is a rotor spinning round at a very high speed.
		The gas (UF directed to the centrifuge is forced to spin by the rotor.
	www.npp.hu /uran/3cent-e.htm (141 words)

	Coming full circle
		The phenomenon extends to the world of technology, where the gas centrifuge method for making fuel for nuclear power plants, after a 20-year hiatus, is once again on center stage.
		Centrifuge technology was shelved in 1985 by the Department of Energy in favor of the now-abandoned atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) technology.
		Because a gas centrifuge plant uses only 5% as much electricity as is consumed by a diffusion plant, USEC determined that the best chance to remain competitive with URENCO--a British, Dutch, and German consortium that uses centrifuge plants--was to resurrect the centrifuge technology.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2004-04/drnl-cfc041204.php (1071 words)

	The centrifuge connection \| thebulletin.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Iran claimed that the only purpose of its centrifuge program was to make fuel for the German-supplied Bushehr power reactor--a claim that is highly dubious, given the reality that in 1985 Germany had suspended all work at the reactor, at least until the war ended.
		It was unlikely to have had the technical experience to discover the intricacies of a modern centrifuge or master the difficult manufacturing of centrifuge components on its own--Pakistan and Iraq also needed to obtain detailed centrifuge designs and assistance for their centrifuge programs to advance beyond a rudimentary level.
		Because centrifuges are flexible, even if the cascades are arranged to produce only low-enriched uranium, weapon-grade uranium can be produced by "batch recycling"--sending the end product back into the feed point of the cascade over again until the desired level of enrichment is reached.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=ma04albright (3732 words)

	CNN.com - Nuke program parts unearthed in Baghdad back yard - Jun. 26, 2003
		Uranium hexafluoride gas is placed in a series of rotating drums or cylinders that run at high speeds to extract weapon grade uranium.
		Obeidi told CNN the parts of a gas centrifuge system for enriching uranium were part of a highly sophisticated system he was ordered to hide to be ready to rebuild the bomb program.
		Centrifuges are drums or cylinders that spin at high speed and separate heavy and light molecules, allowing increasingly enriched uranium to be drawn off.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/06/25/sprj.irq.centrifuge/index.html (964 words)

	Gas centrifuge process
		Process to separate isotopes in which heavy atoms are split from the lighter atoms by centrifugal forces.
		The separation factor depends on the mass difference of the isotopes to be separated.
		Principle of a gas centrifuge process for uranium enrichment
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/g/gascentrifuge.htm (106 words)

	ISIS Aluminum Tubes Report - 9-23-02
		Because each centrifuge enriches a relatively small amount of uranium, a few thousand centrifuges must be connected by pipes into "cascades" in order to produce annually enough highly enriched uranium for a nuclear weapon.
		Centrifuge Rotor A more likely candidate for a centrifuge component is the rotor, a thin-walled tube that spins at high speeds, causing the uranium to enrich in the isotope uranium 235.
		They also suggest because of the number of tubes involved that, if the tubes are for centrifuges, Iraq is working to build a gas centrifuge plant able to produce significant quantities of highly enriched uranium.
	www.iraqwatch.org /perspectives/isis-alumtubes-092302.htm (4161 words)

	Bulletin 23 - Beyond A.Q. Khan
		In essence, the gas centrifuge is a rapidly rotating, vertically oriented rotor, into which a uranium-containing gas (UF) is injected.
		Due to the high separation factor of a modern gas centrifuge, only a small number of stages is required to enrich uranium to significant uranium-235 fractions.
		In addition to the radial effect, an axial flow of the gas along the rotor is established, which substantially increases the separative power of the centrifuge and also allows for convenient extraction of product and waste at the ends of the rotor.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin23/art13.htm (2932 words)

	Iraq's Acquisition of Gas Centrifuge Technology - Part I
		This centrifuge, called the "Beams-type" centrifuge, was based on an unclassified, decades-old design by Jessie Beams, who was a widely published professor at the University of Virginia and universally recognized as a pioneer in the development of gas centrifuges.
		Gernot Zippe, a father of the modern gas centrifuge and the pioneer of the development of that machine in Germany, said he recruited Busse for the centrifuge program in the late 1960s because of his expertise in working with maraging steel.
		Busse recommended Bruno Stemmler, a gas centrifuge expert and former colleague at MAN. Stemmler, a physical chemist, had worked at MAN since 1969, but he was embroiled in a conflict with management over what he regarded as inadequate compensation for his discoveries and, in his view, inadequate appreciation of his talents.
	www.exportcontrols.org /centpart1.html (7597 words)

	NTI: Issue Brief: Companies Reported to Have Sold or Attempted to Sell Libya Gas Centrifuge Components
		The objective of this issue brief is to explore the operation and importance of gas centrifuges in the uranium enrichment process and to briefly outline the major companies and actors involved in providing the Qadhdhafi regime with its gas centrifuge components.
		Gas centrifuge facilities are easier to hide since they do not require the easily identifiable cooling and electrical systems that are necessary for gaseous diffusion facilities.
		Gas centrifuge components that were produced at SCOPE or acquired from other companies were sometimes assembled and placed in containers in SMB warehouses.
	www.nti.org /e_research/e3_60a.html (8509 words)

	Libya's Gas Centrifuge Procurement: Much Remains Undiscovered
		These components are parts for what is commonly called the "P2" gas centrifuge, which is a design that A. Khan stole from the European enrichment consortium Urenco in the mid-1970s and perhaps modified.
		Figure 1 is a schematic of a similar centrifuge that uses maraging steel rotors and a connecting bellows.
		This manufacturing complex was intended to make centrifuges after the initial 10,000 centrifuges were operating in Libya, and thus, by implication, it should be capable of making any centrifuge components for the original 10,000 machines that could not be supplied by the network.
	www.isis-online.org /publications/libya/cent_procure.html (1335 words)

	Uranium Enrichment
		The gas centrifuge process was first demonstrated in the 1940s but was shelved in favour of the simpler diffusion process.
		The gas is fed into a series of vacuum tubes, each containing a rotor one to two metres long and 15-20 cm diameter.
		To obtain efficient separation of the two isotopes, centrifuges rotate at very high speeds, with the outer wall of the spinning cylinder moving at between 400 and 500 metres per second to give a million times the acceleration of gravity.
	www.uic.com.au /nip33.htm (3255 words)

	NRC: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plants
		Gas centrifuges spin UF6 gas at high speeds creating a centrifugal force that separates the isotopes by forcing the heavier U-238 further outward in the centrifuge.
		The demonstration phase is intended to obtain detailed test data for the gas centrifuge machines.
		In June 2002, USEC and DOE signed an agreement that allows USEC to use DOE gas centrifuge technology and provides a schedule for development of the Lead Cascade and commercial-scale facilities.
	www.nrc.gov /materials/fuel-cycle-fac/faq.html (1869 words)

	What is a Gas Centrifuge?
		A gas centrifuge (diagrams below) comprises an evacuated casing containing a cylindrical rotor which rotates at high speed in an almost friction-free environment.
		The gas closer to the wall becomes depleted in U-235 whereas the gas nearer the rotor axis is enriched in U-235.
		The enrichment effect of a single centrifuge is small, so they are linked together by pipes into cascades.
	www.exportcontrols.org /centrifuges.html (354 words)

	Center for International Policy
		Details about the type and scale of the centrifuge assistance are lacking, although such assistance may have occurred at least from 1997 until mid-2001.
		Because of the complexity of developing and building gas centrifuges, access to centrifuge technology is generally viewed as necessary for a country such as North Korea.
		The verifiable dismantlement of North Korea's gas centrifuge program may usher in an era where significant progress can be made on a range of nuclear issues plaguing the Korean peninsula, reinvigorating efforts to obtain a Korean peninsula free of nuclear weapons.
	www.ciponline.org /asia/reports/task_force/Albright.htm (3434 words)

	Govt not involved with Khan network: report -DAWN - Top Stories; 13 October, 2004
		During the IAEA's inspections in Iran during 2003, strong evidence emerged that Pakistani scientists and intermediaries were important clandestine suppliers of centrifuge designs and components to Iran's secret gas centrifuge programme, the report says.
		Libya sent the gas centrifuge items and nuclear weapons documents to the United States for safekeeping.
		The report says that while investigators now have considerable information about gas centrifuge assistance to Iran and Libya, far less information is available about the gas centrifuge assistance to North Korea.
	www.dawn.com /2004/10/13/top7.htm (890 words)

	NRC: Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Facility Licensing
		The gas centrifuge uranium enrichment process uses a large number of rotating cylinders in series to enrich uranium in its U-235 isotope.
		USEC began to reconsider gas centrifuge technology as a more practical advanced enrichment technology for replacing gaseous diffusion, which is more expensive and requires more energy.
		By this time, the gas centrifuge process had already been commercially developed on a large scale by the Russians and by Urenco in the United Kingdom, Germany, and The Netherlands.
	www.nrc.gov /materials/fuel-cycle-fac/gas-centrifuge.html (496 words)

	Auxiliary Systems ... for Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plants
		Normally UF6 is evaporated from the solid using heated autoclaves and is distributed in gaseous form to the centrifuges by way of cascade header pipework.
		The 'product' and 'tails' UF6 gaseous streams flowing from the centrifuges are also passed by way of cascade header pipework to cold traps (operating at about 203 K (- 70 °C)) where they are condensed prior to onward transfer into suitable containers for transportation or storage.
		Because an enrichment plant consists of many thousands of centrifuges arranged in cascades there are many kilometers of cascade header pipework, incorporating thousands of welds with a substantial amount of repetition of layout.
	www.ornl.gov /risk/t_section6.html (472 words)

	CNN.com - White House: Centrifuge parts back case on Iraq - Jun. 27, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		CNN's David Ensor on a former Iraqi scientist giving the CIA nuclear centrifuge parts and plans buried in his rose garden.
		CNN reported Wednesday that the CIA said it has critical parts of a key piece of Iraqi nuclear technology -- parts needed to develop a bomb program -- that were dug up in Baghdad.
		The International Atomic Energy Agency said Thursday the parts found in Baghdad are not "evidence of a smoking gun" proving Iraq had a current weapons of mass destruction program.
	www.cnn.com /2003/US/06/26/sprj.irq.white.house (608 words)

	USEC Portsmouth centrifuge plant project, USA
		The NRC will hold a hearing on USEC Inc.'s application to build a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant in Piketon, Ohio, and invites those who may be affected by the proceeding to seek permission to participate in the hearing.
		The purpose of the USEC Gas Centrifuge RandD Project is to develop an economically attractive gas centrifuge machine and process using DOE’s centrifuge technology.
		Later, construction of a commercial centrifuge plant is planned, incrementally replacing the current gaseous diffusion enrichment capacity.
	www.wise-uranium.org /epusecc.html (1954 words)

	CNS - Iraqi Nuclear Abstracts: 1996
		The TC-11 gas centrifuge, which was developed around 1980, is comprised of "seven linked composite carbon fiber rotor tube segments," producing throughput 5 times greater than that of the earlier G-2 model.
		One of the Rashdiya facility's buildings, originally built for a centrifuge cascade, was remodeled to house tall, super-critical centrifuge rotors and the squat, sub-critical machines that Iraq tried to produce using G-1 and G-2 designs.
		According to Horst Robert Puetter, one of the UN inspectors, and a former colleague of Schaab, the boxes contained important gas centrifuge drawings.
	cns.miis.edu /research/iraq/iraqnu96.htm (4610 words)

	CNN.com - IAEA: Centrifuge parts not evidence of 'smoking gun' - Jun. 27, 2003
		Iraqi scientist Mahdi Obeidi said he hid the centrifuge parts in his back yard in Baghdad 12 years ago.
		The parts and documents Obeidi gave the CIA were shown to CNN at CIA headquarters in Virginia.
		Obeidi told CNN that the parts of a gas centrifuge system for enriching uranium were part of a highly sophisticated system that he was ordered to hide, so as to be ready to rebuild the bomb program at some time in the future.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/06/26/sprj.irq.iaea (572 words)

	NPR : A History of the Centrifuge
		Morning Edition, September 21, 2005 · To make a uranium-based weapon, technicians have to take uranium ore and extract certain rare types of atoms.
		One tool that does that is a centrifuge: a metal tube that spins at nearly the speed of sound.
		Hear a history of the high-speed gas centrifuge.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4857123 (122 words)

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