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Topic: Gas embolism

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	Air embolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An air embolism, or more generally gas embolism, is a medical condition caused by gas bubbles in the bloodstream.
		Gas embolism is one of the diving disorders SCUBA divers sometimes suffer when they receive pressure damage to their lungs following a rapid ascent.
		Gas embolism and decompression sickness (DCS) are very difficult to distinguish, as they have very similar symptoms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air_embolism (745 words)

	Gas Embolism \| AHealthyMe.com
		Gas embolism, also called air embolism, is the presence of gas bubbles in the bloodstream that obstruct circulation.
		Gas embolism is second only to drowning as a cause of death among divers.
		Gas embolism occurs independent of diving depth; it may occur in as little as 6 ft of water.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100586858 (714 words)

	[No title]
		By convention, arterial gas embolism is presumed whenever neurologic symptoms onset soon after a decompression or where there are concurrent neurological deficits and obvious lung damage.
		Gas will efflux from the tissues at a rate that is influenced by the same phenomena that affect gas uptake; but for reasons which are not completely understood, more slowly.
		Arterial gas embolism may arise then, by arterialization of venous bubbles, either across or by bypassing the lungs, or result from pulmonary barotrauma.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Decompression_sickness.doc (3076 words)

	Embolism \| AHealthyMe.com
		Gas emboli result from the compression of respiratory gases into the blood and other tissues due to rapid changes in environmental pressure, for example, while flying or scuba diving.
		In a pulmonary embolism, a common illness, blood flow is blocked at a pulmonary artery.
		A pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel through the blood stream to the lungs and block a pulmonary artery.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100586759 (1740 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: United States Naval Flight Surgeon Manual: Third Edition 1991: Chapter 1: Bubble Related ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The principal gas involved is nitrogen, and to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide.
		Gas micronuclei may form in areas of negative hydrostatic pressure, such as in turbulent blood flow or areas of shearing action in joints.
		The organs susceptible to arterial gas embolism, the CNS and heart, are responsible for life threatening symptoms.
	www.vnh.org /FSManual/01/09BubbleRelatedDisease.html (5781 words)

	Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health: Gas embolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Gas embolism, also called air embolism or arterial gas embolism, is the presence of gas bubbles in the bloodstream that obstruct circulation.
		Gas embolism is frequently caused when divers hold their breath during ascent.
		The primary sign of gas embolism is immediate loss of consciousness, which may or may not be accompanied by convulsions.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_gGENH/is_/ai_2699003330 (830 words)

	Hyperbaric Medical Center of New Mexico - HBOT in Disease Therapy
		Air embolism occurs in divers or is secondary to entry of air during vascular surgery, IV therapy, lung biopsy, pulmonary overinflation during mechanical ventilation (usually in children), renal dialysis, angiography, etc.
		Intravascular gas perturbs the vessel.s endothelial surface and the cell surfaces of the platelets and white blood cells.
		Often, intravascular gas embolism (IGE) complicates DCI and may result from either a variant of DCI or a complication arising from separate, concurrent pulmonary barotrauma with gas embolization.
	hbotnm.com /disease.html (15027 words)

	Arterial Gas Embolism and Decompression Sickness -- Neuman 17 (2): 77 -- Physiology
		AGE are due to the distribution of gas emboli to the brain,
		Abnormal serum biochemistries in association with arterial gas embolism.
		Elevation of serum creatine kinase in divers with arterial gas embolism.
	physiologyonline.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/17/2/77 (3142 words)

	Common Uses of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy at the Northern Nevada Hyperbaric Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Another problem in gas embolism is that vessels obstructed by bubbles may leak fluid into surrounding tissues, resulting in swelling.
		Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is the primary treatment for gas embolism and a major review of reported cases clearly indicates superior outcomes with its use compared to non-recompression treatment.
		Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced as a byproduct of combustion.
	www.nevadahyperbarics.com /commonuses.htm (2837 words)

	Scavenging Gas from Membrane Oxygenators
		Unlike bubble oxygenators, which rely on direct contact of blood and bubbles for gas exchange and are designed to separate undissolved gas from blood before the blood exits the oxygenator, membrane oxygenators are not designed to separate blood and bubbles of undissolved gas.
		We believe that at some point during the bypass procedure, the gas scavenging tubing became kinked at the location of the hole nearest to the oxygenator gas vent port, causing back pressure to develop in the gas jacket of the oxygenator.
		Gas scavenging systems for these oxygenators must not cause the application of positive or negative pressures in the gas jackets as this may adversely affect the patient.
	www.mdsr.ecri.org /summary/detail.aspx?doc_id=8093 (951 words)

	Welcome to the SSS Recompression Chamber Diver Safety Network
		Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) sometimes simply called gas embolism is caused by entry of gas bubbles into the arterial circulation which then act as blood vessel obstruction called emboli.
		These emboli are frequently the result of pulmonary barotraumas caused by the expansion of gas taken into the lungs while breathing under pressure and held in the lungs during ascent. The gas might have been retained in the lungs by choice (voluntary breath holding) or by accident (blocked air passages).
		In all cases of arterial gas embolism, associated pneumothorax is possible and should not be overlooked. AGE may develop within minutes of surfacing, causing severe symptoms that must be diagnosed and treated quickly and correctly because the supply of blood to the central nervous system is almost always involved.
	www.sssnetwork.com /dci.htm (1684 words)

	Research Web Page: David Eckmann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We postulate that the molecular adhesion interactions between the constituents of the vessel surface (the endothelial surface layer) and blood-borne macromolecules adsorbed to the bubble surface are responsible for arrest of bubble motion and intravascular lodging.
		Accelerated arteriolar gas embolism reabsorption by an exogenous surfactant.
		Model predictions of gas embolism growth and reabsorption during xenon anesthesia.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /dripps/research/eckmann.html (363 words)

	Arterial Gas Embolism
		Arterial gas embolism is a major cause of death in diving and the initiating cause (pulmonary barotrauma) usually goes undetected.
		As the diver takes his first breath after surfacing, the extra-alveolar gas enters the torn blood vessels, migrates to the left side of the heart and is distributed systemically as emboli sent to areas determined by buoyancy.
		Arterial gas emboli arise from gas bubbles in the pulmonary capillaries => pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart =>possible coronary artery emboli (rare) or internal carotid and vertebro-basilar arteries to thebrain => cerebral artery embolism (blockage) with the clinical picture of a stroke.
	www.scuba-doc.com /artgsemb.htm (834 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 20, Ch. 285, Injury During Diving Or Work In Compressed Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A disorder resulting from obstruction of cerebral blood vessels by gas emboli originating in the lungs, usually due to overinflation of the lungs by expanding pulmonary gas during reduction of surrounding pressure (eg, during ascent from depth in diving) and generally characterized by early loss of consciousness and/or other CNS manifestations (see Table 285-1).
		Depths in swimming pools are sufficient to cause gas embolism if the swimmer has access to a source of air and takes even a single breath underwater.
		Gradients of partial pressure govern uptake and elimination of the gas, but the degree of supersaturation (occurring when blood or tissue gas pressure is higher than ambient pressure) determines whether significant bubble formation occurs in the body during or after ascent.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section20/chapter285/285b.htm (1232 words)

	Air Embolism and CO2 Insufflators: The Need for Pre-Use Purging of Tubing
		Based on the clinical signs, the medical staff suspected that the patient's condition was caused by a CO embolism that originated in the uterus.
		However, our investigation revealed that the embolized gas was probably air—not CO The air may have been introduced into the patient from the dead space in the tubing set used to connect the insufflator to the hysteroscope.
		Gas embolism is of particular concern when using insufflators because these devices introduce gas into the body at pressures that can exceed vascular pressure.
	www.mdsr.ecri.org /summary/detail.aspx?doc_id=8216 (857 words)

	Spatial distribution of venous gas emboli in the lungs -- Souders et al. 87 (5): 1937 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		In prior studies of the gas exchange abnormalities associated with pulmonary air embolism (27, 48), it was shown that
		Arterial air embolism of venous origin in dogs: effect of nitrous oxide in combination with halothane and pentobarbitone.
		Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/5/1937 (6317 words)

	Lay Indications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis is an acute, rapidly progressive infection of the soft tissues commonly known as “gas gangrene.” The infection is caused by one of several bacteria in the group known as “clostridium.” While over 150 species of clostridium have been identified, only a few commonly cause gas gangrene.
		This is the rationale for the use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene.
		Trapping of gas within the lungs during ascent, either because the lung is diseased or because of breath-holding, can cause bubbles to be forced into the bloodstream (“arterial gas embolism” or “AGE”), where they can block the flow of blood or damage the lining of blood vessels supplying critical organs such as the brain.
	www.uhms.org /Indications/LayIndic.htm (5372 words)

	Cardiac arrest associated with use of an argon beam coagulator during laparoscopic cholecystectomy -- Kono et al. 87 ...
		hypovolaemia, vagal reflex, or argon or carbon dioxide gas embolism.
		2 Fatal gas embolism caused by overpressurization during laparoscopic use of argon enhanced coagulation.
		Venous gas embolism associated with argon-enhanced coagulation of the liver.
	bja.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/87/4/644 (1234 words)

	Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment for Air Embolism - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
		Air or gas embolism occurs when gas bubbles enter arteries or veins.
		Another problem in gas embolism is that vessels obstructed by bubbles may leak fluid into surrounding tissues, resulting in edema (swelling).
		Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is the primary treatment for gas embolism and a review of reported cases indicates superior outcomes with its use compared to non-recompression treatment.
	www.atlantichyperbaric.com /health/air-embolism.htm (340 words)

	Arterial Gas Embolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) is the most serious medical problem related to pulmonary expansion barotrauma.
		Cerebral air embolism can present with sudden unconsciousness or acute neurologic deficit (stroke).
		The head-lower-than-the-body position (so-called Trendelenburg position) was once thought to prevent embolism to the brain, but this has not been substantiated and is no longer recommended (Butler 1988).
	www.divefortyoung.com /argasem.html (412 words)

	Recompression
		Recompression is indicated in arterial gas embolism (air embolism), venous gas embolism (decompression sickness) and cases of omitted decompression.
		It is easily seen from the chart that to decrease the size of a gas bubble by about one half, the depth needs to be at least 165 feet.
		If the distinction between atrial gas embolism, and decompression sickness cannot be determined treat as air embolism.
	www.rescuediver.org /med/recomprs.htm (1335 words)

	Microvascular gas embolization clearance following perfluorocarbon administration -- Eckmann and Lomivorotov 94 (3): ...
		Effective treatment of vascular gas embolism may be possible with emulsified fluorocarbon compounds.
		Accelerated arteriolar gas embolism reabosrption by an exogenous surfactant.
		Systemic air embolism as a possible cause of cardiac arrest during endoscopic treatment of pulmonary haemangioma using a diode laser.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/3/860 (5119 words)

	Air Embolism (Arterial Gas Embolism)
		The expression arterial gas embolism (AGE) better describes the action than the general term air embolism, and is pulmonary barotrauma following voluntary breath holding, or a closure of an airway.
		When gas enters the arterial circulation it is distributed to all organs of the body.
		Treatments pertaining to air embolism are longer, and deeper, but are satisfactory for decompression sickness even without air embolism.
	www.rescuediver.org /med/age.htm (537 words)

	cerebral gas embolism??
		She is being treated by a pain management specialist for infarctions in the brain the ent said was caused by cerebral gas embolism that exploded near her thalamus and pituitary damaging tissue and nerves.
		It would be highly unlikely that she had an embolism to the brain as this would show brain damage.
		The only two definite diagnosis she has gotten in over a year were Temporal Arteritis (which was wrong and caused her more pain because of the biopsy) and the gas embolism.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/messages/30419a.html (974 words)

	Welcome to TDive.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Gas embolism occurs when lung tissue is damaged and gas or air in the form of bubbles enters the blood stream.
		The symptoms of Aerial Gas Embolism are evident much more quickly than with serious decompression illness.
		The diver may well be unconscious by the time he reaches surface.
	www.tdive.com /thinkingcap/safety/age.html (218 words)

	Arterial gas embolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Arterial gas embolism is the most serious and rapidly fatal of all SCUBA diving injuries and is second only to drowning as the leading cause of death associated with sport diving.
		Arterial gas embolism occurs on ascent and the time from alveolar rupture to the manifestation of symptoms is nearly always less than ten minutes.
		It is estimated (based on injury/mortality reports collected by Divers Alert Network) to occur in approximately 4 per 100,000 sport divers per year.
	www.5mcc.com /Assets/SUMMARY/TP0081.html (174 words)

	Spencer Technologies Reference - Spencer
		Cardiopulmonary effects of intravenous gas embolism, with special reference to fate of intravascular gas bubbles.
		Determining optimum saturation decompression schedules using Doppler ultrasound and a calibrated venous gas embolism scale.
		Pulmonary capacity for dissipation of venous gas emboli.
	www.spencertechnologies.com /reference/spencer.htm (798 words)

	Effective and Questionable uses of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy arterial gas embolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By definition, the presence of unbound undissolved gas that has been introduced into the vascular system from outside of the body constitutes a gas embolism.
		Because pressure decreases as one ascends through the water column, gas expanding in the lungs must either escape through the mouth or nose or force the lungs to expand.
		In the most serious cases, gas from the lungs directly enters the pulmonary venous system to travel to the left side of the heart for systemic distribution (i.e., throughout the body).
	www.eustatiantube.org /hbouses/III.i.ii.a.html (478 words)

	Theoretical and experimental intravascular gas embolism absorption dynamics -- Branger and Eckmann 87 (4): 1287 -- ...
		Theoretical and experimental intravascular gas embolism absorption dynamics
		Multifocal cerebrovascular gas embolism occurs frequently during cardiopulmonary bypass and is thought to cause postoperative
		gas embolism, accounting for the bubble geometry observed in vivo.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/87/4/1287 (419 words)

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